Biblical Hebrew - Revision history

Aquatiki: Reverted edits by Koinedoctor (Talk); changed back to last version by Aquatiki

2009-02-01T20:51:29Z

Reverted edits by Koinedoctor (Talk); changed back to last version by Aquatiki

Koinedoctor: /* Alphabet */

2009-02-01T20:06:02Z

‎Alphabet

Aquatiki: Reverted edits by Koinedoctor (Talk); changed back to last version by Graham grove

2009-02-01T07:31:18Z

Reverted edits by Koinedoctor (Talk); changed back to last version by Graham grove

Koinedoctor at 01:20, 1 February 2009

2009-02-01T01:20:34Z

Koinedoctor: /* Alphabet */

2009-02-01T01:15:30Z

‎Alphabet

Graham grove: Formatting

2008-10-27T19:50:59Z

Formatting

Cleaner at 20:26, 30 August 2008

2008-08-30T20:26:40Z

Kathleen.wright5: Category:Biblical languages

2008-05-25T06:16:17Z

Category:Biblical languages

Kathleen.wright5: Category:Biblical Hebrew

2008-05-23T11:44:28Z

Category:Biblical Hebrew

Graham grove at 10:59, 18 January 2008

2008-01-18T10:59:39Z

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 |{{hebrew|ח}}
 |kh
-|[χ]
+|χ
-|This is a sound that European languages don't have. It is a pharyngeal fricative. As a substitute, many use the ch [χ] in the German name Bach or in the Scottish word loch.
+|This is a sound that English doesn't have. It sounds like the ch in the German name Bach or in the Scottish word loch. It is the throat clearing guttural sound.
 |-
 |Tet
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 |t
 |t
-|This was a sound that European languages don't have. It was 't' pronounced with the neck muscles tightened (linguists call this 'retracted tongue root). Modern Israeli pronunciation simply uses 't'.
+|Sounds like t as in tetris.
 |-
 |Yod
@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 |{{hebrew|ע}}
 | -
+|ʔ
-|This is a sound that European languages don't have. It is the voiced counterpart to ח. Most Israelis do not pronounce it though it is often used in the reading of the Bible.
+|A glottal stop.
 |-
 |Pe

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 |{{hebrew|ח}}
 |kh
-|χ
+|[χ]
-|This is a sound that English doesn't have. It sounds like the ch in the German name Bach or in the Scottish word loch. It is the throat clearing guttural sound.
+|This is a sound that European languages don't have. It is a pharyngeal fricative. As a substitute, many use the ch [χ] in the German name Bach or in the Scottish word loch.
 |-
 |Tet
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 |t
 |t
-|Sounds like t as in tetris.
+|This was a sound that European languages don't have. It was 't' pronounced with the neck muscles tightened (linguists call this 'retracted tongue root). Modern Israeli pronunciation simply uses 't'.
 |-
 |Yod
@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 |{{hebrew|ע}}
 | -
-|ʔ
-|A glottal stop.
+|This is a sound that European languages don't have. It is the voiced counterpart to ח. Most Israelis do not pronounce it though it is often used in the reading of the Bible.
 |-
 |Pe

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Biblical Hebrew (Classical Hebrew) is an archaic form of the [[Hebrew]] language, in which the [[Old Testament]] was written, and which the ancient Israelites spoke. It is not spoken in its pure form today, although it is studied by religious Jews and Christian theologians, linguists and Israeli archaeologists. Biblical Hebrew is easily read by anyone familiar with modern Hebrew. The differences between Biblical Hebrew and modern Hebrew are mainly in grammar and Biblical Hebrew's distinct writing style.
-From a linguistic point of view, the Classical Hebrew language is usually divided into two periods and two registers: Biblical Hebrew of the First Temple Period is distinguished from biblical and literary Hebrew of the Second Temple Period, and Second Temple Period Hebrew itself is divided into literary Hebrew and colloquial Hebrew like that of the Mishna and in some documents from the Dead Sea area.
+From a linguistic point of view, the Classical Hebrew language is usually divided into two periods: Biblical Hebrew, and Roman Era Hebrew, having very distinct grammatical patterns.
 {{clear}}
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 |{{hebrew|ח}}
 |kh
+|χ
-|This is a sound that English doesn't have. It is a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. It is NOT like the ch in the German name Bach or in the Scottish word loch, but Europeans often use that sound as a substitute.
+|This is a sound that English doesn't have. It sounds like the ch in the German name Bach or in the Scottish word loch. It is the throat clearing guttural sound.
 |-
 |Tet
 |{{hebrew|ט}}
 |t
+|t
-|It was a t pronounced with retracted tongue-root.
+|Sounds like t as in tetris.
 |-
 |Yod
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 |kh
 |x
-|Sounds just like German 'ch' in Bach, Scottish Loch. It is velar, not pharyngeal.
+|Sounds just like Het, except that it isn't guttural.
 |-
 |Khaf Final
@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 |{{hebrew|ע}}
 | -
+|ʔ
-|It is a voiced version of {{hebrew|ח}}. A voiced pharyngeal fricative. It is not a glottal stop.
+|A glottal stop.
 |-
 |Pe
@@ Line 180: / Line 180: @@
 |tz
 |ʦ
-|Sounds like the zz in pizza. In antiquity it was 's' pronounced with retracted tongue-root.
+|Sounds like the zz in pizza.
 |-
 |Tsadi final
@@ Line 191: / Line 191: @@
 |{{hebrew|ק}}
 |k
+|k
-|Sounds like Kaf in modern Hebrew, but was originally pronounced with retracted tongue root.
+|Sounds like Kaf in modern Hebrew, but was originally pronounced with pressure in the throat ([q]).
 |Resh
 |{{hebrew|ר}}
 |r
 |ɾ
-|Sounds like the letter R, but is not pronounced exactly the same as in English. At the beginning or in the middle of a word it is slightly rolled so that its sound is somewhere between the English "R" and the Spanish rolled "R". The tongue bounces off the roof of the mouth just once.  (The Ashkenazi and Israeli pronunciation is [ʁ]. A uvular trill.)
+|Sounds like the letter R, but is not pronounced exactly the same as in English. At the beginning or in the middle of a word it is slightly rolled so that its sound is somewhere between the English "R" and the Spanish rolled "R". The tongue bounces off the roof of the mouth just once.  (The Ashkenazi pronunciation is [ʁ].)
 |-
 |Shin

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Biblical Hebrew (Classical Hebrew) is an archaic form of the [[Hebrew]] language, in which the [[Old Testament]] was written, and which the ancient Israelites spoke. It is not spoken in its pure form today, although it is studied by religious Jews and Christian theologians, linguists and Israeli archaeologists. Biblical Hebrew is easily read by anyone familiar with modern Hebrew. The differences between Biblical Hebrew and modern Hebrew are mainly in grammar and Biblical Hebrew's distinct writing style.
-From a linguistic point of view, the Classical Hebrew language is usually divided into two periods: Biblical Hebrew, and Roman Era Hebrew, having very distinct grammatical patterns.
+From a linguistic point of view, the Classical Hebrew language is usually divided into two periods and two registers: Biblical Hebrew of the First Temple Period is distinguished from biblical and literary Hebrew of the Second Temple Period, and Second Temple Period Hebrew itself is divided into literary Hebrew and colloquial Hebrew like that of the Mishna and in some documents from the Dead Sea area.
 {{clear}}

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 |{{hebrew|ח}}
 |kh
-|χ
-|This is a sound that English doesn't have. It sounds like the ch in the German name Bach or in the Scottish word loch. It is the throat clearing guttural sound.
+|This is a sound that English doesn't have. It is a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. It is NOT like the ch in the German name Bach or in the Scottish word loch, but Europeans often use that sound as a substitute.
 |-
 |Tet
 |{{hebrew|ט}}
 |t
-|t
-|Sounds like t as in tetris.
+|It was a t pronounced with retracted tongue-root.
 |-
 |Yod
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 |kh
 |x
-|Sounds just like Het, except that it isn't guttural.
+|Sounds just like German 'ch' in Bach, Scottish Loch. It is velar, not pharyngeal.
 |-
 |Khaf Final
@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 |{{hebrew|ע}}
 | -
-|ʔ
-|A glottal stop.
+|It is a voiced version of {{hebrew|ח}}. A voiced pharyngeal fricative. It is not a glottal stop.
 |-
 |Pe
@@ Line 180: / Line 180: @@
 |tz
 |ʦ
-|Sounds like the zz in pizza.
+|Sounds like the zz in pizza. In antiquity it was 's' pronounced with retracted tongue-root.
 |-
 |Tsadi final
@@ Line 191: / Line 191: @@
 |{{hebrew|ק}}
 |k
-|k
-|Sounds like Kaf in modern Hebrew, but was originally pronounced with pressure in the throat ([q]).
+|Sounds like Kaf in modern Hebrew, but was originally pronounced with retracted tongue root.
 |Resh
 |{{hebrew|ר}}
 |r
 |ɾ
-|Sounds like the letter R, but is not pronounced exactly the same as in English. At the beginning or in the middle of a word it is slightly rolled so that its sound is somewhere between the English "R" and the Spanish rolled "R". The tongue bounces off the roof of the mouth just once.  (The Ashkenazi pronunciation is [ʁ].)
+|Sounds like the letter R, but is not pronounced exactly the same as in English. At the beginning or in the middle of a word it is slightly rolled so that its sound is somewhere between the English "R" and the Spanish rolled "R". The tongue bounces off the roof of the mouth just once.  (The Ashkenazi and Israeli pronunciation is [ʁ]. A uvular trill.)
 |-
 |Shin

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:50, 27 October 2008
Line 11:		Line 11:
	From a linguistic point of view, the Classical Hebrew language is usually divided into two periods: Biblical Hebrew, and Roman Era Hebrew, having very distinct grammatical patterns.		From a linguistic point of view, the Classical Hebrew language is usually divided into two periods: Biblical Hebrew, and Roman Era Hebrew, having very distinct grammatical patterns.

		+	{{clear}}
	===Alphabet===		===Alphabet===

@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 ==Links==
 [[Category:Biblical Hebrew]]
 [[Category:Biblical languages]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:16, 25 May 2008
Line 223:		Line 223:

	[[Category:Biblical Hebrew]]		[[Category:Biblical Hebrew]]
		+	[[Category:Biblical languages]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:44, 23 May 2008
Line 222:		Line 222:
	==Links==		==Links==

−	~~{{returnto}}~~ [[Hebrew]]	+	[[Category:Biblical Hebrew]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:59, 18 January 2008
Line 10:		Line 10:

	From a linguistic point of view, the Classical Hebrew language is usually divided into two periods: Biblical Hebrew, and Roman Era Hebrew, having very distinct grammatical patterns.		From a linguistic point of view, the Classical Hebrew language is usually divided into two periods: Biblical Hebrew, and Roman Era Hebrew, having very distinct grammatical patterns.
		+
		+	===Alphabet===
		+
		+	{\|class="wikitable"
		+	!Name
		+	!Letter
		+	!Transliteration
		+	!IPA
		+	!Notes
		+	\|-
		+	\|Aleph
		+	\|{{hebrew\|א}}
		+	\| -
		+	\| -
		+	\|One of two silent letters. Usually appears at the start of a syllable to make the syllable start with a vowel sound.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Bet
		+	\|{{hebrew\|בּ}}
		+	\|b
		+	\|b
		+	\|Sounds just like the English letter B.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Vet
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ב}}
		+	\|v
		+	\|v
		+	\|Sounds just like the English letter V.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Gimel
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ג}}
		+	\|g
		+	\|ɡ
		+	\|Sounds like a hard g as in give
		+	\|-
		+	\|Dalet
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ד}}
		+	\|d
		+	\|d
		+	\|Sounds like d as in dog.
		+	\|-
		+	\|He
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ה}}
		+	\|h
		+	\|h
		+	\|Sounds like the English letter H when it's in the beginning or middle of a word. At the end of a word, it is silent.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Vav
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ו}}
		+	\|v
		+	\|v
		+	\|Sounds like v as in vacuum. Also used to make a couple of vowel sounds.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Zayin
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ז}}
		+	\|z
		+	\|z
		+	\|Sounds like z as in zoo.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Het
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ח}}
		+	\|kh
		+	\|χ
		+	\|This is a sound that English doesn't have. It sounds like the ch in the German name Bach or in the Scottish word loch. It is the throat clearing guttural sound.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Tet
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ט}}
		+	\|t
		+	\|t
		+	\|Sounds like t as in tetris.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Yod
		+	\|{{hebrew\|י}}
		+	\|y
		+	\|j
		+	\|Sounds like y as in yard. It can also change the sound of the vowel that precedes it.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Kaf
		+	\|{{hebrew\|כּ}}
		+	\|k
		+	\|k
		+	\|Sounds like k as in kitten.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Kaf Final
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ךּ}}
		+	\|k
		+	\|k
		+	\| Rarely used (almost no words end with Kaf).
		+	\|-
		+	\|Khaf
		+	\|{{hebrew\|כ}}
		+	\|kh
		+	\|x
		+	\|Sounds just like Het, except that it isn't guttural.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Khaf Final
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ך}}
		+	\|kh
		+	\|x
		+	\| -
		+	\|-
		+	\|Lamed
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ל}}
		+	\|l
		+	\|l
		+	\|Sounds like l as in lamb.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Mem
		+	\|{{hebrew\|מ}}
		+	\|m
		+	\|m
		+	\|Sounds like m as in mother
		+	\|-
		+	\|Mem final
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ם}}
		+	\|m
		+	\|m
		+	\| -
		+	\|-
		+	\|Nun
		+	\|{{hebrew\|נ}}
		+	\|n
		+	\|n
		+	\|Sounds like n as in name.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Nun final
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ן}}
		+	\|n
		+	\|n
		+	\| -
		+	\|-
		+	\|Samech
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ס}}
		+	\|s
		+	\|s
		+	\|Sounds like s as in safe.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Ayin
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ע}}
		+	\| -
		+	\|ʔ
		+	\|A glottal stop.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Pe
		+	\|{{hebrew\|פּ}}
		+	\|p
		+	\|p
		+	\|Sounds like p as in port
		+	\|-
		+	\|Pe final
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ףּ}}
		+	\|p
		+	\|p
		+	\| -
		+	\|-
		+	\|Fe
		+	\|{{hebrew\|פ}}
		+	\|f
		+	\|f
		+	\|Sounds like f as in fame
		+	\|-
		+	\|Fe final
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ף}}
		+	\|f
		+	\|f
		+	\|-
		+	\|Tsadi
		+	\|{{hebrew\|צ}}
		+	\|tz
		+	\|ʦ
		+	\|Sounds like the zz in pizza.
		+	\|-
		+	\|Tsadi final
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ץ}}
		+	\|tz
		+	\|ʦ
		+	\| -
		+	\|-
		+	\|Qof
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ק}}
		+	\|k
		+	\|k
		+	\|Sounds like Kaf in modern Hebrew, but was originally pronounced with pressure in the throat ([q]).
		+	\|-
		+	\|Resh
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ר}}
		+	\|r
		+	\|ɾ
		+	\|Sounds like the letter R, but is not pronounced exactly the same as in English. At the beginning or in the middle of a word it is slightly rolled so that its sound is somewhere between the English "R" and the Spanish rolled "R". The tongue bounces off the roof of the mouth just once. (The Ashkenazi pronunciation is [ʁ].)
		+	\|-
		+	\|Shin
		+	\|{{hebrew\|שׁ}} or {{hebrew\|ש}}
		+	\|sh
		+	\|ʃ
		+	\|Sounds like sh as in ship
		+	\|-
		+	\|Sin
		+	\|{{hebrew\|שׂ}}
		+	\|s
		+	\|s
		+	\|Sounds like s as in soon
		+	\|-
		+	\|Tav
		+	\|{{hebrew\|ת}}
		+	\|t
		+	\|t
		+	\|Sounds like t as in tomato
		+	\|}

	==Quotes==		==Quotes==