http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=MatthewClarke&feedformat=atom WikiChristian - User contributions [en] 2024-03-28T22:37:42Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.32.1 http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Biblical_references_to_technology&diff=674868 Biblical references to technology 2011-08-01T04:30:28Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Old Testament */ Urim and Thummim</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Biblical References to Technology |<br /> subtopics = ... |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;Many verses throughout the Bible assume a degree of technology and technique: that is, the existence of tools and the processes for their manufacture and use. Common examples include [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=iron iron], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bronze bronze], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=gold gold], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=silver silver], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=refine refine], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=metal metal], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tool tool], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=instrument instrument], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=wheel wheel], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cook cook], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=wine wine], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=craft craft], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=build build], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cloth cloth], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=city city], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=shield shield], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=helmet helmet], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=armor armor], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=arrow arrow], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sword sword], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=weapon weapon] [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=spear spear], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=chariot chariot], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=boat boat], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=ship ship], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=door door], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=chains chains]. Each of these imply that people created technologies to augment their abilities, to control the environment, to improve their lives, to communicate, etc.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> The following tables collates more significant references to technology:<br /> <br /> ==Old Testament==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Verse<br /> ! Summary of Content<br /> ! Observations and Implications<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 1]]<br /> | Creation by God's word.<br /> | God has a technique but requires no technology.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 2:7]]<br /> | &quot;The Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.&quot;<br /> | More of God's technique.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 3:7]]<br /> | Fig leaves sewn together constitute the first clothes<br /> | (From [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive/ John Dyer]) &quot;Adam and Eve quickly recognize that they can overcome one of the effects of the Curse by inventing clothing to cover themselves. We don’t normally think of clothing as technology, it is a product of human creation and an expression of the creativity of God. Sadly, Adam and Eve use their creativity not to glorify God, but in a way that is representative of humanity’s rejection of God and attempt to live apart from him. But rather than condemn them, God pours out his grace and “upgrades” their clothing from leaves to the skin of an animal ([[Genesis 3:21]]). God’s action seems to support humans inventing things that overcome the effects of the Fall, yet he also shows the inadequacy of our solutions.&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 4:17]]<br /> | First mention of a city.<br /> | (From [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive/ John Dyer]) &quot;The city, in all its technological glory, becomes a symbol of man’s quest to restore the comfort and power of Garden without the presence of God. Babylon, Ninevah, Sodom, and others come to represent the enemies of God and the collective human desire to live happily without him.&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 4:22]]<br /> | Tubal-Cain forged all kinds of tools out of bronze and iron.<br /> | The first use of bronze was about 3200 BC, and iron about 1800 BC ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions])<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 6]]<br /> | Building Noah's Ark<br /> | A detailed design was provided by God, but there is no mention of instructions regarding ''how'' to build it.<br /> Note that the Ark itself is a new technology, i.e. a boat.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]]<br /> | Noah grows grapes and brews wine.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:1]]; [[Genesis 11:9]]<br /> | human languages<br /> | ''does this really count as a technology?''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:1]] - [[Genesis 11:9]]<br /> | Tower of Babel <br /> * built with bricks, not stone (v3).<br /> * God was impressed by humanity's achievement (v6).<br /> | Here we see humanity attempting to use their creative powers to build their way into heaven. Part of the lesson here is that we should not arrogantly think that our own abilities are unlimited.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:31]]<br /> | Abraham came from Ur.<br /> | Ur was a Sumerian city where the Euphrates River ran into the Persian Gulf. This is in present-day Iraq, 1200km east of Jerusalem. <br /> Abraham born about 1800 BC and hence would have seen the Great Ziggurat of Ur. A couple of centuries before, Ur might have been the largest city in the world, with a population of about 65,000. <br /> It was quite close to Uruk, which was probably the world's first city, holding more than 50,000 within a 6km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; space a thousand years before Abraham.<br /> (See articles on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham Abraham] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur Ur] in Wikipedia.)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 17:12]]<br /> | Money<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 20:16]]<br /> | Silver<br /> | Implies mining, refining (which needs a furnace) and weighing.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 21:25]]<br /> | Well<br /> | Does this imply buckets and rope?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 24:22]]<br /> | Gold nose rings and bracelets<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 27:3]], [[Genesis 27:40]]<br /> | Weapons: bow and arrow, sword.<br /> | Note that the first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Other references to God using a manufactured weapon include [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 28:12]]<br /> | Stairway (or ladder) in Jacob's dream.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]]<br /> | Jacob (the deceiver) does some selective breeding and genetic modification to make his flock better than Laban's.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 31:27]]<br /> | Tambourines and harps.<br /> | First musical instruments mentioned in the Bible.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 35:14]]<br /> | Oil<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 37:25]]<br /> | Ishmaelite traders: spices, scent, slaves<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]]<br /> | Grain storage specifically to counter famine.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 46:5]]<br /> | Jacob and family travel in carts.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 49:5]] - [[Genesis 49:7]]<br /> | Jacob curses Simeon and Levi for gratuitous use of weapons.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 50:2]]<br /> | Physicians, embalming<br /> | Were these techniques learnt by Joseph during his time in Egypt?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 50:26]]<br /> | Joseph is embalmed and placed in a coffin.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 2:3]]<br /> | Moses' baby basket was coated with tar for waterproofing.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 4:2]] - [[Exodus 4:5]]<br /> | Moses' staff was designed by God &quot;so that they may believe in the Lord.&quot;<br /> | See the staff in use in [[Exodus 7]], [[Exodus 17:6]], [[Exodus 14:16]].<br /> Is this God's style of technology?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 5]]<br /> | Israelite slaves in Egypt are set a quota on brick-making.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 14:25]]<br /> | Wheels on the Egyptian chariots.<br /> | Note the Egyptian influence on Israeli technology: chariots, embalming.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 15:25]]<br /> | Moses uses a piece of wood to make bitter water drinkable.<br /> | Magic or chemistry?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 17:14]]<br /> | Writing <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 20:1]] - [[Exodus 20:17]]<br /> | The Ten Commandments<br /> | <br /> * Don't make technology into an idol that replaces God (v4).<br /> * Don't covet your neighbour's technology (v17).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]]<br /> | Altars should be made of unhewn stones, not defiled by using iron tools.<br /> | Why no iron? <br /> * The altar is temporary, not the final one<br /> * The altar is made from the earth – natural materials, not manufactured.<br /> * Should be unadorned: no symbols or images that might detract from the worship of God alone, and perhaps lead to superstition<br /> * Jesus is a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]). On the other hand there was nothing amazingly attractive about him ([[Isaiah 53:2]]) and he was rejected by the builders ([[Psalm 118:20]], [[Luke 20:17]]).<br /> See also [[Deuteronomy 27:5]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 21:6]]<br /> | Use of an awl to pierce the ear of a slave.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]]<br /> | Letting land lie fallow every seventh year.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 25]] – [[Exodus 31]]<br /> | Design of the Tabernacle.<br /> | God gives detailed descriptions of the Ark of the Covenant, furniture, lampstands, curtains, altar, utensils and clothes. But (like Noah's ark) God does not give instructions about ''how'' to make these things: he leaves the techniques of construction to us. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 28:3]]<br /> | Although the &quot;skilled workmen&quot; are to do the work, their wisdom comes from God. <br /> | The work is to be done by skilled craftsmen. This implies dedication, training and care.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 28:30]]<br /> | Aaron wears the Urim and the Thummim in his breastpiece<br /> | The Urim and Thummim are an early example of decision-making via technology (the first Decision Support System?). An example of their use is in [[1 Samuel 14:41]] -- apparently a lot-casting mechanism. Also mentioned in 6 other places in the Old Testament.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]]<br /> | God's selection of the chief craftsman: &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God&quot; as well as with &quot;skills, ability and knowledge&quot;.<br /> | The role of the craftsman (and technologist) is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This reminds me of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]]: even for the menial task of handing out food, the candidates needed to be &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32]] – [[Exodus 34]]<br /> | The Golden Calf and the second set of Ten Commandments.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32:4]]<br /> | Tools were used to fashion the Golden Calf.<br /> | See how Aaron denies the use of tools in [[Exodus 32:24]]!!! This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32:20]]<br /> | Moses grinds the Golden Calf, scatters it on water and makes the people drink it.<br /> | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10VhvCQjYUI Dana Ullman claims] that this is Biblical support for homeopathy!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 34:1]], [[Exodus 34:28]]<br /> | Moses uses a chisel to prepare the second set of stone tablets and then writes the Ten Commandments on them.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35]] – [[Exodus 40]]<br /> | Construction of the Tabernacle<br /> | Note the sandwich here: God's design of the Tabernacle, the people's failure, restitution, and then God's will is realised and the Tabernacle built.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]]<br /> | <br /> | Not just a trained few, but ''all who were willing'' are invited to help in the construction. Each brings their own resources and skills.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]]<br /> | Re-affirmation of the chief craftsmen.<br /> | Similar to [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], but extends their mandate to teaching others.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 39:22]]<br /> | Weaving<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]]<br /> | Do not use dishonest measuring instruments or standards.<br /> | Also [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]]<br /> | Letting land lie fallow every seventh year.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]<br /> | Two trumpets made out of hammered silver – used to call the people together.<br /> | Communication technology: one trumpet for the leaders to gather, two for everyone. Paul makes reference to this in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Numbers 21:4]] - [[Numbers 21:9]]<br /> | Moses makes a bronze snake. When someone is bitten by a snake, if they look at the bronze snake they live.<br /> | Pre-figures Christ's healing of us ([[John 3:14]] - [[John 3:15]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 1:28]]<br /> | The spies sent into Canaan reported that &quot;the cities are large, with walls up to the sky&quot;.<br /> | Should God's people fear the technology of their enemies? (Also [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:6]]<br /> | God enabled the Israelites to destroy all 60 of the walled cities in Bashan.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 6:12]]<br /> | When God gives you houses and wells and vineyards, be careful not to forget the Lord.<br /> | Warning about thinking that we achieved technological Utopia by our own cleverness. (Also [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 8:18]].)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> | Cities of Refuge for people who kill someone unintentionally. The example is an axe-head accidentally flying off and hitting someone.<br /> | What happens when technology has negative, unintended side-effects? The user of the technology is not to blame, as long as there is no malice aforethought.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 19:14]]<br /> | ''Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark''<br /> | also [[Proverbs 22:28]], [[Proverbs 23:10]], [[Deuteronomy 27:17]]. If this refers to artificial landmarks created by surveying and placing a boundary stone, it implies several technologies.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> | Build a railing around the roof of your house so nobody falls off. <br /> | Israel's first OH&amp;S policy! <br /> We have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers.<br /> Compare [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] and [[Deuteronomy 22:8]] and [[Leviticus 19:16]] with modern legal interpretations of duty of care and negligence.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 24:6]]<br /> | Do not take someone's millstones as security for a debt.<br /> | Technology is valuable and important for a person's livelihood. Don't deprive people from making a living by taking away the technology they need to do so.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 27:5]]<br /> | Build an altar of stone and do not use any iron tool for the job.<br /> | See [[Exodus 20:24]] above.<br /> These instructions were carried out in [[Joshua 8:31]].<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 1:19]]<br /> | Israel could not defeat an enemy because the enemy had iron chariots.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 3:15]] - [[Judges 3:23]]<br /> | The Israelite leader Ehud had a double-edged sword, about 50cm long. He used it to assassinate Eglon, king of Moab.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]]<br /> | Israel routes 900 iron chariots.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 4:17]] - [[Judges 4:22]]<br /> | Tent peg used to kill an enemy's commander.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 6:11]]<br /> | Gideon hid in a winepress.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 13:19]] - [[1 Samuel 13:21]]<br /> | The Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools.<br /> | This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 16:23]]<br /> | David plays harp to Saul.<br /> | Soothing effect of musical instruments.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 17:4]] - [[1 Samuel 17:7]], [[1 Samuel 17:49]]<br /> | David kills Goliath.<br /> | Goliath has advanced bronze armoury, but it is futile against a stone and sling. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Samuel 20:15]]<br /> | Siege ramp<br /> | First mention of a siege ramp in the Bible. It was probably just a pile of dirt. Also in Kings, Job, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 4:33]]<br /> | Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]<br /> | Solomon contracts Huram to manage the bronze work for Temple furnishings.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 2:13]] – Huram was sent by the King of Tyre in response to Solomon's request for help. Huram could work with all types of material, including stone, wood, metals and cloth, and was also a skilled engraver. Although he was from Tyre, he was Jewish.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:23]] - [[1 Kings 7:26]]<br /> | The Temple included an indoor swimming pool that held 44,000 litres.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 4:2]] - [[2 Chronicles 4:5]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:46]]<br /> | The bronze furnishings were fashioned using clay moulds.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 4:17]]. All the Temple furnishings and the bronze Sea were taken away by the Babylonians about 420 years later ([[Jeremiah 52:17]] - [[Jeremiah 52:19]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 10:22]]<br /> | Solomon has a fleet of trading ships .<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 9:21]].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> | God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 20:7]]<br /> | A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil.<br /> | This same remedy is used in [[Isaiah 38:21]]. Where else in the Bible is medicine used for healing?<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 20:20]]<br /> | Hezekiah builds a tunnel to bring water into the city.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 32:30]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 21:13]]<br /> | &quot;Measuring line&quot; and &quot;plumb-line&quot;<br /> | See also [[Isaiah 28:17]] where these tools represent justice and righteousness, as well as other references listed for [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22measuring-line%22 measuring line] and [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22plumb-line%22 plumb line].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Chronicles 22:15]] - [[1 Chronicles 22:16]]<br /> | Israel had many craftsmen in David's time: stonecutters, masons, carpenters, metal-workers.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Chronicles 23]] - [[1 Chronicles 27]]<br /> | Priests (Aaron), temple workers (Levites), musicians, gatekeepers, treasury, military, tribal leaders, administrators of royal property.<br /> | Israel's public service structure did not include a portfolio for technology.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Chronicles 1:14]], [[2 Chronicles 1:17]]<br /> | Solomon had 1,400 chariots. They were imported from Egypt, and Israel also resold them to other nations.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Chronicles 20:35]] - [[2 Chronicles 20:37]]<br /> | Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, forms and alliance with Ahaziah, king of Israel and they built a fleet of trading ships. But since the alliance did not have God's blessing, the fleet was wrecked.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezra 6:1]]<br /> | The Babylonian King Darius searches for, and finds, an earlier decree regarding the Israelites rebuilding their temple.<br /> | Government archives in 5th century BC. The first example of this was probably the Hittite archives in 1300 BC (back around the time of Judges). That included a systematic library catalog ([http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190247]).<br /> How different this was from storage and retrieval of docs over the Internet!<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Esther 2:12]]<br /> | Twelve months of beauty treatment!<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Esther 5:14]]<br /> | Mordecai is to be hanged on a gallows.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 7:6]]<br /> | &quot;My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle and they come to an end without hope.&quot;<br /> | Woven cloth was first evident in 7000 BC ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#7th_millennium_BCE]).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 19:24]]<br /> | &quot;Oh that my words were now written! oh that they were printed in a book! That they were graven with an iron pen and lead in the rock for ever&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 28]]<br /> | Humanity mines for silver and iron, refines gold and copper, turns dark into light, digs deep for sapphires, tunnels through rocks, and explores the sources of rivers (vv1-11). But do they find wisdom (v12, v13, v20)? It cannot be bought (vv15-19). It is hidden from the eyes of every living thing (v21). &quot;God understands the way to it and he alone knows where it dwells&quot; (v23). &quot;The fear of the Lord – that is wisdom, and to shun evil is understanding&quot; (v28).<br /> | We will never find wisdom or understanding from science or technology or any other human achievement.<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 3:3]]<br /> | God is a shield around us.<br /> | Also [[Psalm 5:12]], [[Psalm 7:10]], [[Psalm 18:2]], [[Psalm 18:30]], [[Psalm 34:20]], [[Psalm 115:9]] - [[Psalm 115:11]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> | &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God.&quot;<br /> | See the converse in [[Isaiah 31:1]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 38:2]]<br /> | God's arrows discipline us.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 44:3]], [[Psalm 44:6]], [[Psalm 44:7]]<br /> | Israel's victories did not come by their prowess with the sword but by God's right hand.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 64:7]]<br /> | God's arrows shoot down evil-doers.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 68:17]]<br /> | God has tens of thousands of chariots to bring against his enemies.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]]<br /> | God is superior to idols.<br /> | In the modern world this is more of a comment about a materialist worldview than about religious idols. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But they are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in v8. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing (v15).<br /> Key verses are repeated in [[Psalm 135:15]] - [[Psalm 135:18]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 118:22]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 20:17]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Acts 4:11]]<br /> | &quot;The stone the builders rejected has become the capstone.&quot;<br /> | Quoted in [[1 Peter 2:7]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 119:105]]<br /> | &quot;Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 150]]<br /> | Praise God with trumpet, lyre, dancing, strings, flute and cymbals. &quot;Let everything that has breath praise the Lord.&quot;<br /> | We should use not only musical instruments, but everything we create – houses, church halls, shopping centres, cars, boats, space shuttles, pencils, iPhones and kitchen sinks – to praise the Lord.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 3:9]] - [[Proverbs 3:10]]<br /> | &quot;Honor the Lord ... then your barns will be filled ... and your vats will brim over ...&quot;<br /> | Maybe it's not too much of a stretch to infer that if we honor God, then our technology will succeed.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 8:12]]<br /> | &quot;I wisdom dwell with prudence, and find out knowledge of witty inventions.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 17:3]]<br /> | &quot;The crucible for silver and the furnace for gold, but the Lord tests the heart.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 18:10]] - [[Proverbs 18:11]]<br /> | &quot;The name of the Lord is a strong tower, the righteous run to it and are safe. The wealth of the rich is their fortified city; they imagine it an unscalable wall.&quot;<br /> | We might imagine that our money makes us impregnable like a well-built castle, but in the end security only comes from trusting God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 20:26]]<br /> | &quot;A wise king winnows out the wicked; he drives the threshing wheel over them.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]]<br /> | Removing the dross from silver compared to establishing a righteous kingdom.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 27:21]]<br /> | &quot;The crucible for silver and the furnace for gold, but man is tested by the praise he receives.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 27:22]]<br /> | &quot;Though you grind a fool in a mortar, grinding him like grain with a pestle, you will not remove his folly from him.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]<br /> | The Teacher built houses and made reservoirs to water his gardens, but it was meaningless (v11).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 2:17]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:23]]<br /> | <br /> | It can seem as though the whole of our life's work is just meaningless toil.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]<br /> | &quot;Whoever quarries stones may be injured by them; whoever splits logs may be endangered by them.&quot;<br /> | Working with technology can be dangerous.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 10:10]]<br /> | &quot;If the axe is dull and its edge unsharpened, more strength is needed but skill will bring success.&quot;<br /> | This probably generalises to most tools. If your equipment is sub-standard then it takes a lot more effort to get results. Nevertheless, a good tradesman never blames his tools. If you have the skill, you can still succeed -- maybe by sharpening the axe!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 2:4]]<br /> | Turning swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks.<br /> | The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil.<br /> Repeated in [[Micah 4:3]], so maybe this became a common saying. If so, then the reversal in [[Joel 3:10]] would have been quite striking.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 2:12]] - [[Isaiah 2:22]]<br /> | The Lord has a day planned when all human arrogance -- lofty towers, fortified walls, trading ships, idols or silver and gold -- will be be brought low.<br /> | This is a condemnation of arrogance rather than of technology. But how often does humanity show its arrogance by seeking power and control through technology? In the end, humans are an insubstantial breath (22).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 5:28]]<br /> | God calls nations to battle against Israel, knowing that their weapons (bows, arrows and chariots) will overpower Israel.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 10:15]]<br /> | &quot;Does the axe raise itself above him who swings it ...&quot;<br /> | Tools are subservient to their user. In context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. <br /> As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. Does that continue to be accurate in the age of intelligent machines?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 40:18]] - [[Isaiah 40:19]]<br /> | To whom will you compare God? Certainly not to any idol crafted by human hands!<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 41:15]]<br /> | God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh/crush/winnow their enemies.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 44:12]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]<br /> | A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! But he can't see that the wooden idol he created is a lie.<br /> | Craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 64:8]]<br /> | &quot;We are the clay, you are the potter; we are all the work of your hand.&quot;<br /> | God as craftsman and technologist: a potter who chooses the raw materials, follows an intentional process, and makes use of tools (such as a potting wheel and kiln) in order to turn a design into a product.<br /> See also [[Jeremiah 18:1]] - [[Jeremiah 18:6]].<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 1:18]]<br /> | Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall<br /> | Also in [[Jeremiah 15:20]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> | Israel has forsaken God, the spring of living water, in favour of their own broken cistern.<br /> | In this modern world, we often think that our technological creations are making a perfect life for us. But in reality, we accept something far inferior to the abundant life that God intended ([[John 10:10]]). <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]]<br /> | God uses Israel (or is it Jeremiah?) to 'test the metal' of his people<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 8:22]]<br /> | &quot;Is there no balm in Gilead? Is there no physician there?&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 10:1]] - [[Jeremiah 10:16]]<br /> | Against idols. A craftsman shapes it with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! Every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: the images are a fraud.<br /> | See also [[Jeremiah 51:17]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 35:6]] - [[Jeremiah 35:11]]<br /> | The Recabites don't drink wine, build houses, sow seed or plant vineyards.<br /> | While not strictly anti-technology, the Recabites took a kind of Amish stance. God congratulates them on upholding their ancestor's command and contrasts them to the rest of Israel who don't even obey ''God's'' commands.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 50:9]]<br /> | &quot;Their arrows will be like skilled warriors.&quot;<br /> | Intelligent weaponry: a very advanced notion! Heat seeking missiles?<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 1:15]] - [[Ezekiel 1:21]]<br /> | In a dream, Ezekiel sees fantastic creatures with intersecting wheels.<br /> | A description of a UFO landing, according to [http://www.bibleufo.com/zezekiel.htm] and [http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/h/hight-technology_in_the_bible.html].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 10]]<br /> | More &quot;wheels intersecting wheels&quot; (v. 10) as part of a strange machine involving cherubim.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 27]] - [[Ezekiel 28:19]]<br /> | Lament for Tyre. Although Tyre had been built to perfection, renowned for her beauty, expert in ship-making, powerful as a trading nation, she would become shipwrecked, break to pieces and sink into the sea.<br /> | Once again, material prosperity and skills in technology (in this case ships and seamanship) are no guarantee of lasting success. Chapter 28 makes clear that their downfall was a result of pride that made them feel like gods.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 40]] - [[Ezekiel 48]]<br /> | In a vision, Ezekiel sees a man with a measuring rod measure in detail the dimensions of a future Temple, its surrounds and the sub-division of the whole land.<br /> |<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 2:31]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]<br /> | Daniel relates and interprets Nebuchadnezzar's dream in which a succession of kingdoms (gold, silver, bronze and iron) are smashed by a kingdom established by God (a rock).<br /> | The point of the story is not about technology, the power of the metaphor is based on an assumption that what is God-made and natural can overpower anything made by human hands.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 3]]<br /> | Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego thrown into a fiery furnace<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 5]]<br /> | King Belshazzar is drinking wine and praising &quot;the gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, wood and stone&quot; when suddenly a disembodied hand writes a message on the wall.<br /> | Belshazzar is criticised for placing himself (and his faith in gold, silver, bronze, iron, wood and stone) above God. As in Chapter 2, the power of this comparison in underpinned by an implication that what God can do is superior to anything achievable by human fabrication.<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]]<br /> | God sets a plumb-line against which to judge Israel.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jonah 1]]<br /> | Jonah tries to escape from God's call on a ship<br /> | No technology, and nothing human-made can hide us from God or take us out of God's reach.<br /> The human-made ship takes Jonah away, but the God-made fish brings him back. I wonder how many people have been drawn away from God by technology -- perhaps a belief that technology makes God an unnecessary assumption, or perhaps just being side-tracked by an attraction to technology (addition to Internet gaming?) -- and I wonder how many are brought towards God by the majesty of God's creation?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malachi 3:2]] - [[Malachi 3:3]]<br /> | God is a refiner's fire<br /> | <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==New Testament==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Verse<br /> ! Summary of Content<br /> ! Observations and Implications<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 2:1]] - [[Matthew 2:11]]<br /> | The Magi follow a star.<br /> | Putting aside the unscientific notion of stars heralding a new king, the Magi were clearly both knowledgeable and observant about the night sky. They were presumably not Jewish (i.e. not one of God's people) and yet God used their pre-scientific astronomy to draw them into God's plan. Is there any reason why we should not expect the same today -- that people who study the created world are drawn towards the Creator, even those who are outside the Christian faith?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]<br /> | Wise and foolish builders<br /> | An engineering metaphor. Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a well-formed experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, every mobile phone carrier needs a solid infrastructure, etc. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 9:16]] - [[Matthew 9:17]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 2:21]] - [[Mark 2:22]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 5:36]] - [[Luke 5:39]]<br /> | New cloth to patch old clothes; new wine in old wineskins.<br /> | I don't know if there is any spiritual lesson here about technology, but the principle is certainly still true: don't try putting new software onto an old computer!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 10:9]] - [[Matthew 10:10]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 6:8]]<br /> | The disciples are sent out, without money or luggage or shoes or walking stick.<br /> | Christians do not ''need'' technology or any other baggage to carry out God's work. Like the birds and the lilies in [[Matthew 6:26]] - [[Matthew 6:30]], all we need is supplied by God. That does not mean that accessories such as technology are not helpful: just not necessary.<br /> And note that later on, [[Luke 22:36]] records Jesus telling his disciples that they should now take money and a bag and even a sword.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 22:50]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[John 18:10]]<br /> | During Jesus' arrest, one of his companions cuts of someone's ear with a sword, but Jesus rebukes the use of the sword.<br /> | Like the comment on Matthew 10:9 (above), Jesus does not need technology to achieve his goal.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 27:60]]<br /> | Jesus is buried<br /> | Is the stone that was rolled across the tomb's entrance &quot;technology&quot;? It is no barrier to God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 3:9]]<br /> | Jesus plans ahead by having a boat ready.<br /> | Nothing special here, but this is obviously one of many time that Jesus happily used technology. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 13:55]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 6:3]]<br /> | Jesus is the son of a carpenter.<br /> | As a carpenter he would have used tools frequently. <br /> According to W.E.Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New testament Words'' these are the only two occurrences of the Greek word ''tektōn'' (τέκτων) &amp;ndash; from which we get the English &quot;technology&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 4:21]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]]<br /> | Metaphor: you don't put a lamp under a bowl.<br /> | Jesus draws on his audience's knowledge of common technology. Here and elsewhere he seems happy to accept our attempts to make life easier via technology. It is also testament to his communication ability that he makes such effective use of concepts with which his audience is familiar to draw them towards a new idea.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]<br /> | The disciples marvel at the magnificent Temple, but Jesus is not impressed. The Temple will be destroyed.<br /> | No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] we see that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 1:63]]<br /> | Zechariah uses a writing tablet<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 2:1]]<br /> | Roman census<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 2:7]], [[Luke 2:16]]<br /> | Manger<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 3:17]]<br /> | Winnowing fork used metaphorically for sorting wheat from chaff<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]]<br /> | Boats and fishing nets<br /> | Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, but calls them to leave their technology in order to follow him. Jesus is happy to make use of boats for his own purpose of teaching. Jesus also shows that nets and boats are not enough: not even enough to catch fish -- you also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 5:31]]<br /> | Jesus likens himself to a doctor.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Luke 9:62]]<br /> | If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back.<br /> See also [[Luke 14:28]] - [[Luke 14:30]] about the need to plan before building a tower.<br /> | What's wrong with looking back? It makes it impossible to plough a straight furrow. So don't start working for God if you're going to be distracted with other concerns rather than concentrating on the goal. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> | The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies<br /> | A lesson in priorities: spiritual wisdom over wealth. But also a comment that technology (barns) cannot satisfy life's real needs.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 12:35]]<br /> | Keep your lamps burning<br /> | Metaphor for being alert and prepared. But also an acceptance that it is quite appropriate to use artificial light sources. Thus nothing earth-shattering, but it is one of many examples where God accepts and even commends the use of technology. God does not expect us to just take the world as it is, but encourages us to create technologies to help us.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> | A building accident causes 18 to die, but it is not because the victoms were evil.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[John 1:3]]<br /> | Through him all things were made<br /> | The Word of God, i.e. Jesus, was the tool of choice for God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]<br /> | Water into wine<br /> | The process of making wine usually requires substantial technology: agricultural implements, irrigation, fertiliser, grape press, chemistry, temperature-controlled vats, etc. But Jesus gets a better result by his own authority.<br /> |-<br /> | [[John 2:15]]<br /> | Jesus makes a whip to drive the animals out of the Temple grounds<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[John 6:19]]<br /> | Jesus walks on water<br /> | Even though Jesus frequently uses boats, he actually doesn't need them. Jesus can achieve his purpose without any need for technology of any sort.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 7:48]]<br /> | &quot;The Most High does not live in houses made by man&quot;<br /> | God cannot be contained by anything humans construct. We cannot limit God, nor can we exceed or control God with technology or anything else we create.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]]<br /> | Philip ministers to the Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot.<br /> | The chariot is a symbol of affluence and authority rather than war. Perhaps like a Rolls Royce car today. But that doesn't daunt Philip! The pedestrian jogs along, hears Isaish being read through the window and offers advice. He gets to sit in the Rolls and preach to the rich and famous!<br /> Apart from [[Revelation 9:9]], this is the only chariot mentioned in the NT.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 18:3]] - [[Acts 3:5]]<br /> | Paul, Aquila and Priscilla were all tentmakers. <br /> | When necessary, they earned money by their trade to support their ministry. But when others were able to support him, Paul would devote himself exclusively to preaching.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 19:23]] - [[Acts 19:41]]<br /> | Riot in Ephesus<br /> | Silversmiths (and perhaps other craftsmen) see their livelihood threatened by the Gospel<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 21]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Acts 27]] - [[Acts 28]] and numerous other passages in Acts<br /> | Paul travels by sailing boat<br /> | As a principle, Paul tries to become &quot;all things to all men so that by all possible means I might save some&quot; ([[1 Corinthians 9:21]]). So it is not surprising that he would use whatever technology was available to further his cause.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Romans 6:13]]<br /> | Our bodies can either be instruments of wickedness or instruments of righteousness.<br /> | In the ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'', Vine says the meaning of &quot;instruments&quot; here is most likely as a weapon. <br /> We as people are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us choose to which purpose we will offer ourselves.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Corinthians 3:6]] - [[1 Corinthians 3:15]]<br /> | In rebuking divisions in the church, Paul points out that we are God's co-workers. It matters not whether we plant or water: it is God's work that matters. It doesn't matter who laid the foundation and who builds on it, as long as the foundation is Jesus Christ. Whatever the building is made of -- gold, silver, wood, stones, or even straw -- will all be tested by fire.<br /> | Interesting mixing of metaphors, from agricultural to construction engineering. In our context, Paul could have written that the technology does not matter, only that our joint work seeks a common purpose and a common foundation, that of Christ. Paul returns to that theme in [[1 Corinthians 15:58]], assuring us that such labours are not in vain.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Corinthians 9:10]]<br /> | Ploughs and threshers<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 4:7]]<br /> | &quot;we have this treasure in jars of clay to show that this all‑surpassing power is from God and not from us&quot;<br /> | This strange technology -- the clay jars that are our bodies -- are very fragile and yet they contain the glory of God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 5:1]]<br /> | Our body is merely a tent, but will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 9:9]]<br /> | God supplies seed to the sower and bread for food<br /> | It is easy to see that God provides seed -- that's just part of what he created. But here it says he also supplies bread. Even though humans manufacture the bread (using a lot of technology by the way) even the results of our creative act ultimately come from God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 10:2]]<br /> | The weapons we fight with are not the weapons of the world<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 2:10]]<br /> | &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot;<br /> | God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 2:20]]<br /> | Christ Jesus himself is the chief cornerstone in whom the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord.<br /> | Who is the builder? See [[Hebrews 3:4]].<br /> Compare with [[1 Peter 2:4]] -- we, like Christ, are living stones, and we are being built into a spiritual house.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:17]]<br /> | Put on the full armour of God<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Colossians 4:14]]<br /> | Luke the beloved physician<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]<br /> | All sorts of artefacts may be used for good or evil. Even people can become &quot;an instrument for noble purposes, made holy, useful to the Master and prepared to do any good work&quot;.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Timothy 4:14]]<br /> | &quot;Alexander the metalworker...&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Philemon 1:13]]<br /> | &quot;in chains for the gospel&quot;<br /> | Compare with [[Ephesians 6:20]] where Paul describes himself as &quot;an ambassador in chains&quot;. But no chains can constrain God's work.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 3:4]]<br /> | &quot;God is the builder of everything&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 4:12]]<br /> | &quot;The word of God is ... sharper than any double-edged sword&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 11:9]] - [[Hebrews 11:10]]<br /> | Abraham was content to live in tents even though he looked forward to living in a city whose architect was God.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 13:16]]<br /> | &quot;But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased.&quot;<br /> | Maybe it's not to much of a stretch to apply this to communication technology. (King James is the only one to mention &quot;communication&quot; in this verse, so I don't think this inference works. The Greek implies sharing rather than communicating. -- Matt)<br /> |-<br /> | [[James 3:3]]<br /> | Putting bits in horses' mouths<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[James 3:4]]<br /> | Steering a ship by a rudder<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[James 4:3]]<br /> | Moths eat clothes, and gold and silver corrode.<br /> | The stuff we create with technology and all our material wealth is ephemeral.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Peter 1:7]]<br /> | Faith is of greater worth than gold<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 1:12]]<br /> | Seven golden lampstands represent the 7 churches<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 3:18]]<br /> | God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 5:7]] - [[Revelation 5:8]]<br /> | Throne, scrolls, harps, bowls of incense<br /> | Evidence of technology in heaven?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 6:1]] - [[Revelation 6:5]]<br /> | Horse riders carry a bow, a sword and a pair of scales<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 8]]<br /> | Seven angels each sound a trumpet<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 9:2]]<br /> | &quot;like the smoke from a gigantic furnace&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 11:1]]<br /> | A measuring rod<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 14:14]] - [[Revelation 14:19]]<br /> | One &quot;like the son of man&quot; and an angel wield a sharp sickle<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 18:11]] - [[Revelation 18:13]]<br /> | Merchants try unsuccessfully to sell precious metals, silk, linen, etc<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 18:21]] - [[Revelation 18:23]]<br /> | When Babylon is thrown down, there will be no more sound from musical instruments in her, nor tradesmen, mills or lighted lamps.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 21]] (see also [[Revelation 3:12]])<br /> | The Holy City -- the city of God, the new Jerusalem -- comes down out of heaven. It is huge and shines with God's glory. High walls. Twelve gates. Streets of gold like transparent glass.<br /> | Cities are not necessarily an evil created by humans: the history of creation will end with a city of God's creation.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]] -&gt; [[Technology in the Bible]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=674867 Technology in the Bible 2011-08-01T04:14:33Z <p>MatthewClarke: Added section on innovation</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> Although no definition of technology is offered here, it is worth noting that the term includes both physical tools and techniques. <br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> ==Innovation==<br /> <br /> Fundamental to the Biblical narrative is that God is innovative. God creates new things and acts in new ways. This is not just true of the Creation passages in Genesis, but reflected throughout the Old and New Testaments. <br /> <br /> Even in the book of Revelation, God's gives people a new name ([[Revelation 2:17]], [[Revelation 3:12]]), there is a new Jerusalem ([[Revelation 3:12]], [[Revelation 21:2]]), a new song ([[Revelation 5:9]], [[Revelation 14:3]]), new heavens and new earth ([[Revelation 21:1]]), and a declaration that God is making all things new ([[Revelation 21:5]]). William Barclay points out (''The Daily Study Bible - The Revelation, vol 1'', p. 176) that &quot;Greek has two words for ''new'', ''neos'', which means ''new in point of time'' but not necessairly in point of quality, and ''kainos'', which means ''new in point of quality''. ''Kainos'' describes a thing which has not only been recently produced but whose like has never existed before.&quot; It is the second of these words that is used in Revelation.<br /> <br /> Whereas most of the comments in this article relate to physical ''tools'', in the Bible we also see an evolution of ''techniques'' -- new forms of government and law, methods of communication ([[Hebrews 1:1]]-[[Hebrews 1:2]]), approaches to ethics, and new mechanisms for salvation -- often actively promoted by God.<br /> <br /> A significant aspect of being made in God's image is that humans share God's innovative nature. In our development and use of tools and techniques, we are co-creators with God.<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. So is technology just the result of sin and if so, should Christian's avoid using it?<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death blue screen of death] or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> ==Technology before The Flood==<br /> There have been numerous discoveries of pieces of technology that dates back to the time of [[Noah]] and before. These include:<br /> *a battery in [[Egypt]]<br /> *evidence of radio and telecommunication capabilities<br /> *evidence of world travel and advanced transportation<br /> <br /> None of these are mentioned in the Bible, but are not disproved by the Bible either.<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing tablet ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [[Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose the purpose to which we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> Paul repeats a similar message in [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]. It is unimportant whether we are made from gold and silver, or from mere wood and clay. In either case we can choose to become an instrument for either noble or ignoble purposes.<br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> Perhaps the most significant risk of technology is that by allowing some degree of control over our environment, technology can lead us to assume that we have no need for God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> Tools are subservient to their user: an axe cannot raise itself above the one who swings it ([[Isaiah 10:15]]). In this context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. (As a side note, Jacques Ellul has argued that technology in the modern world has taken on a substantially different mode of operation in which human control plays virtually no part.)<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible accepts that accidents will happen with technology ([[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]) and that nobody may be at fault. One purpose of the designated &quot;cities of refuge&quot; was so that people could escape retribution for such accidents. [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] describes, as an example, how an axe head might fly off and kill someone. As long as there is no malice in the act, the user of technology is not to blame for unintended negative side-effects.<br /> <br /> Jesus also makes it clear that the ''victims'' of technological accidents are not to blame, as though the accident was punishment for their personal sin ([[Luke 13:4]]).<br /> <br /> On the other hand, we cannot simply divorce ourselves from the damage that technology may do. Israel's first OH&amp;S policy is recorded in [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]: people should build a railing around their roof to prevent anyone from falling off. From this verse and [[Leviticus 19:16]], we could infer a general principle that people have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers. Modern legal interpretations of negligence and duty of care reflect the same idea.<br /> <br /> People in positions of power have additional responsibilities in their use of technology:<br /> <br /> * The responsibility to use measuring instruments and standards fairly ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]])<br /> * The responsibility to not deprive others of the technology they require to make a living. For instance, [[Deuteronomy 24:6]] points out that one should not take someone's millstone as security for a debt.<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> As technology advances, the temptation to believe that we can solve all our problems via technology grows stronger, and the perceived need to trust God diminishes. The tendency to overstate our independence from God is evident from as early as [[Genesis 11]], when humanity sought to &quot;make a name for ourselves&quot; by building a city and a tower that reached to heaven.<br /> <br /> In good times, it becomes easy to fool ourselves into thinking that we achieved technological Utopia by our own cleverness. [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 6:12]] and [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 8:14]] warn against forgetting the Lord in such times of prosperity. Perhaps more than ever, humanity in the 21st century thinks that our technological creations are making a perfect life for us. But in reality, we accept something far inferior to the abundant life that God intended. This is exactly what God said of the Israelites in [[Jeremiah 2:13]] -- God offers a spring of living water, but we are content with broken cisterns of our own creation.<br /> <br /> As Job tells his friends ([[Job 28]]), our many achievements do not lead to real wisdom. Humanity mines for silver and iron, refines gold and copper, turns dark into light, digs deep for sapphires, tunnels through rocks, and explores the sources of rivers (vv1-11). But do we find wisdom (v12, v13, v20)? It cannot be bought (vv15-19) and it is hidden from the eyes of every living thing (v21). &quot;God understands the way to it and he alone knows where it dwells&quot; (v23). &quot;The fear of the Lord – that is wisdom, and to shun evil is understanding&quot; (v28).<br /> <br /> We might imagine that our money makes us impregnable like a well-built castle ([[Proverbs 18:10]] - [[Proverbs 18:11]]) or that military superiority will protect us ([[Isaiah 31:1]]), but in the end security only comes from trusting God. Israel often found that by trusting God they could overcome enemies who had superior technology: walled cities ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:6]]), chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]]) and giants with swords ([[1 Samuel 17]]).<br /> <br /> The Lord has a day planned when all human arrogance -- lofty towers, fortified walls, trading ships, idols or silver and gold -- will be be brought low ([[Isaiah 2:12]] - [[Isaiah 2:22]]). Although this is a condemnation of arrogance rather than of technology, how often does humanity show its arrogance by seeking power and control through technology? In the end, humans are an insubstantial breath (v22).<br /> <br /> There should be no doubt that God is greater than any technology. Everything was created by the power of God's Word. That divine Word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) and provides the cornerstone of our faith. &quot;Some trust in chariots [i.e. human technology] and some in horses [i.e. the natural world], but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot; ([[Psalm 20:7]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Christianity_and_technology&diff=674866 Christianity and technology 2011-08-01T03:04:46Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Links */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Christianity and technology |<br /> subtopics = [[Christianity and science]]<br /> * [[Technology in the Bible]]<br /> * [[Technology Resources|Resources]]: web sites, organisations and books<br /> * [[Social Effects of Technology]]<br /> * [[Specific technologies]]<br /> * [[Christianity and the Internet]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Quotes==<br /> <br /> From James C. Peterson:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | Think back to Genesis 1. There God gives creation over to human dominion and places humans not in a wilderness but in a garden. A garden needs to be tended. Once cannot encourage the roses without driving back the aphids. The humans are directed to care for the garden and how to care for it. God tells them not to eat fruit from certain trees nor to eat meat. It is still God's world. It is not their world, one with which they can do anything they want. Nature is entrusted to humans to care for it as stewards. They are responsible to God for what they do with God's world, a place given to them in which to exercise stewardship. That includes making choices to shape and develop that which God has entrusted them.<br /> <br /> Few of us live in a place where we could survive because the temperature is always right, with no need for clothing or shelter, or where we could catch our food with our bare hands and eat it raw. As soon as we use a hook to catch a fish or fire to cook it, we use technology. This is part of who we were designed to be. We are designed to shape, modify, and work with our environment and ourselves.<br /> <br /> Nature is something God has created and declared good. Humans are to enjoy and use it to serve God and neighbour. Should nature then be left as it is? Should we have left smallpox alone? No. Is it the wisdom of evolution over time that as people age they have poor eyesight? Do individuals contravene evolution or God-designed nature when they accept glasses or laser surgery? The physical world can be improved, and it is our human nature and call to do so.<br /> <br /> Saint Augustine argued in the fourth century that the world is not perfect and should be restored to what it was like before sin corrupted it. That requires shaping the the nature we have received. Further, there is a long tradition in church history that humans should not just restore the Earth. Instead, part of our calling is to improve it.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> (From Miller, R. J., Brubaker, B. H., &amp; Peterson, J. C. (2005). Viewing new creations with Anabaptist eyes : ethics of biotechnology. Telford Pa.;Scottdale Penn.: Cascadia Pub. House; Herald Press; p. 76)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> * Ellul, J. The Technological Society. Trans. John Wilkinson. New York: Knopf, 1964 (originally in French in 1954)<br /> * Ellul, J. The Technological System. Trans. Joachim Neugroschel. New York: Continuum, 1980 (originally in French in 1977)<br /> * Ellul, J. The Technological Bluff. Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990 (originally in French in 1988)<br /> <br /> ==Links==<br /> * [http://religion-today.blogspot.com/2007/10/technology-and-christianity.html Religion Today - Technology and Christianity]<br /> * [http://www.ted.com/talks/billy_graham_on_technology_faith_and_suffering.html Talk at TED on Technology and Faith, by Billy Graham]<br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Science and Technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Christianity_and_technology&diff=674865 Christianity and technology 2011-08-01T03:02:09Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Quotes */ typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Christianity and technology |<br /> subtopics = [[Christianity and science]]<br /> * [[Technology in the Bible]]<br /> * [[Technology Resources|Resources]]: web sites, organisations and books<br /> * [[Social Effects of Technology]]<br /> * [[Specific technologies]]<br /> * [[Christianity and the Internet]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Quotes==<br /> <br /> From James C. Peterson:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | Think back to Genesis 1. There God gives creation over to human dominion and places humans not in a wilderness but in a garden. A garden needs to be tended. Once cannot encourage the roses without driving back the aphids. The humans are directed to care for the garden and how to care for it. God tells them not to eat fruit from certain trees nor to eat meat. It is still God's world. It is not their world, one with which they can do anything they want. Nature is entrusted to humans to care for it as stewards. They are responsible to God for what they do with God's world, a place given to them in which to exercise stewardship. That includes making choices to shape and develop that which God has entrusted them.<br /> <br /> Few of us live in a place where we could survive because the temperature is always right, with no need for clothing or shelter, or where we could catch our food with our bare hands and eat it raw. As soon as we use a hook to catch a fish or fire to cook it, we use technology. This is part of who we were designed to be. We are designed to shape, modify, and work with our environment and ourselves.<br /> <br /> Nature is something God has created and declared good. Humans are to enjoy and use it to serve God and neighbour. Should nature then be left as it is? Should we have left smallpox alone? No. Is it the wisdom of evolution over time that as people age they have poor eyesight? Do individuals contravene evolution or God-designed nature when they accept glasses or laser surgery? The physical world can be improved, and it is our human nature and call to do so.<br /> <br /> Saint Augustine argued in the fourth century that the world is not perfect and should be restored to what it was like before sin corrupted it. That requires shaping the the nature we have received. Further, there is a long tradition in church history that humans should not just restore the Earth. Instead, part of our calling is to improve it.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> (From Miller, R. J., Brubaker, B. H., &amp; Peterson, J. C. (2005). Viewing new creations with Anabaptist eyes : ethics of biotechnology. Telford Pa.;Scottdale Penn.: Cascadia Pub. House; Herald Press; p. 76)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> * Ellul, J. The Technological Society. Trans. John Wilkinson. New York: Knopf, 1964 (originally in French in 1954)<br /> * Ellul, J. The Technological System. Trans. Joachim Neugroschel. New York: Continuum, 1980 (originally in French in 1977)<br /> * Ellul, J. The Technological Bluff. Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990 (originally in French in 1988)<br /> <br /> ==Links==<br /> * [http://religion-today.blogspot.com/2007/10/technology-and-christianity.html Religion Today - Technology and Christianity]<br /> * [http://www.ted.com/talks/billy_graham_on_technology_faith_and_suffering.html Talk at TED on Technology and Faith]<br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Science and Technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=674861 Technology in the Bible 2011-03-08T17:28:46Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Communication technology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. So is technology just the result of sin and if so, should Christian's avoid using it?<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death blue screen of death] or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> ==Technology before The Flood==<br /> There have been numerous discoveries of pieces of technology that dates back to the time of [[Noah]] and before. These include:<br /> *a battery in [[Egypt]]<br /> *evidence of radio and telecommunication capabilities<br /> *evidence of world travel and advanced transportation<br /> <br /> None of these are mentioned in the Bible, but are not disproved by the Bible either.<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing tablet ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [[Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose the purpose to which we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> Paul repeats a similar message in [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]. It is unimportant whether we are made from gold and silver, or from mere wood and clay. In either case we can choose to become an instrument for either noble or ignoble purposes.<br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> Perhaps the most significant risk of technology is that by allowing some degree of control over our environment, technology can lead us to assume that we have no need for God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> Tools are subservient to their user: an axe cannot raise itself above the one who swings it ([[Isaiah 10:15]]). In this context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. (As a side note, Jacques Ellul has argued that technology in the modern world has taken on a substantially different mode of operation in which human control plays virtually no part.)<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible accepts that accidents will happen with technology ([[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]) and that nobody may be at fault. One purpose of the designated &quot;cities of refuge&quot; was so that people could escape retribution for such accidents. [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] describes, as an example, how an axe head might fly off and kill someone. As long as there is no malice in the act, the user of technology is not to blame for unintended negative side-effects.<br /> <br /> Jesus also makes it clear that the ''victims'' of technological accidents are not to blame, as though the accident was punishment for their personal sin ([[Luke 13:4]]).<br /> <br /> On the other hand, we cannot simply divorce ourselves from the damage that technology may do. Israel's first OH&amp;S policy is recorded in [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]: people should build a railing around their roof to prevent anyone from falling off. From this verse and [[Leviticus 19:16]], we could infer a general principle that people have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers. Modern legal interpretations of negligence and duty of care reflect the same idea.<br /> <br /> People in positions of power have additional responsibilities in their use of technology:<br /> <br /> * The responsibility to use measuring instruments and standards fairly ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]])<br /> * The responsibility to not deprive others of the technology they require to make a living. For instance, [[Deuteronomy 24:6]] points out that one should not take someone's millstone as security for a debt.<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> As technology advances, the temptation to believe that we can solve all our problems via technology grows stronger, and the perceived need to trust God diminishes. The tendency to overstate our independence from God is evident from as early as [[Genesis 11]], when humanity sought to &quot;make a name for ourselves&quot; by building a city and a tower that reached to heaven.<br /> <br /> In good times, it becomes easy to fool ourselves into thinking that we achieved technological Utopia by our own cleverness. [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 6:12]] and [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 8:14]] warn against forgetting the Lord in such times of prosperity. Perhaps more than ever, humanity in the 21st century thinks that our technological creations are making a perfect life for us. But in reality, we accept something far inferior to the abundant life that God intended. This is exactly what God said of the Israelites in [[Jeremiah 2:13]] -- God offers a spring of living water, but we are content with broken cisterns of our own creation.<br /> <br /> As Job tells his friends ([[Job 28]]), our many achievements do not lead to real wisdom. Humanity mines for silver and iron, refines gold and copper, turns dark into light, digs deep for sapphires, tunnels through rocks, and explores the sources of rivers (vv1-11). But do we find wisdom (v12, v13, v20)? It cannot be bought (vv15-19) and it is hidden from the eyes of every living thing (v21). &quot;God understands the way to it and he alone knows where it dwells&quot; (v23). &quot;The fear of the Lord – that is wisdom, and to shun evil is understanding&quot; (v28).<br /> <br /> We might imagine that our money makes us impregnable like a well-built castle ([[Proverbs 18:10]] - [[Proverbs 18:11]]) or that military superiority will protect us ([[Isaiah 31:1]]), but in the end security only comes from trusting God. Israel often found that by trusting God they could overcome enemies who had superior technology: walled cities ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:6]]), chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]]) and giants with swords ([[1 Samuel 17]]).<br /> <br /> The Lord has a day planned when all human arrogance -- lofty towers, fortified walls, trading ships, idols or silver and gold -- will be be brought low ([[Isaiah 2:12]] - [[Isaiah 2:22]]). Although this is a condemnation of arrogance rather than of technology, how often does humanity show its arrogance by seeking power and control through technology? In the end, humans are an insubstantial breath (v22).<br /> <br /> There should be no doubt that God is greater than any technology. Everything was created by the power of God's Word. That divine Word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) and provides the cornerstone of our faith. &quot;Some trust in chariots [i.e. human technology] and some in horses [i.e. the natural world], but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot; ([[Psalm 20:7]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=674860 Technology in the Bible 2011-03-07T19:50:23Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Communication technology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. So is technology just the result of sin and if so, should Christian's avoid using it?<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death blue screen of death] or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> ==Technology before The Flood==<br /> There have been numerous discoveries of pieces of technology that dates back to the time of [[Noah]] and before. These include:<br /> *a battery in [[Egypt]]<br /> *evidence of radio and telecommunication capabilities<br /> *evidence of world travel and advanced transportation<br /> <br /> None of these are mentioned in the Bible, but are not disproved by the Bible either.<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [[Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose the purpose to which we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> Paul repeats a similar message in [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]. It is unimportant whether we are made from gold and silver, or from mere wood and clay. In either case we can choose to become an instrument for either noble or ignoble purposes.<br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> Perhaps the most significant risk of technology is that by allowing some degree of control over our environment, technology can lead us to assume that we have no need for God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> Tools are subservient to their user: an axe cannot raise itself above the one who swings it ([[Isaiah 10:15]]). In this context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. (As a side note, Jacques Ellul has argued that technology in the modern world has taken on a substantially different mode of operation in which human control plays virtually no part.)<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible accepts that accidents will happen with technology ([[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]) and that nobody may be at fault. One purpose of the designated &quot;cities of refuge&quot; was so that people could escape retribution for such accidents. [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] describes, as an example, how an axe head might fly off and kill someone. As long as there is no malice in the act, the user of technology is not to blame for unintended negative side-effects.<br /> <br /> Jesus also makes it clear that the ''victims'' of technological accidents are not to blame, as though the accident was punishment for their personal sin ([[Luke 13:4]]).<br /> <br /> On the other hand, we cannot simply divorce ourselves from the damage that technology may do. Israel's first OH&amp;S policy is recorded in [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]: people should build a railing around their roof to prevent anyone from falling off. From this verse and [[Leviticus 19:16]], we could infer a general principle that people have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers. Modern legal interpretations of negligence and duty of care reflect the same idea.<br /> <br /> People in positions of power have additional responsibilities in their use of technology:<br /> <br /> * The responsibility to use measuring instruments and standards fairly ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]])<br /> * The responsibility to not deprive others of the technology they require to make a living. For instance, [[Deuteronomy 24:6]] points out that one should not take someone's millstone as security for a debt.<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> As technology advances, the temptation to believe that we can solve all our problems via technology grows stronger, and the perceived need to trust God diminishes. The tendency to overstate our independence from God is evident from as early as [[Genesis 11]], when humanity sought to &quot;make a name for ourselves&quot; by building a city and a tower that reached to heaven.<br /> <br /> In good times, it becomes easy to fool ourselves into thinking that we achieved technological Utopia by our own cleverness. [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 6:12]] and [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 8:14]] warn against forgetting the Lord in such times of prosperity. Perhaps more than ever, humanity in the 21st century thinks that our technological creations are making a perfect life for us. But in reality, we accept something far inferior to the abundant life that God intended. This is exactly what God said of the Israelites in [[Jeremiah 2:13]] -- God offers a spring of living water, but we are content with broken cisterns of our own creation.<br /> <br /> As Job tells his friends ([[Job 28]]), our many achievements do not lead to real wisdom. Humanity mines for silver and iron, refines gold and copper, turns dark into light, digs deep for sapphires, tunnels through rocks, and explores the sources of rivers (vv1-11). But do we find wisdom (v12, v13, v20)? It cannot be bought (vv15-19) and it is hidden from the eyes of every living thing (v21). &quot;God understands the way to it and he alone knows where it dwells&quot; (v23). &quot;The fear of the Lord – that is wisdom, and to shun evil is understanding&quot; (v28).<br /> <br /> We might imagine that our money makes us impregnable like a well-built castle ([[Proverbs 18:10]] - [[Proverbs 18:11]]) or that military superiority will protect us ([[Isaiah 31:1]]), but in the end security only comes from trusting God. Israel often found that by trusting God they could overcome enemies who had superior technology: walled cities ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:6]]), chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]]) and giants with swords ([[1 Samuel 17]]).<br /> <br /> The Lord has a day planned when all human arrogance -- lofty towers, fortified walls, trading ships, idols or silver and gold -- will be be brought low ([[Isaiah 2:12]] - [[Isaiah 2:22]]). Although this is a condemnation of arrogance rather than of technology, how often does humanity show its arrogance by seeking power and control through technology? In the end, humans are an insubstantial breath (v22).<br /> <br /> There should be no doubt that God is greater than any technology. Everything was created by the power of God's Word. That divine Word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) and provides the cornerstone of our faith. &quot;Some trust in chariots [i.e. human technology] and some in horses [i.e. the natural world], but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot; ([[Psalm 20:7]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=User_talk:Darth_Stabro&diff=674734 User talk:Darth Stabro 2011-01-02T18:22:16Z <p>MatthewClarke: Reverted edits by BOYFUСКЕR (Talk) to last revision by Master Frederique</p> <hr /> <div>Hey Paul!<br /> <br /> Welcome to WikiChristian! I hope you find the site helpful :) If you have any questions or anything, feel free to ask me. Btw, I unprotected the [[Roman Catholicism]] page for you. -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 13:54, 13 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Welcome to WikiChristian==<br /> {{Template:Welcome to WikiChristian}}<br /> <br /> [[Image:Groups.yahoo.gif]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> Thanks for your editing work on WikiChristian.org. Please join the conversation with other editors by signing up for your free &quot;WikiChristian E-Newsletter&quot; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WikiChristian/join/ here].<br /> [[User:DavidSpencer.ca|DavidSpencer.ca]] 16:54, 19 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == Reply/Adminship==<br /> <br /> Hey Paul, I replied to the post you made on my [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|talk page]] :) I also saw your comments on Graham's page, and since you're an admin on another wiki already, I've gone ahead and given you sysop status here as well. We don't really have a lot of policies or anything... the only thing I would mention is blocking, but the [[Special:Blockip|blocking page]] is pretty self-explanatory by itself. God bless! -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 22:38, 22 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : G'day Paul. Thanks for all your editting and work recently on the website. Although there aren't expansive lists of policies about WikiChristian, there are some general principles and rules of thumb, which you might want to browse through. These can be found at: [[WikiChristian:About]], [[WikiChristian:Page Layout]] and [[WikiChristian:Statement of Faith]]. Cheers, --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 06:36, 24 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==New Logo==<br /> Thank you for working on the new logo. It looks much better now. However, can you move WikiChristian to the top, the free encyclopedia to the bottom and reduce the font size abit to make the words somewhat fit it in with the rest of the logo? Thanks.--[[User:Prab|Prab]] 07:54, 1 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Prayer of the day==<br /> What do you think about Prayer of the day on the right column on the main page similar to verse of the day? There are many [http://christianity.about.com/od/prayersinthebible/qt/bibleprayersind.htm great prayers] in the Bible. I would like to nominate the prayer of [http://christianity.about.com/od/prayersinthebible/qt/prayerofjabez.htm Jabez] once we all agree and create the template etc. These prayers do not need to be from the Bible. We can include prayers of WikiChristians. --[[User:Prab|Prab]] 09:08, 1 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> Prayer of the week probably makes more sense initially. --[[User:Prab|Prab]] 10:26, 1 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Invitation to Subscribe to our WikiChristian E-Newsletter==<br /> <br /> [[Image:Groups.yahoo.gif]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> Hi James/Paul. Please join the conversation with other editors by signing up for your free &quot;WikiChristian E-Newsletter&quot; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WikiChristian/join/ here].<br /> [[User:DavidSpencer.ca|DavidSpencer.ca]] 04:44, 2 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Thanks==<br /> Thanks for changing Biblical_references_to_technology to show table borders. [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 02:28, 5 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == Borders ==<br /> <br /> Hi James. I've noticed that the Infoboxes ([[Template:Infobox Contents]]) have lost their borders since the adjustments were made with the appearance of WikiChristian recently. Do you know how to get the borders back? Thanks, --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 22:04, 9 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> =='Sup!==<br /> Hey man! Where ya been? I haven't seen your username in a LONG time. lol What happened? [[User:Master Frederique|Master Frederique]] 12:18, 14 July 2010 (UTC)<br /> *Hey man!!!! I got your message. Sorry for the wait. I haven't been on here in a while. Can't wait to see the skin. The change is due in November so......Maybe we should put it off to January, in order to start even (since we change every six months). idk Maybe we should change as soon as you're done, and then change again in January. idk But Skillet rocks so I can't wait. Man, we've got some new contributors, mainly JMAS. He's uploading song clips and editing album articles. He has a collection of over 1500 albums of which 85% are CCM!!! Well ttyl. God bless. [[User:Master Frederique|Master Frederique]] 20:36, 26 August 2010 (UTC)</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Amy_Grant&diff=672872 Amy Grant 2010-06-06T03:11:23Z <p>MatthewClarke: basic copy editing</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Amy Grant | <br /> subtopics = Songs - [[El Shaddai]], [[Thy Word (song)|Thy Word]] | <br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} | <br /> }} <br /> <br /> Amy Lee Grant (born November 25, 1960 in Augusta, Georgia) is an American songwriter whose music has strong Christian themes.<br /> <br /> Grant made her debut in 1977 as a teenager.<br /> <br /> In 1982, she released her breakthrough album, [[Age to Age]], which would become the first Contemporary Christian music album to be certified platinum.<br /> <br /> Also in 1982, she married her song-writer first husband, Gary Chapman.<br /> <br /> By 1985, her music began to reach a wider audience, as her album [[Unguarded]] crossed over onto mainstream charts. This feat was reproduced in 1991 when her album [[Heart In Motion]] became a best-seller and the single &quot;Baby Baby&quot; became a number one hit.<br /> <br /> Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Grant continued to record pop-oriented albums.<br /> <br /> Grant and Chapman separated and divorced in 1999.<br /> <br /> In 2000 Grant married Vince Gill, who had divorced country singer Banis Gill of ''Sweethearts of the Rodeo''.<br /> <br /> Grant made a return to gospel music until 2002, with the record ''Legacy...Hymns and Faith''. In 2006, Grant hosted her own reality television show on NBC, called ''Three Wishes''.<br /> <br /> As of 2007, Grant remains the best-selling [[Contemporary Christian music]] singer, having sold over 25 million records worldwide, and ''Heart in Motion'' is the best-selling Christian music album as well, with sales of five million.<br /> <br /> ==Quotes==<br /> <br /> ==Links==<br /> *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Grant Wikipedia - Amy Grant]<br /> *[http://www.amygrant.com/ Official Amy Grant website]<br /> *[http://www.amy-grant.com/ German/English Amy Grant archive website]<br /> *[http://amygrantchristmas.alegroit.de/ Official Amy Grant Christmas website]<br /> *[http://behindtheeyes.alegroit.de/ Official Amy Grant Behind The Eyes website]<br /> * {{LMW|Amy_Grant LifeMusic Wiki}} <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christian music]] -&gt; [[Song writers]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Christian songwriters]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Talk:Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672816 Talk:Technology in the Bible 2010-06-02T04:08:26Z <p>MatthewClarke: Question about &quot;Technology before The Flood&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Wow, this is a becoming a quite a thorough article and really quite enjoyable and interesting to read. Thanks Matthew. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 05:42, 26 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> ::Thanks. I'm enjoying it too, though it has taken a lot longer than I hoped. I am trying to move faster now becuase I am preparing a three-day seminar on Christina responses to technology, to be delivered in South Africa at the end of June. [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 04:40, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Technology before The Flood==<br /> [[User:Master_Frederique|Master Frederique]]: Can you provide sources for the additions here? Does it really fit within a page specifically about tech *in* the Bible? [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 04:08, 2 June 2010 (UTC)</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672811 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-29T03:40:53Z <p>MatthewClarke: I think I've said all that I want to -- eventually!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. So is technology just the result of sin and if so, should Christian's avoid using it?<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death blue screen of death] or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose the purpose to which we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> Paul repeats a similar message in [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]. It is unimportant whether we are made from gold and silver, or from mere wood and clay. In either case we can choose to become an instrument for either noble or ignoble purposes.<br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> Perhaps the most significant risk of technology is that by allowing some degree of control over our environment, technology can lead us to assume that we have no need for God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> Tools are subservient to their user: an axe cannot raise itself above the one who swings it ([[Isaiah 10:15]]). In this context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. (As a side note, Jacques Ellul has argued that technology in the modern world has taken on a substantially different mode of operation in which human control plays virtually no part.)<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible accepts that accidents will happen with technology ([[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]) and that nobody may be at fault. One purpose of the designated &quot;cities of refuge&quot; was so that people could escape retribution for such accidents. [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] describes, as an example, how an axe head might fly off and kill someone. As long as there is no malice in the act, the user of technology is not to blame for unintended negative side-effects.<br /> <br /> Jesus also makes it clear that the ''victims'' of technological accidents are not to blame, as though the accident was punishment for their personal sin ([[Luke 13:4]]).<br /> <br /> On the other hand, we cannot simply divorce ourselves from the damage that technology may do. Israel's first OH&amp;S policy is recorded in [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]: people should build a railing around their roof to prevent anyone from falling off. From this verse and [[Leviticus 19:16]], we could infer a general principle that people have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers. Modern legal interpretations of negligence and duty of care reflect the same idea.<br /> <br /> People in positions of power have additional responsibilities in their use of technology:<br /> <br /> * The responsibility to use measuring instruments and standards fairly ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]])<br /> * The responsibility to not deprive others of the technology they require to make a living. For instance, [[Deuteronomy 24:6]] points out that one should not take someone's millstone as security for a debt.<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> As technology advances, the temptation to believe that we can solve all our problems via technology grows stronger, and the perceived need to trust God diminishes. The tendency to overstate our independence from God is evident from as early as [[Genesis 11]], when humanity sought to &quot;make a name for ourselves&quot; by building a city and a tower that reached to heaven.<br /> <br /> In good times, it becomes easy to fool ourselves into thinking that we achieved technological Utopia by our own cleverness. [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 6:12]] and [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 8:14]] warn against forgetting the Lord in such times of prosperity. Perhaps more than ever, humanity in the 21st century thinks that our technological creations are making a perfect life for us. But in reality, we accept something far inferior to the abundant life that God intended. This is exactly what God said of the Israelites in [[Jeremiah 2:13]] -- God offers a spring of living water, but we are content with broken cisterns of our own creation.<br /> <br /> As Job tells his friends ([[Job 28]]), our many achievements do not lead to real wisdom. Humanity mines for silver and iron, refines gold and copper, turns dark into light, digs deep for sapphires, tunnels through rocks, and explores the sources of rivers (vv1-11). But do we find wisdom (v12, v13, v20)? It cannot be bought (vv15-19) and it is hidden from the eyes of every living thing (v21). &quot;God understands the way to it and he alone knows where it dwells&quot; (v23). &quot;The fear of the Lord – that is wisdom, and to shun evil is understanding&quot; (v28).<br /> <br /> We might imagine that our money makes us impregnable like a well-built castle ([[Proverbs 18:10]] - [[Proverbs 18:11]]) or that military superiority will protect us ([[Isaiah 31:1]]), but in the end security only comes from trusting God. Israel often found that by trusting God they could overcome enemies who had superior technology: walled cities ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:6]]), chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]]) and giants with swords ([[1 Samuel 17]]).<br /> <br /> The Lord has a day planned when all human arrogance -- lofty towers, fortified walls, trading ships, idols or silver and gold -- will be be brought low ([[Isaiah 2:12]] - [[Isaiah 2:22]]). Although this is a condemnation of arrogance rather than of technology, how often does humanity show its arrogance by seeking power and control through technology? In the end, humans are an insubstantial breath (v22).<br /> <br /> There should be no doubt that God is greater than any technology. Everything was created by the power of God's Word. That divine Word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) and provides the cornerstone of our faith. &quot;Some trust in chariots [i.e. human technology] and some in horses [i.e. the natural world], but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot; ([[Psalm 20:7]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672810 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-28T20:27:31Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Trust God rather than technology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose the purpose to which we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> Paul repeats a similar message in [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]. It is unimportant whether we are made from gold and silver, or from mere wood and clay. In either case we can choose to become an instrument for either noble or ignoble purposes.<br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> Perhaps the most significant risk of technology is that by allowing some degree of control over our environment, technology can lead us to assume that we have no need for God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> Tools are subservient to their user: an axe cannot raise itself above the one who swings it ([[Isaiah 10:15]]). In this context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. (As a side note, Jacques Ellul has argued that technology in the modern world has taken on a substantially different mode of operation in which human control plays virtually no part.)<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible accepts that accidents will happen with technology ([[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]) and that nobody may be at fault. One purpose of the designated &quot;cities of refuge&quot; was so that people could escape retribution for such accidents. [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] describes, as an example, how an axe head might fly off and kill someone. As long as there is no malice in the act, the user of technology is not to blame for unintended negative side-effects.<br /> <br /> Jesus also makes it clear that the ''victims'' of technological accidents are not to blame, as though the accident was punishment for their personal sin ([[Luke 13:4]]).<br /> <br /> On the other hand, we cannot simply divorce ourselves from the damage that technology may do. Israel's first OH&amp;S policy is recorded in [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]: people should build a railing around their roof to prevent anyone from falling off. From this verse and [[Leviticus 19:16]], we could infer a general principle that people have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers. Modern legal interpretations of negligence and duty of care reflect the same idea.<br /> <br /> People in positions of power have additional responsibilities in their use of technology:<br /> <br /> * The responsibility to use measuring instruments and standards fairly ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]])<br /> * The responsibility to not deprive others of the technology they require to make a living. For instance, [[Deuteronomy 24:6]] points out that one should not take someone's millstone as security for a debt.<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> As technology advances, the temptation to believe that we can solve all our problems via technology grows stronger, and the perceived need to trust God diminishes. The tendency to overstate our independence from God is evident from as early as [[Genesis 11]], when humanity sought to &quot;make a name for ourselves&quot; by building a city and a tower that reached to heaven.<br /> <br /> In good times, it becomes easy to fool ourselves into thinking that we achieved technological Utopia by our own cleverness. [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 6:12]] and [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 8:14]] warn against forgetting the Lord in such times of prosperity. Perhaps more than ever, humanity in the 21st century thinks that our technological creations are making a perfect life for us. But in reality, we accept something far inferior to the abundant life that God intended. This is exactly what God said of the Israelites in [[Jeremiah 2:13]] -- God offers a spring of living water, but we are content with broken cisterns of our own creation.<br /> <br /> As Job tells his friends ([[Job 28]]), our many achievements do not lead to real wisdom. Humanity mines for silver and iron, refines gold and copper, turns dark into light, digs deep for sapphires, tunnels through rocks, and explores the sources of rivers (vv1-11). But do we find wisdom (v12, v13, v20)? It cannot be bought (vv15-19) and it is hidden from the eyes of every living thing (v21). &quot;God understands the way to it and he alone knows where it dwells&quot; (v23). &quot;The fear of the Lord – that is wisdom, and to shun evil is understanding&quot; (v28).<br /> <br /> We might imagine that our money makes us impregnable like a well-built castle ([[Proverbs 18:10]] - [[Proverbs 18:11]]) or that chariots will protect us ([[Psalm 20:7]], [[Isaiah 31:1]]), but in the end security only comes from trusting God. Israel often found that by trusting God they could overcome enemies who had superior technology: walled cities ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:6]]), chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]]) and giants with swords ([[1 Samuel 17]]).<br /> <br /> The Lord has a day planned when all human arrogance -- lofty towers, fortified walls, trading ships, idols or silver and gold -- will be be brought low ([[Isaiah 2:12]] - [[Isaiah 2:22]]). Although this is a condemnation of arrogance rather than of technology, how often does humanity show its arrogance by seeking power and control through technology? In the end, humans are an insubstantial breath (v22).<br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Biblical_references_to_technology&diff=672809 Biblical references to technology 2010-05-28T20:01:34Z <p>MatthewClarke: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Biblical References to Technology |<br /> subtopics = ... |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;Many verses throughout the Bible assume a degree of technology and technique: that is, the existence of tools and the processes for their manufacture and use. Common examples include [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=iron iron], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bronze bronze], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=gold gold], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=silver silver], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=refine refine], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=metal metal], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tool tool], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=instrument instrument], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=wheel wheel], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cook cook], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=wine wine], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=craft craft], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=build build], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cloth cloth], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=city city], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=shield shield], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=helmet helmet], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=armor armor], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=arrow arrow], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sword sword], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=weapon weapon] [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=spear spear], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=chariot chariot], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=boat boat], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=ship ship], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=door door], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=chains chains]. Each of these imply that people created technologies to augment their abilities, to control the environment, to improve their lives, to communicate, etc.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> The following tables collates more significant references to technology:<br /> <br /> ==Old Testament==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Verse<br /> ! Summary of Content<br /> ! Observations and Implications<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 1]]<br /> | Creation by God's word.<br /> | God has a technique but requires no technology.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 2:7]]<br /> | &quot;The Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.&quot;<br /> | More of God's technique.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 3:7]]<br /> | Fig leaves sewn together constitute the first clothes<br /> | (From [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive/ John Dyer]) &quot;Adam and Eve quickly recognize that they can overcome one of the effects of the Curse by inventing clothing to cover themselves. We don’t normally think of clothing as technology, it is a product of human creation and an expression of the creativity of God. Sadly, Adam and Eve use their creativity not to glorify God, but in a way that is representative of humanity’s rejection of God and attempt to live apart from him. But rather than condemn them, God pours out his grace and “upgrades” their clothing from leaves to the skin of an animal ([[Genesis 3:21]]). God’s action seems to support humans inventing things that overcome the effects of the Fall, yet he also shows the inadequacy of our solutions.&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 4:17]]<br /> | First mention of a city.<br /> | (From [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive/ John Dyer]) &quot;The city, in all its technological glory, becomes a symbol of man’s quest to restore the comfort and power of Garden without the presence of God. Babylon, Ninevah, Sodom, and others come to represent the enemies of God and the collective human desire to live happily without him.&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 4:22]]<br /> | Tubal-Cain forged all kinds of tools out of bronze and iron.<br /> | The first use of bronze was about 3200 BC, and iron about 1800 BC ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions])<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 6]]<br /> | Building Noah's Ark<br /> | A detailed design was provided by God, but there is no mention of instructions regarding ''how'' to build it.<br /> Note that the Ark itself is a new technology, i.e. a boat.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]]<br /> | Noah grows grapes and brews wine.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:1]]; [[Genesis 11:9]]<br /> | human languages<br /> | ''does this really count as a technology?''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:1]] - [[Genesis 11:9]]<br /> | Tower of Babel <br /> * built with bricks, not stone (v3).<br /> * God was impressed by humanity's achievement (v6).<br /> | Here we see humanity attempting to use their creative powers to build their way into heaven. Part of the lesson here is that we should not arrogantly think that our own abilities are unlimited.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:31]]<br /> | Abraham came from Ur.<br /> | Ur was a Sumerian city where the Euphrates River ran into the Persian Gulf. This is in present-day Iraq, 1200km east of Jerusalem. <br /> Abraham born about 1800 BC and hence would have seen the Great Ziggurat of Ur. A couple of centuries before, Ur might have been the largest city in the world, with a population of about 65,000. <br /> It was quite close to Uruk, which was probably the world's first city, holding more than 50,000 within a 6km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; space a thousand years before Abraham.<br /> (See articles on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham Abraham] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur Ur] in Wikipedia.)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 17:12]]<br /> | Money<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 20:16]]<br /> | Silver<br /> | Implies mining, refining (which needs a furnace) and weighing.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 21:25]]<br /> | Well<br /> | Does this imply buckets and rope?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 24:22]]<br /> | Gold nose rings and bracelets<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 27:3]], [[Genesis 27:40]]<br /> | Weapons: bow and arrow, sword.<br /> | Note that the first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Other references to God using a manufactured weapon include [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 28:12]]<br /> | Stairway (or ladder) in Jacob's dream.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]]<br /> | Jacob (the deceiver) does some selective breeding and genetic modification to make his flock better than Laban's.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 31:27]]<br /> | Tambourines and harps.<br /> | First musical instruments mentioned in the Bible.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 35:14]]<br /> | Oil<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 37:25]]<br /> | Ishmaelite traders: spices, scent, slaves<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]]<br /> | Grain storage specifically to counter famine.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 46:5]]<br /> | Jacob and family travel in carts.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 49:5]] - [[Genesis 49:7]]<br /> | Jacob curses Simeon and Levi for gratuitous use of weapons.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 50:2]]<br /> | Physicians, embalming<br /> | Were these techniques learnt by Joseph during his time in Egypt?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 50:26]]<br /> | Joseph is embalmed and placed in a coffin.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 2:3]]<br /> | Moses' baby basket was coated with tar for waterproofing.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 4:2]] - [[Exodus 4:5]]<br /> | Moses' staff was designed by God &quot;so that they may believe in the Lord.&quot;<br /> | See the staff in use in [[Exodus 7]], [[Exodus 17:6]], [[Exodus 14:16]].<br /> Is this God's style of technology?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 5]]<br /> | Israelite slaves in Egypt are set a quota on brick-making.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 14:25]]<br /> | Wheels on the Egyptian chariots.<br /> | Note the Egyptian influence on Israeli technology: chariots, embalming.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 15:25]]<br /> | Moses uses a piece of wood to make bitter water drinkable.<br /> | Magic or chemistry?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 17:14]]<br /> | Writing <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 20:1]] - [[Exodus 20:17]]<br /> | The Ten Commandments<br /> | <br /> * Don't make technology into an idol that replaces God (v4).<br /> * Don't covet your neighbour's technology (v17).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]]<br /> | Altars should be made of unhewn stones, not defiled by using iron tools.<br /> | Why no iron? <br /> * The altar is temporary, not the final one<br /> * The altar is made from the earth – natural materials, not manufactured.<br /> * Should be unadorned: no symbols or images that might detract from the worship of God alone, and perhaps lead to superstition<br /> * Jesus is a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]). On the other hand there was nothing amazingly attractive about him ([[Isaiah 53:2]]) and he was rejected by the builders ([[Psalm 118:20]], [[Luke 20:17]]).<br /> See also [[Deuteronomy 27:5]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 21:6]]<br /> | Use of an awl to pierce the ear of a slave.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]]<br /> | Letting land lie fallow every seventh year.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 25]] – [[Exodus 31]]<br /> | Design of the Tabernacle.<br /> | God gives detailed descriptions of the Ark of the Covenant, furniture, lampstands, curtains, altar, utensils and clothes. But (like Noah's ark) God does not give instructions about ''how'' to make these things: he leaves the techniques of construction to us. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 28:3]]<br /> | Although the &quot;skilled workmen&quot; are to do the work, their wisdom comes from God. <br /> | The work is to be done by skilled craftsmen. This implies dedication, training and care.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]]<br /> | God's selection of the chief craftsman: &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God&quot; as well as with &quot;skills, ability and knowledge&quot;.<br /> | The role of the craftsman (and technologist) is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This reminds me of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]]: even for the menial task of handing out food, the candidates needed to be &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32]] – [[Exodus 34]]<br /> | The Golden Calf and the second set of Ten Commandments.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32:4]]<br /> | Tools were used to fashion the Golden Calf.<br /> | See how Aaron denies the use of tools in [[Exodus 32:24]]!!! This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32:20]]<br /> | Moses grinds the Golden Calf, scatters it on water and makes the people drink it.<br /> | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10VhvCQjYUI Dana Ullman claims] that this is Biblical support for homeopathy!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 34:1]], [[Exodus 34:28]]<br /> | Moses uses a chisel to prepare the second set of stone tablets and then writes the Ten Commandments on them.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35]] – [[Exodus 40]]<br /> | Construction of the Tabernacle<br /> | Note the sandwich here: God's design of the Tabernacle, the people's failure, restitution, and then God's will is realised and the Tabernacle built.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]]<br /> | <br /> | Not just a trained few, but ''all who were willing'' are invited to help in the construction. Each brings their own resources and skills.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]]<br /> | Re-affirmation of the chief craftsmen.<br /> | Similar to [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], but extends their mandate to teaching others.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 39:22]]<br /> | Weaving<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]]<br /> | Do not use dishonest measuring instruments or standards.<br /> | Also [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]]<br /> | Letting land lie fallow every seventh year.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]<br /> | Two trumpets made out of hammered silver – used to call the people together.<br /> | Communication technology: one trumpet for the leaders to gather, two for everyone. Paul makes reference to this in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Numbers 21:4]] - [[Numbers 21:9]]<br /> | Moses makes a bronze snake. When someone is bitten by a snake, if they look at the bronze snake they live.<br /> | Pre-figures Christ's healing of us ([[John 3:14]] - [[John 3:15]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 1:28]]<br /> | The spies sent into Canaan reported that &quot;the cities are large, with walls up to the sky&quot;.<br /> | Should God's people fear the technology of their enemies? (Also [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:6]]<br /> | God enabled the Israelites to destroy all 60 of the walled cities in Bashan.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 6:12]]<br /> | When God gives you houses and wells and vineyards, be careful not to forget the Lord.<br /> | Warning about thinking that we achieved technological Utopia by our own cleverness. (Also [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 8:18]].)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> | Cities of Refuge for people who kill someone unintentionally. The example is an axe-head accidentally flying off and hitting someone.<br /> | What happens when technology has negative, unintended side-effects? The user of the technology is not to blame, as long as there is no malice aforethought.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 19:14]]<br /> | ''Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark''<br /> | also [[Proverbs 22:28]], [[Proverbs 23:10]], [[Deuteronomy 27:17]]. If this refers to artificial landmarks created by surveying and placing a boundary stone, it implies several technologies.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> | Build a railing around the roof of your house so nobody falls off. <br /> | Israel's first OH&amp;S policy! <br /> We have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers.<br /> Compare [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] and [[Deuteronomy 22:8]] and [[Leviticus 19:16]] with modern legal interpretations of duty of care and negligence.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 24:6]]<br /> | Do not take someone's millstones as security for a debt.<br /> | Technology is valuable and important for a person's livelihood. Don't deprive people from making a living by taking away the technology they need to do so.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 27:5]]<br /> | Build an altar of stone and do not use any iron tool for the job.<br /> | See [[Exodus 20:24]] above.<br /> These instructions were carried out in [[Joshua 8:31]].<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 1:19]]<br /> | Israel could not defeat an enemy because the enemy had iron chariots.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 3:15]] - [[Judges 3:23]]<br /> | The Israelite leader Ehud had a double-edged sword, about 50cm long. He used it to assassinate Eglon, king of Moab.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]]<br /> | Israel routes 900 iron chariots.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 4:17]] - [[Judges 4:22]]<br /> | Tent peg used to kill an enemy's commander.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 6:11]]<br /> | Gideon hid in a winepress.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 13:19]] - [[1 Samuel 13:21]]<br /> | The Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools.<br /> | This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 16:23]]<br /> | David plays harp to Saul.<br /> | Soothing effect of musical instruments.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 17:4]] - [[1 Samuel 17:7]], [[1 Samuel 17:49]]<br /> | David kills Goliath.<br /> | Goliath has advanced bronze armoury, but it is futile against a stone and sling. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Samuel 20:15]]<br /> | Siege ramp<br /> | First mention of a siege ramp in the Bible. It was probably just a pile of dirt. Also in Kings, Job, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 4:33]]<br /> | Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]<br /> | Solomon contracts Huram to manage the bronze work for Temple furnishings.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 2:13]] – Huram was sent by the King of Tyre in response to Solomon's request for help. Huram could work with all types of material, including stone, wood, metals and cloth, and was also a skilled engraver. Although he was from Tyre, he was Jewish.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:23]] - [[1 Kings 7:26]]<br /> | The Temple included an indoor swimming pool that held 44,000 litres.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 4:2]] - [[2 Chronicles 4:5]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:46]]<br /> | The bronze furnishings were fashioned using clay moulds.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 4:17]]. All the Temple furnishings and the bronze Sea were taken away by the Babylonians about 420 years later ([[Jeremiah 52:17]] - [[Jeremiah 52:19]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 10:22]]<br /> | Solomon has a fleet of trading ships .<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 9:21]].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> | God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 20:7]]<br /> | A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil.<br /> | This same remedy is used in [[Isaiah 38:21]]. Where else in the Bible is medicine used for healing?<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 20:20]]<br /> | Hezekiah builds a tunnel to bring water into the city.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 32:30]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 21:13]]<br /> | &quot;Measuring line&quot; and &quot;plumb-line&quot;<br /> | See also [[Isaiah 28:17]] where these tools represent justice and righteousness, as well as other references listed for [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22measuring-line%22 measuring line] and [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22plumb-line%22 plumb line].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Chronicles 22:15]] - [[1 Chronicles 22:16]]<br /> | Israel had many craftsmen in David's time: stonecutters, masons, carpenters, metal-workers.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Chronicles 23]] - [[1 Chronicles 27]]<br /> | Priests (Aaron), temple workers (Levites), musicians, gatekeepers, treasury, military, tribal leaders, administrators of royal property.<br /> | Israel's public service structure did not include a portfolio for technology.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Chronicles 1:14]], [[2 Chronicles 1:17]]<br /> | Solomon had 1,400 chariots. They were imported from Egypt, and Israel also resold them to other nations.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Chronicles 20:35]] - [[2 Chronicles 20:37]]<br /> | Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, forms and alliance with Ahaziah, king of Israel and they built a fleet of trading ships. But since the alliance did not have God's blessing, the fleet was wrecked.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezra 6:1]]<br /> | The Babylonian King Darius searches for, and finds, an earlier decree regarding the Israelites rebuilding their temple.<br /> | Government archives in 5th century BC. The first example of this was probably the Hittite archives in 1300 BC (back around the time of Judges). That included a systematic library catalog ([http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190247]).<br /> How different this was from storage and retrieval of docs over the Internet!<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Esther 2:12]]<br /> | Twelve months of beauty treatment!<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Esther 5:14]]<br /> | Mordecai is to be hanged on a gallows.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 7:6]]<br /> | &quot;My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle and they come to an end without hope.&quot;<br /> | Woven cloth was first evident in 7000 BC ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#7th_millennium_BCE]).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 19:24]]<br /> | &quot;Oh that my words were now written! oh that they were printed in a book! That they were graven with an iron pen and lead in the rock for ever&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 28]]<br /> | Humanity mines for silver and iron, refines gold and copper, turns dark into light, digs deep for sapphires, tunnels through rocks, and explores the sources of rivers (vv1-11). But do they find wisdom (v12, v13, v20)? It cannot be bought (vv15-19). It is hidden from the eyes of every living thing (v21). &quot;God understands the way to it and he alone knows where it dwells&quot; (v23). &quot;The fear of the Lord – that is wisdom, and to shun evil is understanding&quot; (v28).<br /> | We will never find wisdom or understanding from science or technology or any other human achievement.<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 3:3]]<br /> | God is a shield around us.<br /> | Also [[Psalm 5:12]], [[Psalm 7:10]], [[Psalm 18:2]], [[Psalm 18:30]], [[Psalm 34:20]], [[Psalm 115:9]] - [[Psalm 115:11]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> | &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God.&quot;<br /> | See the converse in [[Isaiah 31:1]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 38:2]]<br /> | God's arrows discipline us.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 44:3]], [[Psalm 44:6]], [[Psalm 44:7]]<br /> | Israel's victories did not come by their prowess with the sword but by God's right hand.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 64:7]]<br /> | God's arrows shoot down evil-doers.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 68:17]]<br /> | God has tens of thousands of chariots to bring against his enemies.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]]<br /> | God is superior to idols.<br /> | In the modern world this is more of a comment about a materialist worldview than about religious idols. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But they are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in v8. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing (v15).<br /> Key verses are repeated in [[Psalm 135:15]] - [[Psalm 135:18]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 118:22]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 20:17]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Acts 4:11]]<br /> | &quot;The stone the builders rejected has become the capstone.&quot;<br /> | Quoted in [[1 Peter 2:7]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 119:105]]<br /> | &quot;Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 150]]<br /> | Praise God with trumpet, lyre, dancing, strings, flute and cymbals. &quot;Let everything that has breath praise the Lord.&quot;<br /> | We should use not only musical instruments, but everything we create – houses, church halls, shopping centres, cars, boats, space shuttles, pencils, iPhones and kitchen sinks – to praise the Lord.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 3:9]] - [[Proverbs 3:10]]<br /> | &quot;Honor the Lord ... then your barns will be filled ... and your vats will brim over ...&quot;<br /> | Maybe it's not too much of a stretch to infer that if we honor God, then our technology will succeed.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 8:12]]<br /> | &quot;I wisdom dwell with prudence, and find out knowledge of witty inventions.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 17:3]]<br /> | &quot;The crucible for silver and the furnace for gold, but the Lord tests the heart.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 18:10]] - [[Proverbs 18:11]]<br /> | &quot;The name of the Lord is a strong tower, the righteous run to it and are safe. The wealth of the rich is their fortified city; they imagine it an unscalable wall.&quot;<br /> | We might imagine that our money makes us impregnable like a well-built castle, but in the end security only comes from trusting God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 20:26]]<br /> | &quot;A wise king winnows out the wicked; he drives the threshing wheel over them.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]]<br /> | Removing the dross from silver compared to establishing a righteous kingdom.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 27:21]]<br /> | &quot;The crucible for silver and the furnace for gold, but man is tested by the praise he receives.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 27:22]]<br /> | &quot;Though you grind a fool in a mortar, grinding him like grain with a pestle, you will not remove his folly from him.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]<br /> | The Teacher built houses and made reservoirs to water his gardens, but it was meaningless (v11).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 2:17]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:23]]<br /> | <br /> | It can seem as though the whole of our life's work is just meaningless toil.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]<br /> | &quot;Whoever quarries stones may be injured by them; whoever splits logs may be endangered by them.&quot;<br /> | Working with technology can be dangerous.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 10:10]]<br /> | &quot;If the axe is dull and its edge unsharpened, more strength is needed but skill will bring success.&quot;<br /> | This probably generalises to most tools. If your equipment is sub-standard then it takes a lot more effort to get results. Nevertheless, a good tradesman never blames his tools. If you have the skill, you can still succeed -- maybe by sharpening the axe!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 2:4]]<br /> | Turning swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks.<br /> | The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil.<br /> Repeated in [[Micah 4:3]], so maybe this became a common saying. If so, then the reversal in [[Joel 3:10]] would have been quite striking.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 2:12]] - [[Isaiah 2:22]]<br /> | The Lord has a day planned when all human arrogance -- lofty towers, fortified walls, trading ships, idols or silver and gold -- will be be brought low.<br /> | This is a condemnation of arrogance rather than of technology. But how often does humanity show its arrogance by seeking power and control through technology? In the end, humans are an insubstantial breath (22).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 5:28]]<br /> | God calls nations to battle against Israel, knowing that their weapons (bows, arrows and chariots) will overpower Israel.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 10:15]]<br /> | &quot;Does the axe raise itself above him who swings it ...&quot;<br /> | Tools are subservient to their user. In context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. <br /> As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. Does that continue to be accurate in the age of intelligent machines?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 40:18]] - [[Isaiah 40:19]]<br /> | To whom will you compare God? Certainly not to any idol crafted by human hands!<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 41:15]]<br /> | God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh/crush/winnow their enemies.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 44:12]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]<br /> | A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! But he can't see that the wooden idol he created is a lie.<br /> | Craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 64:8]]<br /> | &quot;We are the clay, you are the potter; we are all the work of your hand.&quot;<br /> | God as craftsman and technologist: a potter who chooses the raw materials, follows an intentional process, and makes use of tools (such as a potting wheel and kiln) in order to turn a design into a product.<br /> See also [[Jeremiah 18:1]] - [[Jeremiah 18:6]].<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 1:18]]<br /> | Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall<br /> | Also in [[Jeremiah 15:20]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> | Israel has forsaken God, the spring of living water, in favour of their own broken cistern.<br /> | In this modern world, we often think that our technological creations are making a perfect life for us. But in reality, we accept something far inferior to the abundant life that God intended ([[John 10:10]]). <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]]<br /> | God uses Israel (or is it Jeremiah?) to 'test the metal' of his people<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 8:22]]<br /> | &quot;Is there no balm in Gilead? Is there no physician there?&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 10:1]] - [[Jeremiah 10:16]]<br /> | Against idols. A craftsman shapes it with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! Every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: the images are a fraud.<br /> | See also [[Jeremiah 51:17]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 35:6]] - [[Jeremiah 35:11]]<br /> | The Recabites don't drink wine, build houses, sow seed or plant vineyards.<br /> | While not strictly anti-technology, the Recabites took a kind of Amish stance. God congratulates them on upholding their ancestor's command and contrasts them to the rest of Israel who don't even obey ''God's'' commands.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 50:9]]<br /> | &quot;Their arrows will be like skilled warriors.&quot;<br /> | Intelligent weaponry: a very advanced notion! Heat seeking missiles?<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 1:15]] - [[Ezekiel 1:21]]<br /> | In a dream, Ezekiel sees fantastic creatures with intersecting wheels.<br /> | A description of a UFO landing, according to [http://www.bibleufo.com/zezekiel.htm] and [http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/h/hight-technology_in_the_bible.html].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 10]]<br /> | More &quot;wheels intersecting wheels&quot; (v. 10) as part of a strange machine involving cherubim.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 27]] - [[Ezekiel 28:19]]<br /> | Lament for Tyre. Although Tyre had been built to perfection, renowned for her beauty, expert in ship-making, powerful as a trading nation, she would become shipwrecked, break to pieces and sink into the sea.<br /> | Once again, material prosperity and skills in technology (in this case ships and seamanship) are no guarantee of lasting success. Chapter 28 makes clear that their downfall was a result of pride that made them feel like gods.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 40]] - [[Ezekiel 48]]<br /> | In a vision, Ezekiel sees a man with a measuring rod measure in detail the dimensions of a future Temple, its surrounds and the sub-division of the whole land.<br /> |<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 2:31]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]<br /> | Daniel relates and interprets Nebuchadnezzar's dream in which a succession of kingdoms (gold, silver, bronze and iron) are smashed by a kingdom established by God (a rock).<br /> | The point of the story is not about technology, the power of the metaphor is based on an assumption that what is God-made and natural can overpower anything made by human hands.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 3]]<br /> | Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego thrown into a fiery furnace<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 5]]<br /> | King Belshazzar is drinking wine and praising &quot;the gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, wood and stone&quot; when suddenly a disembodied hand writes a message on the wall.<br /> | Belshazzar is criticised for placing himself (and his faith in gold, silver, bronze, iron, wood and stone) above God. As in Chapter 2, the power of this comparison in underpinned by an implication that what God can do is superior to anything achievable by human fabrication.<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]]<br /> | God sets a plumb-line against which to judge Israel.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jonah 1]]<br /> | Jonah tries to escape from God's call on a ship<br /> | No technology, and nothing human-made can hide us from God or take us out of God's reach.<br /> The human-made ship takes Jonah away, but the God-made fish brings him back. I wonder how many people have been drawn away from God by technology -- perhaps a belief that technology makes God an unnecessary assumption, or perhaps just being side-tracked by an attraction to technology (addition to Internet gaming?) -- and I wonder how many are brought towards God by the majesty of God's creation?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malachi 3:2]] - [[Malachi 3:3]]<br /> | God is a refiner's fire<br /> | <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==New Testament==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Verse<br /> ! Summary of Content<br /> ! Observations and Implications<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 2:1]] - [[Matthew 2:11]]<br /> | The Magi follow a star.<br /> | Putting aside the unscientific notion of stars heralding a new king, the Magi were clearly both knowledgeable and observant about the night sky. They were presumably not Jewish (i.e. not one of God's people) and yet God used their pre-scientific astronomy to draw them into God's plan. Is there any reason why we should not expect the same today -- that people who study the created world are drawn towards the Creator, even those who are outside the Christian faith?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]<br /> | Wise and foolish builders<br /> | An engineering metaphor. Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a well-formed experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, every mobile phone carrier needs a solid infrastructure, etc. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 9:16]] - [[Matthew 9:17]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 2:21]] - [[Mark 2:22]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 5:36]] - [[Luke 5:39]]<br /> | New cloth to patch old clothes; new wine in old wineskins.<br /> | I don't know if there is any spiritual lesson here about technology, but the principle is certainly still true: don't try putting new software onto an old computer!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 10:9]] - [[Matthew 10:10]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 6:8]]<br /> | The disciples are sent out, without money or luggage or shoes or walking stick.<br /> | Christians do not ''need'' technology or any other baggage to carry out God's work. Like the birds and the lilies in [[Matthew 6:26]] - [[Matthew 6:30]], all we need is supplied by God. That does not mean that accessories such as technology are not helpful: just not necessary.<br /> And note that later on, [[Luke 22:36]] records Jesus telling his disciples that they should now take money and a bag and even a sword.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 22:50]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[John 18:10]]<br /> | During Jesus' arrest, one of his companions cuts of someone's ear with a sword, but Jesus rebukes the use of the sword.<br /> | Like the comment on Matthew 10:9 (above), Jesus does not need technology to achieve his goal.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 27:60]]<br /> | Jesus is buried<br /> | Is the stone that was rolled across the tomb's entrance &quot;technology&quot;? It is no barrier to God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 3:9]]<br /> | Jesus plans ahead by having a boat ready.<br /> | Nothing special here, but this is obviously one of many time that Jesus happily used technology. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 13:55]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 6:3]]<br /> | Jesus is the son of a carpenter.<br /> | As a carpenter he would have used tools frequently. <br /> According to W.E.Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New testament Words'' these are the only two occurrences of the Greek word ''tektōn'' (τέκτων) &amp;ndash; from which we get the English &quot;technology&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 4:21]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]]<br /> | Metaphor: you don't put a lamp under a bowl.<br /> | Jesus draws on his audience's knowledge of common technology. Here and elsewhere he seems happy to accept our attempts to make life easier via technology. It is also testament to his communication ability that he makes such effective use of concepts with which his audience is familiar to draw them towards a new idea.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]<br /> | The disciples marvel at the magnificent Temple, but Jesus is not impressed. The Temple will be destroyed.<br /> | No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] we see that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 1:63]]<br /> | Zechariah uses a writing tablet<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 2:1]]<br /> | Roman census<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 2:7]], [[Luke 2:16]]<br /> | Manger<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 3:17]]<br /> | Winnowing fork used metaphorically for sorting wheat from chaff<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]]<br /> | Boats and fishing nets<br /> | Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, but calls them to leave their technology in order to follow him. Jesus is happy to make use of boats for his own purpose of teaching. Jesus also shows that nets and boats are not enough: not even enough to catch fish -- you also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 5:31]]<br /> | Jesus likens himself to a doctor.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Luke 9:62]]<br /> | If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back.<br /> See also [[Luke 14:28]] - [[Luke 14:30]] about the need to plan before building a tower.<br /> | What's wrong with looking back? It makes it impossible to plough a straight furrow. So don't start working for God if you're going to be distracted with other concerns rather than concentrating on the goal. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> | The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies<br /> | A lesson in priorities: spiritual wisdom over wealth. But also a comment that technology (barns) cannot satisfy life's real needs.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 12:35]]<br /> | Keep your lamps burning<br /> | Metaphor for being alert and prepared. But also an acceptance that it is quite appropriate to use artificial light sources. Thus nothing earth-shattering, but it is one of many examples where God accepts and even commends the use of technology. God does not expect us to just take the world as it is, but encourages us to create technologies to help us.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> | A building accident causes 18 to die, but it is not because the victoms were evil.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[John 1:3]]<br /> | Through him all things were made<br /> | The Word of God, i.e. Jesus, was the tool of choice for God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]<br /> | Water into wine<br /> | The process of making wine usually requires substantial technology: agricultural implements, irrigation, fertiliser, grape press, chemistry, temperature-controlled vats, etc. But Jesus gets a better result by his own authority.<br /> |-<br /> | [[John 2:15]]<br /> | Jesus makes a whip to drive the animals out of the Temple grounds<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[John 6:19]]<br /> | Jesus walks on water<br /> | Even though Jesus frequently uses boats, he actually doesn't need them. Jesus can achieve his purpose without any need for technology of any sort.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 7:48]]<br /> | &quot;The Most High does not live in houses made by man&quot;<br /> | God cannot be contained by anything humans construct. We cannot limit God, nor can we exceed or control God with technology or anything else we create.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]]<br /> | Philip ministers to the Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot.<br /> | The chariot is a symbol of affluence and authority rather than war. Perhaps like a Rolls Royce car today. But that doesn't daunt Philip! The pedestrian jogs along, hears Isaish being read through the window and offers advice. He gets to sit in the Rolls and preach to the rich and famous!<br /> Apart from [[Revelation 9:9]], this is the only chariot mentioned in the NT.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 18:3]] - [[Acts 3:5]]<br /> | Paul, Aquila and Priscilla were all tentmakers. <br /> | When necessary, they earned money by their trade to support their ministry. But when others were able to support him, Paul would devote himself exclusively to preaching.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 19:23]] - [[Acts 19:41]]<br /> | Riot in Ephesus<br /> | Silversmiths (and perhaps other craftsmen) see their livelihood threatened by the Gospel<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 21]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Acts 27]] - [[Acts 28]] and numerous other passages in Acts<br /> | Paul travels by sailing boat<br /> | As a principle, Paul tries to become &quot;all things to all men so that by all possible means I might save some&quot; ([[1 Corinthians 9:21]]). So it is not surprising that he would use whatever technology was available to further his cause.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Romans 6:13]]<br /> | Our bodies can either be instruments of wickedness or instruments of righteousness.<br /> | In the ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'', Vine says the meaning of &quot;instruments&quot; here is most likely as a weapon. <br /> We as people are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us choose to which purpose we will offer ourselves.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Corinthians 3:6]] - [[1 Corinthians 3:15]]<br /> | In rebuking divisions in the church, Paul points out that we are God's co-workers. It matters not whether we plant or water: it is God's work that matters. It doesn't matter who laid the foundation and who builds on it, as long as the foundation is Jesus Christ. Whatever the building is made of -- gold, silver, wood, stones, or even straw -- will all be tested by fire.<br /> | Interesting mixing of metaphors, from agricultural to construction engineering. In our context, Paul could have written that the technology does not matter, only that our joint work seeks a common purpose and a common foundation, that of Christ. Paul returns to that theme in [[1 Corinthians 15:58]], assuring us that such labours are not in vain.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Corinthians 9:10]]<br /> | Ploughs and threshers<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 4:7]]<br /> | &quot;we have this treasure in jars of clay to show that this all‑surpassing power is from God and not from us&quot;<br /> | This strange technology -- the clay jars that are our bodies -- are very fragile and yet they contain the glory of God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 5:1]]<br /> | Our body is merely a tent, but will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 9:9]]<br /> | God supplies seed to the sower and bread for food<br /> | It is easy to see that God provides seed -- that's just part of what he created. But here it says he also supplies bread. Even though humans manufacture the bread (using a lot of technology by the way) even the results of our creative act ultimately come from God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 10:2]]<br /> | The weapons we fight with are not the weapons of the world<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 2:10]]<br /> | &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot;<br /> | God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 2:20]]<br /> | Christ Jesus himself is the chief cornerstone in whom the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord.<br /> | Who is the builder? See [[Hebrews 3:4]].<br /> Compare with [[1 Peter 2:4]] -- we, like Christ, are living stones, and we are being built into a spiritual house.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:17]]<br /> | Put on the full armour of God<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Colossians 4:14]]<br /> | Luke the beloved physician<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]<br /> | All sorts of artefacts may be used for good or evil. Even people can become &quot;an instrument for noble purposes, made holy, useful to the Master and prepared to do any good work&quot;.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Timothy 4:14]]<br /> | &quot;Alexander the metalworker...&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Philemon 1:13]]<br /> | &quot;in chains for the gospel&quot;<br /> | Compare with [[Ephesians 6:20]] where Paul describes himself as &quot;an ambassador in chains&quot;. But no chains can constrain God's work.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 3:4]]<br /> | &quot;God is the builder of everything&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 4:12]]<br /> | &quot;The word of God is ... sharper than any double-edged sword&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 11:9]] - [[Hebrews 11:10]]<br /> | Abraham was content to live in tents even though he looked forward to living in a city whose architect was God.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 13:16]]<br /> | &quot;But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased.&quot;<br /> | Maybe it's not to much of a stretch to apply this to communication technology. (King James is the only one to mention &quot;communication&quot; in this verse, so I don't think this inference works. The Greek implies sharing rather than communicating. -- Matt)<br /> |-<br /> | [[James 3:3]]<br /> | Putting bits in horses' mouths<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[James 3:4]]<br /> | Steering a ship by a rudder<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[James 4:3]]<br /> | Moths eat clothes, and gold and silver corrode.<br /> | The stuff we create with technology and all our material wealth is ephemeral.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Peter 1:7]]<br /> | Faith is of greater worth than gold<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 1:12]]<br /> | Seven golden lampstands represent the 7 churches<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 3:18]]<br /> | God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 5:7]] - [[Revelation 5:8]]<br /> | Throne, scrolls, harps, bowls of incense<br /> | Evidence of technology in heaven?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 6:1]] - [[Revelation 6:5]]<br /> | Horse riders carry a bow, a sword and a pair of scales<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 8]]<br /> | Seven angels each sound a trumpet<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 9:2]]<br /> | &quot;like the smoke from a gigantic furnace&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 11:1]]<br /> | A measuring rod<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 14:14]] - [[Revelation 14:19]]<br /> | One &quot;like the son of man&quot; and an angel wield a sharp sickle<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 18:11]] - [[Revelation 18:13]]<br /> | Merchants try unsuccessfully to sell precious metals, silk, linen, etc<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 18:21]] - [[Revelation 18:23]]<br /> | When Babylon is thrown down, there will be no more sound from musical instruments in her, nor tradesmen, mills or lighted lamps.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 21]] (see also [[Revelation 3:12]])<br /> | The Holy City -- the city of God, the new Jerusalem -- comes down out of heaven. It is huge and shines with God's glory. High walls. Twelve gates. Streets of gold like transparent glass.<br /> | Cities are not necessarily an evil created by humans: the history of creation will end with a city of God's creation.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]] -&gt; [[Technology in the Bible]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672808 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-28T18:56:16Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Idolatry */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose the purpose to which we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> Paul repeats a similar message in [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]. It is unimportant whether we are made from gold and silver, or from mere wood and clay. In either case we can choose to become an instrument for either noble or ignoble purposes.<br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> Perhaps the most significant risk of technology is that by allowing some degree of control over our environment, technology can lead us to assume that we have no need for God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> Tools are subservient to their user: an axe cannot raise itself above the one who swings it ([[Isaiah 10:15]]). In this context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. (As a side note, Jacques Ellul has argued that technology in the modern world has taken on a substantially different mode of operation in which human control plays virtually no part.)<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible accepts that accidents will happen with technology ([[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]) and that nobody may be at fault. One purpose of the designated &quot;cities of refuge&quot; was so that people could escape retribution for such accidents. [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] describes, as an example, how an axe head might fly off and kill someone. As long as there is no malice in the act, the user of technology is not to blame for unintended negative side-effects.<br /> <br /> Jesus also makes it clear that the ''victims'' of technological accidents are not to blame, as though the accident was punishment for their personal sin ([[Luke 13:4]]).<br /> <br /> On the other hand, we cannot simply divorce ourselves from the damage that technology may do. Israel's first OH&amp;S policy is recorded in [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]: people should build a railing around their roof to prevent anyone from falling off. From this verse and [[Leviticus 19:16]], we could infer a general principle that people have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers. Modern legal interpretations of negligence and duty of care reflect the same idea.<br /> <br /> People in positions of power have additional responsibilities in their use of technology:<br /> <br /> * The responsibility to use measuring instruments and standards fairly ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]])<br /> * The responsibility to not deprive others of the technology they require to make a living. For instance, [[Deuteronomy 24:6]] points out that one should not take someone's millstone as security for a debt.<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672807 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-28T18:45:08Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Responsibility */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose the purpose to which we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> Paul repeats a similar message in [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]. It is unimportant whether we are made from gold and silver, or from mere wood and clay. In either case we can choose to become an instrument for either noble or ignoble purposes.<br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> One of the pitfalls of technology is that it can draw our sight away from God and in the end makes us think we can do without God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> Tools are subservient to their user: an axe cannot raise itself above the one who swings it ([[Isaiah 10:15]]). In this context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. (As a side note, Jacques Ellul has argued that technology in the modern world has taken on a substantially different mode of operation in which human control plays virtually no part.)<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible accepts that accidents will happen with technology ([[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]) and that nobody may be at fault. One purpose of the designated &quot;cities of refuge&quot; was so that people could escape retribution for such accidents. [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] describes, as an example, how an axe head might fly off and kill someone. As long as there is no malice in the act, the user of technology is not to blame for unintended negative side-effects.<br /> <br /> Jesus also makes it clear that the ''victims'' of technological accidents are not to blame, as though the accident was punishment for their personal sin ([[Luke 13:4]]).<br /> <br /> On the other hand, we cannot simply divorce ourselves from the damage that technology may do. Israel's first OH&amp;S policy is recorded in [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]: people should build a railing around their roof to prevent anyone from falling off. From this verse and [[Leviticus 19:16]], we could infer a general principle that people have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers. Modern legal interpretations of negligence and duty of care reflect the same idea.<br /> <br /> People in positions of power have additional responsibilities in their use of technology:<br /> <br /> * The responsibility to use measuring instruments and standards fairly ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]])<br /> * The responsibility to not deprive others of the technology they require to make a living. For instance, [[Deuteronomy 24:6]] points out that one should not take someone's millstone as security for a debt.<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672663 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-10T06:04:26Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Moral neutrality? */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose the purpose to which we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> Paul repeats a similar message in [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]. It is unimportant whether we are made from gold and silver, or from mere wood and clay. In either case we can choose to become an instrument for either noble or ignoble purposes.<br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> One of the pitfalls of technology is that it can draw our sight away from God and in the end makes us think we can do without God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672662 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-10T06:03:54Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Moral neutrality? */ Add 1 Timothy 2:20 - 1 Timothy 2:21</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose the purpose to which we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> Paul repeats a similar message in [[1 Timothy 2:20]] - [[1 Timothy 2:21]]. It is unimportant whether we are made from gold and silver, or from mere wood and clay. In either case we can choose to become an instrument for either noble or ignoble purposes.<br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> One of the pitfalls of technology is that it can draw our sight away from God and in the end makes us think we can do without God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672659 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-10T05:53:59Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Idolatry */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose which purpose we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> One of the pitfalls of technology is that it can draw our sight away from God and in the end makes us think we can do without God. That leads to idolatry and brings a new kind of enslavement.<br /> <br /> Old Testament warnings against idolatry frequently include comments on the technological origin of idols. For instance, in the incident when Israel grew impatient waiting for Moses and started to worship a Golden Calf, it is clear that Aaron gathered gold jewellery, melted it, cast it into the shape of a calf, and fashioned it with a tool ([[Exodus 32:2]] - [[Exodus 32:4]]). When confronted by Moses, however, Aaron denies the use of tools ([[Exodus 32:24]]). This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;. <br /> <br /> [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]] describes the futility of worshipping idols of silver and gold, made by human hands. In the modern world we rarely see this kind of superstitious approach to idols, and yet passages like this remain powerful as commentary on a materialist worldview. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But such creations are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in [[Psalm 115:8]]. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing ([[Psalm 115:15]]). <br /> <br /> Isaiah adds to this by explicitly posing the question of whether any idol could be greater than God ([[Isaiah 44:6]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]). Yahweh is the first, last and only God. A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! Can't he see that the wooden idol he created is a lie? (A sub-text here is that craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.)<br /> <br /> Jeremiah uses a humorous picture to say much the same as Isaiah: A craftsman shapes an idol with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! ([[Jeremiah 10:3]] - [[Jeremiah 10:5]]). Furthermore, every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: their images are frauds; worthless objects of mockery ([[Jeremiah 10:14]]), as is everything that seeks to displace God from the centre of our worship.<br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672604 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-09T04:34:51Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Measurement */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose which purpose we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> Measurement is an essential component of technological development and requires its own forms of technology.<br /> <br /> The Old Testament frequently warns against dishonest instruments or standards of measurement ([[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]], [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]]). Fair measurement is a pre-requisite for a just economy.<br /> <br /> Measuring lines and plumb lines are mentioned in both literal and figurative contexts (e.g. [[2 Kings 21:13]], [[Isaiah 28:17]], [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Revelation 11:1]])<br /> <br /> The Bible records numerous census undertakings, including the Roman census that brought Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem ([[Luke 2:1]]). <br /> <br /> All these forms of measurement highlight a mindset that values quantity over quality, which is a basic foundation for technical thought.<br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672603 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-09T04:16:58Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Moral neutrality */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality?===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). People are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us to choose which purpose we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude than the Old Testament, undermining any belief that God's kingdom should be imposed by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672601 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-08T06:11:14Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Military technology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> There are probably more references to military technology in the Bible than any other category. References to swords, shields, spears and arrows litter the Old and New Testaments, with the same sense of acceptance, though not always approval, as other types of technology. There is no comment or assumption that military technology is inherently bad.<br /> <br /> The first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the Tree of Life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Many verses represent God as metaphorically wielding weapons, for instance:<br /> * God is a shield to us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and half a dozen other Psalms)<br /> * God's arrows discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]) and shoot down evil-doers ([[Psalm 64:7]])<br /> * God has tens of thousands of chariots ([[Psalm 68:17]])<br /> <br /> ===Chariots===<br /> <br /> Chariots were advanced technology at the time and receive several notable mentions:<br /> * The wheel is first mentioned in conjunction with Egyptian chariots ([[Exodus 14:25]])<br /> * After the Israelites had moved into the Promised Land, they were unable to displace some groups &quot;because they had iron chariots&quot; ([[Judges 1:19]]) although shortly afterwards they routed an army with 900 iron chariots ([[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]])<br /> * God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]])<br /> * Solomon had 1,400 chariots ([[2 Chronicles 1:14]]), at least some of which were imported from Egypt and resold to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]]).<br /> * Philip ministers to an Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot ([[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]])<br /> <br /> ===Moral neutrality===<br /> <br /> The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil. For example, the prophets Isaiah and Micah both looked to a future peace in which people will beat their swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks ([[Isaiah 2:4]], [[Micah 4:3]]). On the other hand Joel saw a time when the reverse would be needed ([[Joel 3:10]]).<br /> <br /> Paul refers to our bodies as weapons that can either be instruments of wickedness or of righteousness ([[Romans 6:13]], see Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'' on the interpretation of &quot;instruments&quot; as weapons). We as people are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us choose to which purpose we will offer ourselves. <br /> <br /> The New Testament writers present a more non-violent attitude that undermines any concept of spreading God's kingdom by military force. <br /> * When Peter uses a sword to protect Jesus, Jesus rebukes him ([[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]], [[Luke 22:50]], [[John 18:10]]). (This seems a bit strange in Luke's account because he records Jesus as asking for two swords to be brought along -- [[Luke 22:36]] - [[Luke 22:38]].)<br /> * Paul is clear that the weapons used by Christians are not the weapons of the world ([[2 Corinthians 10:3]] - [[2 Corinthians 10:5]]). We are to put on the spiritual rather than physical armour of God, and that includes only one offensive weapon -- &quot;the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God&quot; ([[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:18]]) and that is &quot;sharper than any double-edged sword&quot; ([[Hebrews 4:12]]).<br /> <br /> ===Technological superiority===<br /> <br /> [[1 Samuel 13]] describes how the Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools. This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the Bible points out that military technology is not what decides a battle. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> * David beat the more heavily equipped Goliath with a stone and slingshot ([[1 Samuel 17]])<br /> * &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God&quot;([[Psalm 20:7]]). Woe to those who do trust in chariots rather than seek God ([[Isaiah 31:1]]).<br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous references===<br /> <br /> Other references to weapons include:<br /> * A tent peg was used as an offensive weapon by Deborah ([[Judges 4:21]]).<br /> * Siege ramps are mentioned first in [[2 Samuel 20:15]], but also in [[2 Kings]], [[Job]], [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]] and [[Ezekiel]]. It seems likely that these ramps were simply piles of dirt.<br /> * A mighty army is described as having arrows that are like skilled warriors -- an early form of intelligent weaponry! ([[Jeremiah 50:9]])<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Biblical_references_to_technology&diff=672600 Biblical references to technology 2010-05-08T05:55:30Z <p>MatthewClarke: Correct description of Revelation 14:14 - Revelation 14:19</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Biblical References to Technology |<br /> subtopics = ... |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;Many verses throughout the Bible assume a degree of technology and technique: that is, the existence of tools and the processes for their manufacture and use. Common examples include [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=iron iron], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bronze bronze], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=gold gold], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=silver silver], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=refine refine], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=metal metal], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tool tool], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=instrument instrument], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=wheel wheel], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cook cook], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=wine wine], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=craft craft], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=build build], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cloth cloth], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=city city], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=shield shield], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=helmet helmet], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=armor armor], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=arrow arrow], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sword sword], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=weapon weapon] [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=spear spear], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=chariot chariot], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=boat boat], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=ship ship], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=door door], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=chains chains]. Each of these imply that people created technologies to augment their abilities, to control the environment, to improve their lives, to communicate, etc.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> The following tables collates more significant references to technology:<br /> <br /> ==Old Testament==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Verse<br /> ! Summary of Content<br /> ! Observations and Implications<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 1]]<br /> | Creation by God's word.<br /> | God has a technique but requires no technology.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 2:7]]<br /> | &quot;The Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.&quot;<br /> | More of God's technique.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 3:7]]<br /> | Fig leaves sewn together constitute the first clothes<br /> | (From [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive/ John Dyer]) &quot;Adam and Eve quickly recognize that they can overcome one of the effects of the Curse by inventing clothing to cover themselves. We don’t normally think of clothing as technology, it is a product of human creation and an expression of the creativity of God. Sadly, Adam and Eve use their creativity not to glorify God, but in a way that is representative of humanity’s rejection of God and attempt to live apart from him. But rather than condemn them, God pours out his grace and “upgrades” their clothing from leaves to the skin of an animal ([[Genesis 3:21]]). God’s action seems to support humans inventing things that overcome the effects of the Fall, yet he also shows the inadequacy of our solutions.&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 4:17]]<br /> | First mention of a city.<br /> | (From [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive/ John Dyer]) &quot;The city, in all its technological glory, becomes a symbol of man’s quest to restore the comfort and power of Garden without the presence of God. Babylon, Ninevah, Sodom, and others come to represent the enemies of God and the collective human desire to live happily without him.&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 4:22]]<br /> | Tubal-Cain forged all kinds of tools out of bronze and iron.<br /> | The first use of bronze was about 3200 BC, and iron about 1800 BC ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions])<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 6]]<br /> | Building Noah's Ark<br /> | A detailed design was provided by God, but there is no mention of instructions regarding ''how'' to build it.<br /> Note that the Ark itself is a new technology, i.e. a boat.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]]<br /> | Noah grows grapes and brews wine.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:1]]; [[Genesis 11:9]]<br /> | human languages<br /> | ''does this really count as a technology?''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:1]] - [[Genesis 11:9]]<br /> | Tower of Babel <br /> * built with bricks, not stone (v3).<br /> * God was impressed by humanity's achievement (v6).<br /> | Here we see humanity attempting to use their creative powers to build their way into heaven. Part of the lesson here is that we should not arrogantly think that our own abilities are unlimited.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:31]]<br /> | Abraham came from Ur.<br /> | Ur was a Sumerian city where the Euphrates River ran into the Persian Gulf. This is in present-day Iraq, 1200km east of Jerusalem. <br /> Abraham born about 1800 BC and hence would have seen the Great Ziggurat of Ur. A couple of centuries before, Ur might have been the largest city in the world, with a population of about 65,000. <br /> It was quite close to Uruk, which was probably the world's first city, holding more than 50,000 within a 6km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; space a thousand years before Abraham.<br /> (See articles on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham Abraham] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur Ur] in Wikipedia.)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 17:12]]<br /> | Money<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 20:16]]<br /> | Silver<br /> | Implies mining, refining (which needs a furnace) and weighing.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 21:25]]<br /> | Well<br /> | Does this imply buckets and rope?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 24:22]]<br /> | Gold nose rings and bracelets<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 27:3]], [[Genesis 27:40]]<br /> | Weapons: bow and arrow, sword.<br /> | Note that the first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Other references to God using a manufactured weapon include [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 28:12]]<br /> | Stairway (or ladder) in Jacob's dream.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]]<br /> | Jacob (the deceiver) does some selective breeding and genetic modification to make his flock better than Laban's.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 31:27]]<br /> | Tambourines and harps.<br /> | First musical instruments mentioned in the Bible.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 35:14]]<br /> | Oil<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 37:25]]<br /> | Ishmaelite traders: spices, scent, slaves<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]]<br /> | Grain storage specifically to counter famine.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 46:5]]<br /> | Jacob and family travel in carts.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 49:5]] - [[Genesis 49:7]]<br /> | Jacob curses Simeon and Levi for gratuitous use of weapons.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 50:2]]<br /> | Physicians, embalming<br /> | Were these techniques learnt by Joseph during his time in Egypt?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 50:26]]<br /> | Joseph is embalmed and placed in a coffin.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 2:3]]<br /> | Moses' baby basket was coated with tar for waterproofing.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 4:2]] - [[Exodus 4:5]]<br /> | Moses' staff was designed by God &quot;so that they may believe in the Lord.&quot;<br /> | See the staff in use in [[Exodus 7]], [[Exodus 17:6]], [[Exodus 14:16]].<br /> Is this God's style of technology?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 5]]<br /> | Israelite slaves in Egypt are set a quota on brick-making.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 14:25]]<br /> | Wheels on the Egyptian chariots.<br /> | Note the Egyptian influence on Israeli technology: chariots, embalming.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 15:25]]<br /> | Moses uses a piece of wood to make bitter water drinkable.<br /> | Magic or chemistry?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 17:14]]<br /> | Writing <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 20:1]] - [[Exodus 20:17]]<br /> | The Ten Commandments<br /> | <br /> * Don't make technology into an idol that replaces God (v4).<br /> * Don't covet your neighbour's technology (v17).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]]<br /> | Altars should be made of unhewn stones, not defiled by using iron tools.<br /> | Why no iron? <br /> * The altar is temporary, not the final one<br /> * The altar is made from the earth – natural materials, not manufactured.<br /> * Should be unadorned: no symbols or images that might detract from the worship of God alone, and perhaps lead to superstition<br /> * Jesus is a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]). On the other hand there was nothing amazingly attractive about him ([[Isaiah 53:2]]) and he was rejected by the builders ([[Psalm 118:20]], [[Luke 20:17]]).<br /> See also [[Deuteronomy 27:5]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 21:6]]<br /> | Use of an awl to pierce the ear of a slave.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]]<br /> | Letting land lie fallow every seventh year.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 25]] – [[Exodus 31]]<br /> | Design of the Tabernacle.<br /> | God gives detailed descriptions of the Ark of the Covenant, furniture, lampstands, curtains, altar, utensils and clothes. But (like Noah's ark) God does not give instructions about ''how'' to make these things: he leaves the techniques of construction to us. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 28:3]]<br /> | Although the &quot;skilled workmen&quot; are to do the work, their wisdom comes from God. <br /> | The work is to be done by skilled craftsmen. This implies dedication, training and care.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]]<br /> | God's selection of the chief craftsman: &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God&quot; as well as with &quot;skills, ability and knowledge&quot;.<br /> | The role of the craftsman (and technologist) is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This reminds me of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]]: even for the menial task of handing out food, the candidates needed to be &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32]] – [[Exodus 34]]<br /> | The Golden Calf and the second set of Ten Commandments.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32:4]]<br /> | Tools were used to fashion the Golden Calf.<br /> | See how Aaron denies the use of tools in [[Exodus 32:24]]!!! This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32:20]]<br /> | Moses grinds the Golden Calf, scatters it on water and makes the people drink it.<br /> | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10VhvCQjYUI Dana Ullman claims] that this is Biblical support for homeopathy!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 34:1]], [[Exodus 34:28]]<br /> | Moses uses a chisel to prepare the second set of stone tablets and then writes the Ten Commandments on them.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35]] – [[Exodus 40]]<br /> | Construction of the Tabernacle<br /> | Note the sandwich here: God's design of the Tabernacle, the people's failure, restitution, and then God's will is realised and the Tabernacle built.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]]<br /> | <br /> | Not just a trained few, but ''all who were willing'' are invited to help in the construction. Each brings their own resources and skills.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]]<br /> | Re-affirmation of the chief craftsmen.<br /> | Similar to [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], but extends their mandate to teaching others.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 39:22]]<br /> | Weaving<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]]<br /> | Do not use dishonest measuring instruments or standards.<br /> | Also [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]]<br /> | Letting land lie fallow every seventh year.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]<br /> | Two trumpets made out of hammered silver – used to call the people together.<br /> | Communication technology: one trumpet for the leaders to gather, two for everyone. Paul makes reference to this in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Numbers 21:4]] - [[Numbers 21:9]]<br /> | Moses makes a bronze snake. When someone is bitten by a snake, if they look at the bronze snake they live.<br /> | Pre-figures Christ's healing of us ([[John 3:14]] - [[John 3:15]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 1:28]]<br /> | The spies sent into Canaan reported that &quot;the cities are large, with walls up to the sky&quot;.<br /> | Should God's people fear the technology of their enemies? (Also [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:6]]<br /> | God enabled the Israelites to destroy all 60 of the walled cities in Bashan.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 6:12]]<br /> | When God gives you houses and wells and vineyards, be careful not to forget the Lord.<br /> | Warning about thinking that we achieved technological Utopia by our own cleverness. (Also [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 8:18]].)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> | Cities of Refuge for people who kill someone unintentionally. The example is an axe-head accidentally flying off and hitting someone.<br /> | What happens when technology has negative, unintended side-effects? The user of the technology is not to blame, as long as there is no malice aforethought.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 19:14]]<br /> | ''Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark''<br /> | also [[Proverbs 22:28]], [[Proverbs 23:10]], [[Deuteronomy 27:17]]. If this refers to artificial landmarks created by surveying and placing a boundary stone, it implies several technologies.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> | Build a railing around the roof of your house so nobody falls off. <br /> | Israel's first OH&amp;S policy! <br /> We have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers.<br /> Compare [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] and [[Deuteronomy 22:8]] and [[Leviticus 19:16]] with modern legal interpretations of duty of care and negligence.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 24:6]]<br /> | Do not take someone's millstones as security for a debt.<br /> | Technology is valuable and important for a person's livelihood. Don't deprive people from making a living by taking away the technology they need to do so.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 27:5]]<br /> | Build an altar of stone and do not use any iron tool for the job.<br /> | See [[Exodus 20:24]] above.<br /> These instructions were carried out in [[Joshua 8:31]].<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 1:19]]<br /> | Israel could not defeat an enemy because the enemy had iron chariots.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 3:15]] - [[Judges 3:23]]<br /> | The Israelite leader Ehud had a double-edged sword, about 50cm long. He used it to assassinate Eglon, king of Moab.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]]<br /> | Israel routes 900 iron chariots.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 4:17]] - [[Judges 4:22]]<br /> | Tent peg used to kill an enemy's commander.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 6:11]]<br /> | Gideon hid in a winepress.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 13:19]] - [[1 Samuel 13:21]]<br /> | The Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools.<br /> | This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 16:23]]<br /> | David plays harp to Saul.<br /> | Soothing effect of musical instruments.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 17:4]] - [[1 Samuel 17:7]], [[1 Samuel 17:49]]<br /> | David kills Goliath.<br /> | Goliath has advanced bronze armoury, but it is futile against a stone and sling. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Samuel 20:15]]<br /> | Siege ramp<br /> | First mention of a siege ramp in the Bible. It was probably just a pile of dirt. Also in Kings, Job, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 4:33]]<br /> | Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]<br /> | Solomon contracts Huram to manage the bronze work for Temple furnishings.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 2:13]] – Huram was sent by the King of Tyre in response to Solomon's request for help. Huram could work with all types of material, including stone, wood, metals and cloth, and was also a skilled engraver. Although he was from Tyre, he was Jewish.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:23]] - [[1 Kings 7:26]]<br /> | The Temple included an indoor swimming pool that held 44,000 litres.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 4:2]] - [[2 Chronicles 4:5]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:46]]<br /> | The bronze furnishings were fashioned using clay moulds.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 4:17]]. All the Temple furnishings and the bronze Sea were taken away by the Babylonians about 420 years later ([[Jeremiah 52:17]] - [[Jeremiah 52:19]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 10:22]]<br /> | Solomon has a fleet of trading ships .<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 9:21]].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> | God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 20:7]]<br /> | A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil.<br /> | This same remedy is used in [[Isaiah 38:21]]. Where else in the Bible is medicine used for healing?<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 20:20]]<br /> | Hezekiah builds a tunnel to bring water into the city.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 32:30]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 21:13]]<br /> | &quot;Measuring line&quot; and &quot;plumb-line&quot;<br /> | See also [[Isaiah 28:17]] where these tools represent justice and righteousness, as well as other references listed for [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22measuring-line%22 measuring line] and [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22plumb-line%22 plumb line].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Chronicles 22:15]] - [[1 Chronicles 22:16]]<br /> | Israel had many craftsmen in David's time: stonecutters, masons, carpenters, metal-workers.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Chronicles 23]] - [[1 Chronicles 27]]<br /> | Priests (Aaron), temple workers (Levites), musicians, gatekeepers, treasury, military, tribal leaders, administrators of royal property.<br /> | Israel's public service structure did not include a portfolio for technology.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Chronicles 1:14]], [[2 Chronicles 1:17]]<br /> | Solomon had 1,400 chariots. They were imported from Egypt, and Israel also resold them to other nations.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Chronicles 20:35]] - [[2 Chronicles 20:37]]<br /> | Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, forms and alliance with Ahaziah, king of Israel and they built a fleet of trading ships. But since the alliance did not have God's blessing, the fleet was wrecked.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezra 6:1]]<br /> | The Babylonian King Darius searches for, and finds, an earlier decree regarding the Israelites rebuilding their temple.<br /> | Government archives in 5th century BC. The first example of this was probably the Hittite archives in 1300 BC (back around the time of Judges). That included a systematic library catalog ([http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190247]).<br /> How different this was from storage and retrieval of docs over the Internet!<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Esther 2:12]]<br /> | Twelve months of beauty treatment!<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Esther 5:14]]<br /> | Mordecai is to be hanged on a gallows.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 7:6]]<br /> | &quot;My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle and they come to an end without hope.&quot;<br /> | Woven cloth was first evident in 7000 BC ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#7th_millennium_BCE]).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 19:24]]<br /> | &quot;Oh that my words were now written! oh that they were printed in a book! That they were graven with an iron pen and lead in the rock for ever&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 28]]<br /> | Humanity mines for silver and iron, refines gold and copper, turns dark into light, digs deep for sapphires, tunnels through rocks, and explores the sources of rivers (vv1-11). But do they find wisdom (v12, v13, v20)? It cannot be bought (vv15-19). It is hidden from the eyes of every living thing (v21). &quot;God understands the way to it and he alone knows where it dwells&quot; (v23). &quot;The fear of the Lord – that is wisdom, and to shun evil is understanding&quot; (v28).<br /> | We will never find wisdom or understanding from science or technology or any other human achievement.<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 3:3]]<br /> | God is a shield around us.<br /> | Also [[Psalm 5:12]], [[Psalm 7:10]], [[Psalm 18:2]], [[Psalm 18:30]], [[Psalm 34:20]], [[Psalm 115:9]] - [[Psalm 115:11]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> | &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God.&quot;<br /> | See the converse in [[Isaiah 31:1]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 38:2]]<br /> | God's arrows discipline us.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 44:3]], [[Psalm 44:6]], [[Psalm 44:7]]<br /> | Israel's victories did not come by their prowess with the sword but by God's right hand.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 64:7]]<br /> | God's arrows shoot down evil-doers.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 68:17]]<br /> | God has tens of thousands of chariots to bring against his enemies.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]]<br /> | God is superior to idols.<br /> | In the modern world this is more of a comment about a materialist worldview than about religious idols. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But they are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in v8. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing (v15).<br /> Key verses are repeated in [[Psalm 135:15]] - [[Psalm 135:18]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 118:22]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 20:17]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Acts 4:11]]<br /> | &quot;The stone the builders rejected has become the capstone.&quot;<br /> | Quoted in [[1 Peter 2:7]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 119:105]]<br /> | &quot;Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 150]]<br /> | Praise God with trumpet, lyre, dancing, strings, flute and cymbals. &quot;Let everything that has breath praise the Lord.&quot;<br /> | We should use not only musical instruments, but everything we create – houses, church halls, shopping centres, cars, boats, space shuttles, pencils, iPhones and kitchen sinks – to praise the Lord.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 3:9]] - [[Proverbs 3:10]]<br /> | &quot;Honor the Lord ... then your barns will be filled ... and your vats will brim over ...&quot;<br /> | Maybe it's not too much of a stretch to infer that if we honor God, then our technology will succeed.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 8:12]]<br /> | &quot;I wisdom dwell with prudence, and find out knowledge of witty inventions.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 17:3]]<br /> | &quot;The crucible for silver and the furnace for gold, but the Lord tests the heart.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 18:10]] - [[Proverbs 18:11]]<br /> | &quot;The name of the Lord is a strong tower, the righteous run to it and are safe. The wealth of the rich is their fortified city; they imagine it an unscalable wall.&quot;<br /> | We might imagine that our money makes us impregnable like a well-built castle, but in the end security only comes from trusting God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 20:26]]<br /> | &quot;A wise king winnows out the wicked; he drives the threshing wheel over them.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]]<br /> | Removing the dross from silver compared to establishing a righteous kingdom.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 27:21]]<br /> | &quot;The crucible for silver and the furnace for gold, but man is tested by the praise he receives.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 27:22]]<br /> | &quot;Though you grind a fool in a mortar, grinding him like grain with a pestle, you will not remove his folly from him.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]<br /> | The Teacher built houses and made reservoirs to water his gardens, but it was meaningless (v11).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 2:17]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:23]]<br /> | <br /> | It can seem as though the whole of our life's work is just meaningless toil.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]<br /> | &quot;Whoever quarries stones may be injured by them; whoever splits logs may be endangered by them.&quot;<br /> | Working with technology can be dangerous.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 10:10]]<br /> | &quot;If the axe is dull and its edge unsharpened, more strength is needed but skill will bring success.&quot;<br /> | This probably generalises to most tools. If your equipment is sub-standard then it takes a lot more effort to get results. Nevertheless, a good tradesman never blames his tools. If you have the skill, you can still succeed -- maybe by sharpening the axe!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 2:4]]<br /> | Turning swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks.<br /> | The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil.<br /> Repeated in [[Micah 4:3]], so maybe this became a common saying. If so, then the reversal in [[Joel 3:10]] would have been quite striking.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 2:12]] - [[Isaiah 2:22]]<br /> | The Lord has a day planned when all human arrogance -- lofty towers, fortified walls, trading ships, idols or silver and gold -- will be be brought low.<br /> | This is a condemnation of arrogance rather than of technology. But how often does humanity show its arrogance by seeking power and control through technology? In the end, humans are an insubstantial breath (22).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 5:28]]<br /> | God calls nations to battle against Israel, knowing that their weapons (bows, arrows and chariots) will overpower Israel.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 10:15]]<br /> | &quot;Does the axe raise itself above him who swings it ...&quot;<br /> | Tools are subservient to their user. In context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. <br /> As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. Does that continue to be accurate in the age of intelligent machines?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 40:18]] - [[Isaiah 40:19]]<br /> | To whom will you compare God? Certainly not to any idol crafted by human hands!<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 41:15]]<br /> | God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh/crush/winnow their enemies.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 44:12]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]<br /> | A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! But he can't see that the wooden idol he created is a lie.<br /> | Craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 64:8]]<br /> | &quot;We are the clay, you are the potter; we are all the work of your hand.&quot;<br /> | God as craftsman and technologist: a potter who chooses the raw materials, follows an intentional process, and makes use of tools (such as a potting wheel and kiln) in order to turn a design into a product.<br /> See also [[Jeremiah 18:1]] - [[Jeremiah 18:6]].<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 1:18]]<br /> | Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall<br /> | Also in [[Jeremiah 15:20]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> | Israel has forsaken God, the spring of living water, in favour of their own broken cistern.<br /> | In this modern world, we often think that our technological creations are making a perfect life for us. But in reality, we accept something far inferior to the abundant life that God intended ([John 10:10]]). <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]]<br /> | God uses Israel (or is it Jeremiah?) to 'test the metal' of his people<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 8:22]]<br /> | &quot;Is there no balm in Gilead? Is there no physician there?&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 10:1]] - [[Jeremiah 10:16]]<br /> | Against idols. A craftsman shapes it with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! Every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: the images are a fraud.<br /> | See also [[Jeremiah 51:17]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 35:6]] - [[Jeremiah 35:11]]<br /> | The Recabites don't drink wine, build houses, sow seed or plant vineyards.<br /> | While not strictly anti-technology, the Recabites took a kind of Amish stance. God congratulates them on upholding their ancestor's command and contrasts them to the rest of Israel who don't even obey ''God's'' commands.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 50:9]]<br /> | &quot;Their arrows will be like skilled warriors.&quot;<br /> | Intelligent weaponry: a very advanced notion! Heat seeking missiles?<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 1:15]] - [[Ezekiel 1:21]]<br /> | In a dream, Ezekiel sees fantastic creatures with intersecting wheels.<br /> | A description of a UFO landing, according to [http://www.bibleufo.com/zezekiel.htm] and [http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/h/hight-technology_in_the_bible.html].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 10]]<br /> | More &quot;wheels intersecting wheels&quot; (v. 10) as part of a strange machine involving cherubim.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 27]] - [[Ezekiel 28:19]]<br /> | Lament for Tyre. Although Tyre had been built to perfection, renowned for her beauty, expert in ship-making, powerful as a trading nation, she would become shipwrecked, break to pieces and sink into the sea.<br /> | Once again, material prosperity and skills in technology (in this case ships and seamanship) are no guarantee of lasting success. Chapter 28 makes clear that their downfall was a result of pride that made them feel like gods.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 40]] - [[Ezekiel 48]]<br /> | In a vision, Ezekiel sees a man with a measuring rod measure in detail the dimensions of a future Temple, its surrounds and the sub-division of the whole land.<br /> |<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 2:31]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]<br /> | Daniel relates and interprets Nebuchadnezzar's dream in which a succession of kingdoms (gold, silver, bronze and iron) are smashed by a kingdom established by God (a rock).<br /> | The point of the story is not about technology, the power of the metaphor is based on an assumption that what is God-made and natural can overpower anything made by human hands.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 3]]<br /> | Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego thrown into a fiery furnace<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 5]]<br /> | King Belshazzar is drinking wine and praising &quot;the gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, wood and stone&quot; when suddenly a disembodied hand writes a message on the wall.<br /> | Belshazzar is criticised for placing himself (and his faith in gold, silver, bronze, iron, wood and stone) above God. As in Chapter 2, the power of this comparison in underpinned by an implication that what God can do is superior to anything achievable by human fabrication.<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]]<br /> | God sets a plumb-line against which to judge Israel.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jonah 1]]<br /> | Jonah tries to escape from God's call on a ship<br /> | No technology, and nothing human-made can hide us from God or take us out of God's reach.<br /> The human-made ship takes Jonah away, but the God-made fish brings him back. I wonder how many people have been drawn away from God by technology -- perhaps a belief that technology makes God an unnecessary assumption, or perhaps just being side-tracked by an attraction to technology (addition to Internet gaming?) -- and I wonder how many are brought towards God by the majesty of God's creation?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malachi 3:2]] - [[Malachi 3:3]]<br /> | God is a refiner's fire<br /> | <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==New Testament==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Verse<br /> ! Summary of Content<br /> ! Observations and Implications<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 2:1]] - [[Matthew 2:11]]<br /> | The Magi follow a star.<br /> | Putting aside the unscientific notion of stars heralding a new king, the Magi were clearly both knowledgeable and observant about the night sky. They were presumably not Jewish (i.e. not one of God's people) and yet God used their pre-scientific astronomy to draw them into God's plan. Is there any reason why we should not expect the same today -- that people who study the created world are drawn towards the Creator, even those who are outside the Christian faith?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]<br /> | Wise and foolish builders<br /> | An engineering metaphor. Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a well-formed experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, every mobile phone carrier needs a solid infrastructure, etc. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 9:16]] - [[Matthew 9:17]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 2:21]] - [[Mark 2:22]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 5:36]] - [[Luke 5:39]]<br /> | New cloth to patch old clothes; new wine in old wineskins.<br /> | I don't know if there is any spiritual lesson here about technology, but the principle is certainly still true: don't try putting new software onto an old computer!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 10:9]] - [[Matthew 10:10]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 6:8]]<br /> | The disciples are sent out, without money or luggage or shoes or walking stick.<br /> | Christians do not ''need'' technology or any other baggage to carry out God's work. Like the birds and the lilies in [[Matthew 6:26]] - [[Matthew 6:30]], all we need is supplied by God. That does not mean that accessories such as technology are not helpful: just not necessary.<br /> And note that later on, [[Luke 22:36]] records Jesus telling his disciples that they should now take money and a bag and even a sword.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 22:50]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[John 18:10]]<br /> | During Jesus' arrest, one of his companions cuts of someone's ear with a sword, but Jesus rebukes the use of the sword.<br /> | Like the comment on Matthew 10:9 (above), Jesus does not need technology to achieve his goal.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 27:60]]<br /> | Jesus is buried<br /> | Is the stone that was rolled across the tomb's entrance &quot;technology&quot;? It is no barrier to God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 3:9]]<br /> | Jesus plans ahead by having a boat ready.<br /> | Nothing special here, but this is obviously one of many time that Jesus happily used technology. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 13:55]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 6:3]]<br /> | Jesus is the son of a carpenter.<br /> | As a carpenter he would have used tools frequently. <br /> According to W.E.Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New testament Words'' these are the only two occurrences of the Greek word ''tektōn'' (τέκτων) &amp;ndash; from which we get the English &quot;technology&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 4:21]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]]<br /> | Metaphor: you don't put a lamp under a bowl.<br /> | Jesus draws on his audience's knowledge of common technology. Here and elsewhere he seems happy to accept our attempts to make life easier via technology. It is also testament to his communication ability that he makes such effective use of concepts with which his audience is familiar to draw them towards a new idea.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]<br /> | The disciples marvel at the magnificent Temple, but Jesus is not impressed. The Temple will be destroyed.<br /> | No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] we see that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 1:63]]<br /> | Zechariah uses a writing tablet<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 2:1]]<br /> | Roman census<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 2:7]], [[Luke 2:16]]<br /> | Manger<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 3:17]]<br /> | Winnowing fork used metaphorically for sorting wheat from chaff<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]]<br /> | Boats and fishing nets<br /> | Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, but calls them to leave their technology in order to follow him. Jesus is happy to make use of boats for his own purpose of teaching. Jesus also shows that nets and boats are not enough: not even enough to catch fish -- you also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 5:31]]<br /> | Jesus likens himself to a doctor.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Luke 9:62]]<br /> | If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back.<br /> See also [[Luke 14:28]] - [[Luke 14:30]] about the need to plan before building a tower.<br /> | What's wrong with looking back? It makes it impossible to plough a straight furrow. So don't start working for God if you're going to be distracted with other concerns rather than concentrating on the goal. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> | The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies<br /> | A lesson in priorities: spiritual wisdom over wealth. But also a comment that technology (barns) cannot satisfy life's real needs.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 12:35]]<br /> | Keep your lamps burning<br /> | Metaphor for being alert and prepared. But also an acceptance that it is quite appropriate to use artificial light sources. Thus nothing earth-shattering, but it is one of many examples where God accepts and even commends the use of technology. God does not expect us to just take the world as it is, but encourages us to create technologies to help us.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> | A building accident causes 18 to die, but it is not because the victoms were evil.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[John 1:3]]<br /> | Through him all things were made<br /> | The Word of God, i.e. Jesus, was the tool of choice for God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]<br /> | Water into wine<br /> | The process of making wine usually requires substantial technology: agricultural implements, irrigation, fertiliser, grape press, chemistry, temperature-controlled vats, etc. But Jesus gets a better result by his own authority.<br /> |-<br /> | [[John 2:15]]<br /> | Jesus makes a whip to drive the animals out of the Temple grounds<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[John 6:19]]<br /> | Jesus walks on water<br /> | Even though Jesus frequently uses boats, he actually doesn't need them. Jesus can achieve his purpose without any need for technology of any sort.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 7:48]]<br /> | &quot;The Most High does not live in houses made by man&quot;<br /> | God cannot be contained by anything humans construct. We cannot limit God, nor can we exceed or control God with technology or anything else we create.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]]<br /> | Philip ministers to the Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot.<br /> | The chariot is a symbol of affluence and authority rather than war. Perhaps like a Rolls Royce car today. But that doesn't daunt Philip! The pedestrian jogs along, hears Isaish being read through the window and offers advice. He gets to sit in the Rolls and preach to the rich and famous!<br /> Apart from [[Revelation 9:9]], this is the only chariot mentioned in the NT.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 18:3]] - [[Acts 3:5]]<br /> | Paul, Aquila and Priscilla were all tentmakers. <br /> | When necessary, they earned money by their trade to support their ministry. But when others were able to support him, Paul would devote himself exclusively to preaching.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 19:23]] - [[Acts 19:41]]<br /> | Riot in Ephesus<br /> | Silversmiths (and perhaps other craftsmen) see their livelihood threatened by the Gospel<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 21]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Acts 27]] - [[Acts 28]] and numerous other passages in Acts<br /> | Paul travels by sailing boat<br /> | As a principle, Paul tries to become &quot;all things to all men so that by all possible means I might save some&quot; ([[1 Corinthians 9:21]]). So it is not surprising that he would use whatever technology was available to further his cause.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Romans 6:13]]<br /> | Our bodies can either be instruments of wickedness or instruments of righteousness.<br /> | In the ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'', Vine says the meaning of &quot;instruments&quot; here is most likely as a weapon. <br /> We as people are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us choose to which purpose we will offer ourselves.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Corinthians 3:6]] - [[1 Corinthians 3:15]]<br /> | In rebuking divisions in the church, Paul points out that we are God's co-workers. It matters not whether we plant or water: it is God's work that matters. It doesn't matter who laid the foundation and who builds on it, as long as the foundation is Jesus Christ. Whatever the building is made of -- gold, silver, wood, stones, or even straw -- will all be tested by fire.<br /> | Interesting mixing of metaphors, from agricultural to construction engineering. In our context, Paul could have written that the technology does not matter, only that our joint work seeks a common purpose and a common foundation, that of Christ. Paul returns to that theme in [[1 Corinthians 15:58]], assuring us that such labours are not in vain.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Corinthians 9:10]]<br /> | Ploughs and threshers<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 4:7]]<br /> | &quot;we have this treasure in jars of clay to show that this all‑surpassing power is from God and not from us&quot;<br /> | This strange technology -- the clay jars that are our bodies -- are very fragile and yet they contain the glory of God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 5:1]]<br /> | Our body is merely a tent, but will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 9:9]]<br /> | God supplies seed to the sower and bread for food<br /> | It is easy to see that God provides seed -- that's just part of what he created. But here it says he also supplies bread. Even though humans manufacture the bread (using a lot of technology by the way) even the results of our creative act ultimately come from God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 10:2]]<br /> | The weapons we fight with are not the weapons of the world<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 2:10]]<br /> | &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot;<br /> | God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 2:20]]<br /> | Christ Jesus himself is the chief cornerstone in whom the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord.<br /> | Who is the builder? See [[Hebrews 3:4]].<br /> Compare with [[1 Peter 2:4]] -- we, like Christ, are living stones, and we are being built into a spiritual house.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:17]]<br /> | Put on the full armour of God<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Colossians 4:14]]<br /> | Luke the beloved physician<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]<br /> | All sorts of artefacts may be used for good or evil. Even people can become &quot;an instrument for noble purposes, made holy, useful to the Master and prepared to do any good work&quot;.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Timothy 4:14]]<br /> | &quot;Alexander the metalworker...&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Philemon 1:13]]<br /> | &quot;in chains for the gospel&quot;<br /> | Compare with [[Ephesians 6:20]] where Paul describes himself as &quot;an ambassador in chains&quot;. But no chains can constrain God's work.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 3:4]]<br /> | &quot;God is the builder of everything&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 4:12]]<br /> | &quot;The word of God is ... sharper than any double-edged sword&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 11:9]] - [[Hebrews 11:10]]<br /> | Abraham was content to live in tents even though he looked forward to living in a city whose architect was God.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 13:16]]<br /> | &quot;But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased.&quot;<br /> | Maybe it's not to much of a stretch to apply this to communication technology. (King James is the only one to mention &quot;communication&quot; in this verse, so I don't think this inference works. The Greek implies sharing rather than communicating. -- Matt)<br /> |-<br /> | [[James 3:3]]<br /> | Putting bits in horses' mouths<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[James 3:4]]<br /> | Steering a ship by a rudder<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[James 4:3]]<br /> | Moths eat clothes, and gold and silver corrode.<br /> | The stuff we create with technology and all our material wealth is ephemeral.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Peter 1:7]]<br /> | Faith is of greater worth than gold<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 1:12]]<br /> | Seven golden lampstands represent the 7 churches<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 3:18]]<br /> | God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 5:7]] - [[Revelation 5:8]]<br /> | Throne, scrolls, harps, bowls of incense<br /> | Evidence of technology in heaven?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 6:1]] - [[Revelation 6:5]]<br /> | Horse riders carry a bow, a sword and a pair of scales<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 8]]<br /> | Seven angels each sound a trumpet<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 9:2]]<br /> | &quot;like the smoke from a gigantic furnace&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 11:1]]<br /> | A measuring rod<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 14:14]] - [[Revelation 14:19]]<br /> | One &quot;like the son of man&quot; and an angel wield a sharp sickle<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 18:11]] - [[Revelation 18:13]]<br /> | Merchants try unsuccessfully to sell precious metals, silk, linen, etc<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 18:21]] - [[Revelation 18:23]]<br /> | When Babylon is thrown down, there will be no more sound from musical instruments in her, nor tradesmen, mills or lighted lamps.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 21]] (see also [[Revelation 3:12]])<br /> | The Holy City -- the city of God, the new Jerusalem -- comes down out of heaven. It is huge and shines with God's glory. High walls. Twelve gates. Streets of gold like transparent glass.<br /> | Cities are not necessarily an evil created by humans: the history of creation will end with a city of God's creation.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]] -&gt; [[Technology in the Bible]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Christianity_and_technology&diff=672599 Christianity and technology 2010-05-08T04:31:25Z <p>MatthewClarke: Add references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Christianity and technology |<br /> subtopics = [[Christianity and science]]<br /> * [[Technology in the Bible]]<br /> * [[Technology Resources|Resources]]: web sites, organisations and books<br /> * [[Social Effects of Technology]]<br /> * [[Specific technologies]]<br /> * [[Christianity and the Internet]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Quotes==<br /> <br /> From James C. Peterson:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | Think back to Genesis 1. There God gives creation over to human dominion and places humans not in a wilderness but in a garden. A garden needs to be tended. Once cannot encourage the roses without driving back the aphids. The humans are directed to care for the garden and how to care for it. God tells them not to eat fruit from certain trees nor to eat meat. It is still God's world. It is not their world, one with which they can do anything they want. Nature is entrusted to humans to care for it as stewards. They are responsible to God for what they do with God's world, a place given to them in which to exercise stewardship. That includes making choices to shape and develop that which God has entrusted them.<br /> <br /> Few of us live in a place where we could survive because the temperature is always right, with no need for clothing or shelter, or where we could catch our food with our bare hands and eat it raw. As soon as we use a hook to catch a fish or fire to cook it, we use technology. This is part of who we were designed to be. We are designed to shape, modify, and work with our environment and ourselves.<br /> <br /> Nature is something God has created and declared good. Humans are to enjoy and use it to serve God and neighbour. Should nature then be left as it is? Should we have left smallpox alone? No. Is it the wisdom of evolution oer time that as people age they have poor eyesight? Do individuals contravene evolution or God-designed nature when they accept glasses or laser surgery? The physical world can be improved, and it is our human nature and call to do so.<br /> <br /> Saint Augustine argued in the fourth century that the world is no perfect and should be restored to what it was like before sin corrupted it. That requires shaping the the nature we have received. Further, there is a long tradition in church history that humans should not just restore the Earth. Instead, part of our calling is to improve it.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> (From Miller, R. J., Brubaker, B. H., &amp; Peterson, J. C. (2005). Viewing new creations with Anabaptist eyes : ethics of biotechnology. Telford Pa.;Scottdale Penn.: Cascadia Pub. House; Herald Press; p. 76)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> * Ellul, J. The Technological Society. Trans. John Wilkinson. New York: Knopf, 1964 (originally in French in 1954)<br /> * Ellul, J. The Technological System. Trans. Joachim Neugroschel. New York: Continuum, 1980 (originally in French in 1977)<br /> * Ellul, J. The Technological Bluff. Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990 (originally in French in 1988)<br /> <br /> ==Links==<br /> * [http://religion-today.blogspot.com/2007/10/technology-and-christianity.html Religion Today - Technology and Christianity]<br /> * [http://www.ted.com/talks/billy_graham_on_technology_faith_and_suffering.html Talk at TED on Technology and Faith]<br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Science and Technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672560 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-05T02:57:39Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Agriculture and biology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimise the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winnowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an interesting note about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and in several incidents recorded in the Gospels he is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672559 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-05T02:55:11Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Medicine */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude towards doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimse the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an intersting not about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672558 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-05T02:50:31Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Metal refining */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is first mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. Similar references to refined metal and metallic objects are spread throughout the Bible. Such references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming, concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimse the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an intersting not about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=User_talk:Darth_Stabro&diff=672557 User talk:Darth Stabro 2010-05-05T02:28:12Z <p>MatthewClarke: </p> <hr /> <div>Hey Paul!<br /> <br /> Welcome to WikiChristian! I hope you find the site helpful :) If you have any questions or anything, feel free to ask me. Btw, I unprotected the [[Roman Catholicism]] page for you. -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 13:54, 13 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Welcome to WikiChristian==<br /> {{Template:Welcome to WikiChristian}}<br /> <br /> [[Image:Groups.yahoo.gif]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> Thanks for your editing work on WikiChristian.org. Please join the conversation with other editors by signing up for your free &quot;WikiChristian E-Newsletter&quot; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WikiChristian/join/ here].<br /> [[User:DavidSpencer.ca|DavidSpencer.ca]] 16:54, 19 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == Reply/Adminship==<br /> <br /> Hey Paul, I replied to the post you made on my [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|talk page]] :) I also saw your comments on Graham's page, and since you're an admin on another wiki already, I've gone ahead and given you sysop status here as well. We don't really have a lot of policies or anything... the only thing I would mention is blocking, but the [[Special:Blockip|blocking page]] is pretty self-explanatory by itself. God bless! -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 22:38, 22 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : G'day Paul. Thanks for all your editting and work recently on the website. Although there aren't expansive lists of policies about WikiChristian, there are some general principles and rules of thumb, which you might want to browse through. These can be found at: [[WikiChristian:About]], [[WikiChristian:Page Layout]] and [[WikiChristian:Statement of Faith]]. Cheers, --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 06:36, 24 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==New Logo==<br /> Thank you for working on the new logo. It looks much better now. However, can you move WikiChristian to the top, the free encyclopedia to the bottom and reduce the font size abit to make the words somewhat fit it in with the rest of the logo? Thanks.--[[User:Prab|Prab]] 07:54, 1 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Prayer of the day==<br /> What do you think about Prayer of the day on the right column on the main page similar to verse of the day? There are many [http://christianity.about.com/od/prayersinthebible/qt/bibleprayersind.htm great prayers] in the Bible. I would like to nominate the prayer of [http://christianity.about.com/od/prayersinthebible/qt/prayerofjabez.htm Jabez] once we all agree and create the template etc. These prayers do not need to be from the Bible. We can include prayers of WikiChristians. --[[User:Prab|Prab]] 09:08, 1 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> Prayer of the week probably makes more sense initially. --[[User:Prab|Prab]] 10:26, 1 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Invitation to Subscribe to our WikiChristian E-Newsletter==<br /> <br /> [[Image:Groups.yahoo.gif]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> Hi James/Paul. Please join the conversation with other editors by signing up for your free &quot;WikiChristian E-Newsletter&quot; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WikiChristian/join/ here].<br /> [[User:DavidSpencer.ca|DavidSpencer.ca]] 04:44, 2 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Thanks==<br /> Thanks for changing Biblical_references_to_technology to show table borders. [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 02:28, 5 May 2010 (UTC)</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=WikiChristian:Village_pump&diff=672552 WikiChristian:Village pump 2010-05-03T04:50:03Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Something has changed in the templates */</p> <hr /> <div>{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; width=&quot;315px&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;center&quot; | Archives<br /> ----<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> # [[WikiChristian:Village pump/Archive 1|Beginning - September 2007]]<br /> |}<br /> {{shortcut|[[WC:VP]]&lt;br&gt;[[WC:VILLAGE]]&lt;br&gt;[[WC:PUMP]]}}<br /> {{rtoc}}<br /> {{box | text=&lt;big&gt;This page is the main '''discussion forum''' for {{SITENAME}}. Please bring up any technical or organizational topics here. See also: [[Help:Contents]] page.&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Anonymous edits?==<br /> <br /> Vandalism seems to be on the decrease at WikiChristian. I wonder if now is a good time to re-allow anonymous edits. Any opinions? Plus, if we decide to do that, how do we do it? --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 07:13, 17 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> : It's a server-side. If it's the consensus, I can do it in two seconds. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 23:00, 17 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> :: Well, let's wait and see if anyone else comments. KW is the only other user who tends to work on WikiChristian daily. The users, India, PB Pilhet and Theologian seem to stop by on around a weekly basis. Prab of course drops in a sorts out problems from time to time. I reckon we wait a couple more days, and if no one else comments, and you're agreeable, go ahead and make the change. And if vandalism seems to rear its ugly head again, then we'll go back to the current system quick-smart. Thanks. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 23:10, 17 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> ::: No one else has commented. I say let's change it so anonymous editors can edit again. If we run in to problems with vandalism then we can reassess and revert back to the current system. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 16:38, 21 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> :::: Done. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 21:53, 21 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Users Who Vandalize WikiChristian==<br /> Around Christmas time 2008 we had a few registered users vandalize certain pages on WikiChristian and post inappropriate photos. Should we screen those who create logins and find out their intentions before we let them create a login? Some people create logins on wikis for the purpose of vandalizing the site. Wikipedia has a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism number of suggestions] to help deal with vandals. <br /> --[[User:DavidSpencer.ca|DavidSpencer.ca]] 23:46, 28 December 2008 (PST)<br /> : Some people want to be destructive and are willing to give their real name, email and more just to get at Christians. The more steps we put in ''their'' way, the more we're putting in the way of regular people who might want to contribute. Extra evil people will always exist and the steps we've taken preclude 99% of anonymous spam without inconveniencing human beings at all. I think we do almost enough as is. The guideline, however, which appear on the &quot;block&quot; page are ludicrously weak and don't take into account zombie computers or malicious sexual predators: they should be strengthened. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 23:55, 28 December 2008 (PST)<br /> <br /> ==Technical submissions==<br /> How does one upgrade constructive technical data? For example, at least the following should be placed in the Koine Greek section under 'diphthongs-ei : '''*''' ' <br /> <br /> : '''*''' Most introductory grammars of NT Greek incorrectly link ει to η. However, phonologists and historians of the Greek language are unanimous that ει was joined in sound to ι before the beginning of the NT era. This is also acknowledged by NT reference grammars like Moulton-Howard-Turner, AT Robertson, and Blass-Debrunner-Funk. This is visible everywhere in old documents, in papyri, in inscriptions, and in all manuscripts of the Greek New Testament. For example, the name Πιλατος was spelled Πειλατος in Westcott-Hort's Greek NT because it is most commonly spelled that way in ancient NT manuscripts. For a linguistically up-to-date survey of Greek sounds in the NT era, see http://www.biblicalulpan.org/pages/Common/Greek%20Pronunciation%20(2008).pdf<br /> <br /> :: I can appreciate that there is ''some'' debate among scholars about the finer points of ancient Greek and Hebrew pronunciation. However, this is a general, Christian wiki and not a specific platform for linguistic scholarship. We are content to go with the majority of textbooks on this issue and are not looking to side with any minority in on-going debates. There is more than enough work to do here in terms of defining words and listing basic, grammatical details without quibbling over the minutiae of one camp over against another. Also, please wait for a response in this (or any other forum) before getting into a revert war with an administrator. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 12:58, 1 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> ::: Thank you for the clarification and at least leaving this note in the discussion. My notes were listed because I thought this wiki was to be a window to general reliability. My second attempt was trying to find a compromise that would at least provide an option for accurate information for visitors, even if only in a footnote. As mentioned, there isn't debate on the facts, only whether to expose students to them. No reputable Greek phonologist would argue that ει was pronounced like English 'ei'/'neighbour' in the first century, but they recognize its linkage to ι. See Teodorsson, Allen, Gignac, Horrocks, Bubenick, in addition to Moulton, Robertson, Funk listed above, et al. I can understand Koine pedagogues not following what is known, but to call a consensus a 'minority' is strange and confirms its need. And both Classical and Koine pedagogues agree on German '''ue''' for υ-ψιλον. On your Hebrew notes, likewise, `ayin is not a glottal stop, though it may be difficult for Europeans to pronounce. It is a preferred way of reading the Hebrew Bible in synagogues the world over and is featured on Israeli television and radio everyday. A Christian wiki would want to reconnect a coming generation to the languages of scripture as much as possible and open up paths for them to advance to what can be achieved. It would be nice to hear Christian students fluently reading Hebrew scriptures, with understanding, in a way that would be respected in Israel. At least to dream about it. The wiki can inform the audience that there are levels of aspiration far beyond the wiki.--[[User:Koinedoctor|Koinedoctor]] 20:31, 1 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> :::: Of the dozens of editors who have come (and gone) of this wiki, you are the second to have even studied Greek and Hebrew at any level beyond passing. I merely suggest that this wiki reflect the overwhelming majority of university level education in the English-speaking world. Someone who practiced what you preach would need to be educated not merely in the specific you list, but also in the scholarship to defend them. Since we are not primarily interested in creating a Phonetics-Apologetics site, I deem it wisest to maintain the status-quo, however sub-par-excellence that may be. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 01:09, 2 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> ::::: If the status-quo led to levels where the student could think and rapidly communicate in Hebrew and Greek I would be with you. מה היה קורה אם עשינו את דיוננו בעברית - η - τι αν συνεβη ει διελογιζομεθα εν Ελληνικη ?--[[User:Koinedoctor|Koinedoctor]] 08:36, 2 February 2009 (PST)<br /> &lt;!-- why * come-together-3SAIA if deliberate-3SIIA in Greek --&gt;<br /> :::::: OK, your Greek and Hebrew are amazing. You win the award and we all owe you bragging rights and the place of honor. --End Sarcasm-- THIS IS NOT A SITE TO LEARN, let alone &quot;rapidly communicate in Greek or Hebrew&quot;. No one is coming here to learn a language. People who already know Greek and/or Hebrew would be stupid to come here for a resource. It is quite possible that you know more than anybody else, but this is not the site for it. This is a general, Christian wiki. Please consider each of those terms carefully. Consider your audience and who traffics this site. THINK ABOUT IT for a minute. Ugh. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 10:58, 2 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> Hello. I'm not much of Greek scholar, and unfortunately I don't know any Hebrew, so the argument above has been lost on me. Although I don't understand the argument I can see that there is too much emotion in the argument and I'd like to propose we add a little bit of grace into this discussion. If User:Koinedoctor feels that there are further notes about the alphabet that would be helpful, then why not create a page like [[Koine Greek: Alphabet - Further Details]] or something similar. How does that sound? Although I would probably be hard pressed to easily translate the words of Peter, luckily someone has already translated them into English for me - ''1 Peter 4:7-9 - The end of all things is near. Therefore be clear minded and self-controlled so that you can pray. Above all, love each other deeply, because love covers over a multitude of sins. Offer hospitality to one another without grumbling.'' Cheers. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 12:45, 3 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> : A nice verse, and I would hope that both Aquatiki and Koinedoctor are both appreciatively covered. Well, my primary purpose is to encourage Christian youth interested in biblical studies to go for gold. They are dedicating their lives to a Greek literature, yes God's Word, and a Hebrew literature, fully God's Word. They might only find out after a PhD that the language side of the 'gold' that they imagined needs a special track beyond what was in the status quo. (PS: I've only met a couple of Biblical Hebrew professors who became fluent in Hebrew after their PhD--out of more than a thousand.) - - For Hebrew, one could add a note that some of these sounds are different from any European language though they are still partially in use in Israel. If they wish to internalize the language and think in it, they will want to pick up those sounds, too. On Greek, one can note that historically speaking, the Greek language after Alexander the Great went through changes, including major changes in pronunciation, that are different 'from the above'. The changes affected the spelling of all of our manuscripts of the New Testament and presumably the writers. The Greek of New Testament times was already 75-80% along the way toward modern pronunciation. - Notes like these would be enough to plant a seed for whoever has the ears or calling from the Lord. It is what I would want of a Christian site and what I would hope to find if I were a teenager or young adult who landed here. --[[User:Koinedoctor|Koinedoctor]] 17:29, 3 February 2009 (PST)<br /> [[Category:WikiChristian]]<br /> <br /> ==New Idea==<br /> <br /> What does everyone think about including the Deuterocanon (known as the ''[[Apocrypha]]'' to Protestants) in the Bible section on WikiChristian? (or maybe a new section altogether?) The deutero is accepted as the inspired Word of God by over half of all professing Christians, so I think it's unfair to leave them completely out. Thoughts? :) -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 08:47, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : I'm for it. ~[[User:Darth Stabro|Darth Stabro]] &lt;sub&gt;~[[User_talk:Darth Stabro|(Talk)]]&lt;/sub&gt; 09:40, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : It's a good thought that inevitably is going to come up from time to time, but, paradoxically I both disagree and agree to a certain extent. There already is some information about the Deuterocanon in the Bible section. You can edit it and add information if you like. The major difficulty is that different denominations have different books that they consider Scripture. Protestants have 66 books they consider Scripture; the Roman Catholic Church has around 10 additional books included in Scripture; the Eastern Orthodox Church has around 15 additional books in its Scripture and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church has around 20 additional books. Thus we made the decision early in WikiChristian's history that only the 66 books that are considered part of the canon by all denominations would be taken as the Bible. That's not to say that we shouldn't write about the views of various denominations about which books are part of the Bible and which are not. So, yes I think it is good to talk about the Deuterocanon in the Bible section and talk about the views of different denominations regarding it, but, no, I am not in favour of putting the Deuterocanoniacal texts in the Bible name-spare (I think they need to stay in the Text name-space - see [[WikiChristian:Bible]]) and no, I am not in favour of changing the [[WikiChristian:Statement of Faith]] that states that the Bible &quot;contents are every book of the Protestant canon (at least).&quot; Anyway, that's my two-cents. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 19:43, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : I'm for it. Use the Bible name space to present the broadest accepted canon, and add pages that describe the variations. Each page showing text from disputed books can include a disclaimer to the effect that &quot;Not all Christians include this book in the Bible. See _whatever_ for clarification.&quot; I believe that inclusivity in that regard will encourage wider participation, and hence make WikiChristian a larger and more active community. [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 04:41, 28 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ::I think both Graham and Matt have good points... But personally (and that's just personally), I would like Matt's idea to be implemented. The problem with leaving the deuterocanonical writings in the &quot;Text&quot; name-space is that when Christians of either the Catholic or Orthodox branches go to look for their Scriptures they'll almost assuredly try typing something like &quot;Bible:Judith&quot; in the search bar, which will of course just lead them to a blank page. They'll then assume that WikiChristian only caters to/supports Protestantism and they'll leave the site. Even if everyone's against the disclaimer idea, I still think that we could at least upload the whole Deuterocanon (both the Catholic and Orthodox books) and simply create a redirect page in the Bible name-space leading to the Text name-space. On a side note, I think Graham's right when he says the Statement of Faith doesn't need to be changed. -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 06:05, 28 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ::: I like Justin's compromise idea a lot of uploading the Deuterocanon into the Text namespace and then redirecting Bible:... namespace to the Text:.... namespace. I think it's also important to hear Prab's view before we make any changes regarding this. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 15:30, 28 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ::::I agree, Prab should definitely have a say in what we do regarding this. -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 19:20, 2 May 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Something has changed in the templates==<br /> I see a few page layout problems today:<br /> * InfoBoxes don't have a border<br /> * Tables don't have borders<br /> * The left pane has two search controls (the first of which is inoperable)<br /> Anyone know why? Can anyone fix it?<br /> [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 05:16, 29 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> :In [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]] evrything seems to be ok.... as far as the search thingy... and I'll look into the borders...~[[User:Darth Stabro|Darth Stabro]] &lt;sub&gt;~[[User_talk:Darth Stabro|(Talk)]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Darth_Stabro|(contribs)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:01, 30 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> The duplicated search control has now gone. Thanks. But any news on the table borders? As you know, I've been working on [[Biblical_references_to_technology]] for a while, and it is very difficult to scan now that there is no line between rows and that the vertical alignment is middle rather than top. [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 04:50, 3 May 2010 (UTC)</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Bible_talk:Hebrews_12:1-2&diff=672551 Bible talk:Hebrews 12:1-2 2010-05-03T04:45:44Z <p>MatthewClarke: Was this a mistake?</p> <hr /> <div>==Mistake==<br /> <br /> Is this page a mistake? I have not seen other cases of pages that span multiple verses in the Bible namespace. I suggest we delete it. [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 04:45, 3 May 2010 (UTC)</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672550 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-03T04:42:29Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Agriculture and biology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming, concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimse the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testament also provides an intersting not about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672549 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-03T04:40:31Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Agriculture and biology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming, concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. But note that whereas people in a hunter-gatherer society take whatever they can find, an agricultural society modifies the natural state of both plants and animals using invented techniques and tools. The following selection of verses imply the use of such technology:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimse the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testamnet also provides an intersting not about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. In [[Luke 5]] for instance, Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and is happy to make use of boats for his own purposes. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Nets and boats are not enough for true life: sometimes not even enough to catch fish! You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> In a passage encouraging generosity, Paul notes that it is God who provides both seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:10]]). The first is fairly obvious: seeds are part of the natural order whose creator is God, and for that we should give thanks. But what is less obvious is that God is the provider of bread as well. Although people harvest the grain, process it into flour and cook it to make bread, the grain, the wood for the fire, the iron for the baking tray, and our creative ingenuity were all provided by God. Regardless of the role we play as co-creators, and regardless of the control we can impose over nature using our technology, in the final analysis, all things come from God.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672534 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-02T04:26:20Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Agriculture and biology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming, concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the Bible was written over a millenium before the industrial revolution, it is not surprising that agricultural themes abound. The following selection of verses reflect the technology used in agriculture:<br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jesus turns water into wine, avoiding all that tedious growing and harvesting and brewing ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding and perhaps genetic modification to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimse the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> * God provides seed to the sower and bread for food ([[2 Corinthians 9:9]])<br /> * Boats and fishing nets (e.g. [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]])<br /> <br /> There are also metaphoric allusions based on agricultural technology:<br /> <br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> * A winowing fork is used metaphorically for sorting people ([[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back ([[Luke 9:62]])<br /> * The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies ([[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]])<br /> * Christian leaders should be paid, just as the ploughman and thresher ought to share in the produce ([[1 Corinthians 9:10]])<br /> * Putting bits in horses mouths ([[James 3:3]])<br /> <br /> The Old Testamnet also provides an intersting not about early science. Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> As with other areas of technology, the Biblical authors portray an acceptance of agricultural technology, and a respect for those who use that technology. Jesus, for instance, honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, and is happy to make use of boats for his own purpose of teaching. On the other hand, Jesus calls the fishermen to leave their technology in order to follow him. Jesus also shows that nets and boats are not enough: not even enough to catch fish. You also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Biblical_references_to_technology&diff=672533 Biblical references to technology 2010-05-02T04:11:36Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* New Testament */ changed my interpretation of Luke 9:62</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Biblical References to Technology |<br /> subtopics = ... |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> Many verses throughout the Bible assume a degree of technology and technique: that is, the existence of tools and the processes for their manufacture and use. Common examples include [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=iron iron], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bronze bronze], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=gold gold], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=silver silver], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=refine refine], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=metal metal], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tool tool], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=instrument instrument], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=wheel wheel], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cook cook], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=wine wine], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=craft craft], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=build build], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cloth cloth], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=city city], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=shield shield], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=helmet helmet], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=armor armor], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=arrow arrow], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sword sword], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=weapon weapon] [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=spear spear], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=chariot chariot], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=boat boat], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=ship ship], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=door door], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=chains chains]. Each of these imply that people created technologies to augment their abilities, to control the environment, to improve their lives, to communicate, etc.<br /> <br /> <br /> The following tables collates more significant references to technology:<br /> <br /> ==Old Testament==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Verse<br /> ! Summary of Content<br /> ! Observations and Implications<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 1]]<br /> | Creation by God's word.<br /> | God has a technique but requires no technology.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 2:7]]<br /> | &quot;The Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.&quot;<br /> | More of God's technique.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 3:7]]<br /> | Fig leaves sewn together constitute the first clothes<br /> | (From [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive/ John Dyer]) &quot;Adam and Eve quickly recognize that they can overcome one of the effects of the Curse by inventing clothing to cover themselves. We don’t normally think of clothing as technology, it is a product of human creation and an expression of the creativity of God. Sadly, Adam and Eve use their creativity not to glorify God, but in a way that is representative of humanity’s rejection of God and attempt to live apart from him. But rather than condemn them, God pours out his grace and “upgrades” their clothing from leaves to the skin of an animal ([[Genesis 3:21]]). God’s action seems to support humans inventing things that overcome the effects of the Fall, yet he also shows the inadequacy of our solutions.&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 4:17]]<br /> | First mention of a city.<br /> | (From [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive/ John Dyer]) &quot;The city, in all its technological glory, becomes a symbol of man’s quest to restore the comfort and power of Garden without the presence of God. Babylon, Ninevah, Sodom, and others come to represent the enemies of God and the collective human desire to live happily without him.&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 4:22]]<br /> | Tubal-Cain forged all kinds of tools out of bronze and iron.<br /> | The first use of bronze was about 3200 BC, and iron about 1800 BC ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions])<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 6]]<br /> | Building Noah's Ark<br /> | A detailed design was provided by God, but there is no mention of instructions regarding ''how'' to build it.<br /> Note that the Ark itself is a new technology, i.e. a boat.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]]<br /> | Noah grows grapes and brews wine.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:1]]; [[Genesis 11:9]]<br /> | human languages<br /> | ''does this really count as a technology?''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:1]] - [[Genesis 11:9]]<br /> | Tower of Babel <br /> * built with bricks, not stone (v3).<br /> * God was impressed by humanity's achievement (v6).<br /> | Here we see humanity attempting to use their creative powers to build their way into heaven. Part of the lesson here is that we should not arrogantly think that our own abilities are unlimited.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 11:31]]<br /> | Abraham came from Ur.<br /> | Ur was a Sumerian city where the Euphrates River ran into the Persian Gulf. This is in present-day Iraq, 1200km east of Jerusalem. <br /> Abraham born about 1800 BC and hence would have seen the Great Ziggurat of Ur. A couple of centuries before, Ur might have been the largest city in the world, with a population of about 65,000. <br /> It was quite close to Uruk, which was probably the world's first city, holding more than 50,000 within a 6km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; space a thousand years before Abraham.<br /> (See articles on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham Abraham] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur Ur] in Wikipedia.)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 17:12]]<br /> | Money<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 20:16]]<br /> | Silver<br /> | Implies mining, refining (which needs a furnace) and weighing.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 21:25]]<br /> | Well<br /> | Does this imply buckets and rope?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 24:22]]<br /> | Gold nose rings and bracelets<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 27:3]], [[Genesis 27:40]]<br /> | Weapons: bow and arrow, sword.<br /> | Note that the first mention of a weapon is the sword wielded by an angel to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]]). Other references to God using a manufactured weapon include [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 28:12]]<br /> | Stairway (or ladder) in Jacob's dream.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]]<br /> | Jacob (the deceiver) does some selective breeding and genetic modification to make his flock better than Laban's.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 31:27]]<br /> | Tambourines and harps.<br /> | First musical instruments mentioned in the Bible.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 35:14]]<br /> | Oil<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 37:25]]<br /> | Ishmaelite traders: spices, scent, slaves<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]]<br /> | Grain storage specifically to counter famine.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 46:5]]<br /> | Jacob and family travel in carts.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 49:5]] - [[Genesis 49:7]]<br /> | Jacob curses Simeon and Levi for gratuitous use of weapons.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 50:2]]<br /> | Physicians, embalming<br /> | Were these techniques learnt by Joseph during his time in Egypt?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genesis 50:26]]<br /> | Joseph is embalmed and placed in a coffin.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 2:3]]<br /> | Moses' baby basket was coated with tar for waterproofing.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 4:2]] - [[Exodus 4:5]]<br /> | Moses' staff was designed by God &quot;so that they may believe in the Lord.&quot;<br /> | See the staff in use in [[Exodus 7]], [[Exodus 17:6]], [[Exodus 14:16]].<br /> Is this God's style of technology?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 5]]<br /> | Israelite slaves in Egypt are set a quota on brick-making.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 14:25]]<br /> | Wheels on the Egyptian chariots.<br /> | Note the Egyptian influence on Israeli technology: chariots, embalming.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 15:25]]<br /> | Moses uses a piece of wood to make bitter water drinkable.<br /> | Magic or chemistry?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 17:14]]<br /> | Writing <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 20:1]] - [[Exodus 20:17]]<br /> | The Ten Commandments<br /> | <br /> * Don't make technology into an idol that replaces God (v4).<br /> * Don't covet your neighbour's technology (v17).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]]<br /> | Altars should be made of unhewn stones, not defiled by using iron tools.<br /> | Why no iron? <br /> * The altar is temporary, not the final one<br /> * The altar is made from the earth – natural materials, not manufactured.<br /> * Should be unadorned: no symbols or images that might detract from the worship of God alone, and perhaps lead to superstition<br /> * Jesus is a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]). On the other hand there was nothing amazingly attractive about him ([[Isaiah 53:2]]) and he was rejected by the builders ([[Psalm 118:20]], [[Luke 20:17]]).<br /> See also [[Deuteronomy 27:5]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 21:6]]<br /> | Use of an awl to pierce the ear of a slave.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]]<br /> | Letting land lie fallow every seventh year.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 25]] – [[Exodus 31]]<br /> | Design of the Tabernacle.<br /> | God gives detailed descriptions of the Ark of the Covenant, furniture, lampstands, curtains, altar, utensils and clothes. But (like Noah's ark) God does not give instructions about ''how'' to make these things: he leaves the techniques of construction to us. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 28:3]]<br /> | Although the &quot;skilled workmen&quot; are to do the work, their wisdom comes from God. <br /> | The work is to be done by skilled craftsmen. This implies dedication, training and care.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]]<br /> | God's selection of the chief craftsman: &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God&quot; as well as with &quot;skills, ability and knowledge&quot;.<br /> | The role of the craftsman (and technologist) is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This reminds me of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]]: even for the menial task of handing out food, the candidates needed to be &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32]] – [[Exodus 34]]<br /> | The Golden Calf and the second set of Ten Commandments.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32:4]]<br /> | Tools were used to fashion the Golden Calf.<br /> | See how Aaron denies the use of tools in [[Exodus 32:24]]!!! This may imply a belief that what occurs naturally is good, but that manufactured goods are not. But more likely, it is simply a denial of responsibility, like a child's &quot;I didn't touch it, it just broke&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 32:20]]<br /> | Moses grinds the Golden Calf, scatters it on water and makes the people drink it.<br /> | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10VhvCQjYUI Dana Ullman claims] that this is Biblical support for homeopathy!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 34:1]], [[Exodus 34:28]]<br /> | Moses uses a chisel to prepare the second set of stone tablets and then writes the Ten Commandments on them.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35]] – [[Exodus 40]]<br /> | Construction of the Tabernacle<br /> | Note the sandwich here: God's design of the Tabernacle, the people's failure, restitution, and then God's will is realised and the Tabernacle built.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]]<br /> | <br /> | Not just a trained few, but ''all who were willing'' are invited to help in the construction. Each brings their own resources and skills.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]]<br /> | Re-affirmation of the chief craftsmen.<br /> | Similar to [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], but extends their mandate to teaching others.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Exodus 39:22]]<br /> | Weaving<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Leviticus 19:35]] - [[Leviticus 19:36]]<br /> | Do not use dishonest measuring instruments or standards.<br /> | Also [[Deuteronomy 25:13]] - [[Deuteronomy 25:16]], [[Proverbs 11:1]], [[Proverbs 20:10]], [[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Amos 8:5]], [[Micah 6:11]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]]<br /> | Letting land lie fallow every seventh year.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]<br /> | Two trumpets made out of hammered silver – used to call the people together.<br /> | Communication technology: one trumpet for the leaders to gather, two for everyone. Paul makes reference to this in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Numbers 21:4]] - [[Numbers 21:9]]<br /> | Moses makes a bronze snake. When someone is bitten by a snake, if they look at the bronze snake they live.<br /> | Pre-figures Christ's healing of us ([[John 3:14]] - [[John 3:15]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 1:28]]<br /> | The spies sent into Canaan reported that &quot;the cities are large, with walls up to the sky&quot;.<br /> | Should God's people fear the technology of their enemies? (Also [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:6]]<br /> | God enabled the Israelites to destroy all 60 of the walled cities in Bashan.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 6:12]]<br /> | When God gives you houses and wells and vineyards, be careful not to forget the Lord.<br /> | Warning about thinking that we achieved technological Utopia by our own cleverness. (Also [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] - [[Deuteronomy 8:18]].)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> | Cities of Refuge for people who kill someone unintentionally. The example is an axe-head accidentally flying off and hitting someone.<br /> | What happens when technology has negative, unintended side-effects? The user of the technology is not to blame, as long as there is no malice aforethought.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 19:14]]<br /> | ''Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark''<br /> | also [[Proverbs 22:28]], [[Proverbs 23:10]], [[Deuteronomy 27:17]]. If this refers to artificial landmarks created by surveying and placing a boundary stone, it implies several technologies.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> | Build a railing around the roof of your house so nobody falls off. <br /> | Israel's first OH&amp;S policy! <br /> We have a responsibility to pre-empt technological dangers.<br /> Compare [[Deuteronomy 19:5]] and [[Deuteronomy 22:8]] and [[Leviticus 19:16]] with modern legal interpretations of duty of care and negligence.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 24:6]]<br /> | Do not take someone's millstones as security for a debt.<br /> | Technology is valuable and important for a person's livelihood. Don't deprive people from making a living by taking away the technology they need to do so.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deuteronomy 27:5]]<br /> | Build an altar of stone and do not use any iron tool for the job.<br /> | See [[Exodus 20:24]] above.<br /> These instructions were carried out in [[Joshua 8:31]].<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 1:19]]<br /> | Israel could not defeat an enemy because the enemy had iron chariots.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 3:15]] - [[Judges 3:23]]<br /> | The Israelite leader Ehud had a double-edged sword, about 50cm long. He used it to assassinate Eglon, king of Moab.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 4:13]] - [[Judges 4:16]]<br /> | Israel routes 900 iron chariots.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 4:17]] - [[Judges 4:22]]<br /> | Tent peg used to kill an enemy's commander.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Judges 6:11]]<br /> | Gideon hid in a winepress.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 13:19]] - [[1 Samuel 13:21]]<br /> | The Philistines don't allow the Israelites to have blacksmiths and charged the Israelites a fee to sharpen their garden tools.<br /> | This is an example of restricting an enemy's technological abilities for military advantage. Dominant nations still benefit from technological superiority, creating a cycle in which technology provides a power advantage and that power allows the technological superiority to be maintained.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 16:23]]<br /> | David plays harp to Saul.<br /> | Soothing effect of musical instruments.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Samuel 17:4]] - [[1 Samuel 17:7]], [[1 Samuel 17:49]]<br /> | David kills Goliath.<br /> | Goliath has advanced bronze armoury, but it is futile against a stone and sling. Our trust in technology to save us is not always warranted.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Samuel 20:15]]<br /> | Siege ramp<br /> | First mention of a siege ramp in the Bible. It was probably just a pile of dirt. Also in Kings, Job, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 4:33]]<br /> | Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]<br /> | Solomon contracts Huram to manage the bronze work for Temple furnishings.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 2:13]] – Huram was sent by the King of Tyre in response to Solomon's request for help. Huram could work with all types of material, including stone, wood, metals and cloth, and was also a skilled engraver. Although he was from Tyre, he was Jewish.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:23]] - [[1 Kings 7:26]]<br /> | The Temple included an indoor swimming pool that held 44,000 litres.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 4:2]] - [[2 Chronicles 4:5]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 7:46]]<br /> | The bronze furnishings were fashioned using clay moulds.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 4:17]]. All the Temple furnishings and the bronze Sea were taken away by the Babylonians about 420 years later ([[Jeremiah 52:17]] - [[Jeremiah 52:19]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Kings 10:22]]<br /> | Solomon has a fleet of trading ships .<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 9:21]].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> | God uses a chariot of fire to take Elijah away.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 20:7]]<br /> | A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil.<br /> | This same remedy is used in [[Isaiah 38:21]]. Where else in the Bible is medicine used for healing?<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 20:20]]<br /> | Hezekiah builds a tunnel to bring water into the city.<br /> | See also [[2 Chronicles 32:30]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Kings 21:13]]<br /> | &quot;Measuring line&quot; and &quot;plumb-line&quot;<br /> | See also [[Isaiah 28:17]] where these tools represent justice and righteousness, as well as other references listed for [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22measuring-line%22 measuring line] and [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22plumb-line%22 plumb line].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Chronicles 22:15]] - [[1 Chronicles 22:16]]<br /> | Israel had many craftsmen in David's time: stonecutters, masons, carpenters, metal-workers.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Chronicles 23]] - [[1 Chronicles 27]]<br /> | Priests (Aaron), temple workers (Levites), musicians, gatekeepers, treasury, military, tribal leaders, administrators of royal property.<br /> | Israel's public service structure did not include a portfolio for technology.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Chronicles 1:14]], [[2 Chronicles 1:17]]<br /> | Solomon had 1,400 chariots. They were imported from Egypt, and Israel also resold them to other nations.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Chronicles 20:35]] - [[2 Chronicles 20:37]]<br /> | Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, forms and alliance with Ahaziah, king of Israel and they built a fleet of trading ships. But since the alliance did not have God's blessing, the fleet was wrecked.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezra 6:1]]<br /> | The Babylonian King Darius searches for, and finds, an earlier decree regarding the Israelites rebuilding their temple.<br /> | Government archives in 5th century BC. The first example of this was probably the Hittite archives in 1300 BC (back around the time of Judges). That included a systematic library catalog ([http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190247]).<br /> How different this was from storage and retrieval of docs over the Internet!<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Esther 2:12]]<br /> | Twelve months of beauty treatment!<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Esther 5:14]]<br /> | Mordecai is to be hanged on a gallows.<br /> | <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 7:6]]<br /> | &quot;My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle and they come to an end without hope.&quot;<br /> | Woven cloth was first evident in 7000 BC ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#7th_millennium_BCE]).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 19:24]]<br /> | &quot;Oh that my words were now written! oh that they were printed in a book! That they were graven with an iron pen and lead in the rock for ever&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Job 28]]<br /> | Humanity mines for silver and iron, refines gold and copper, turns dark into light, digs deep for sapphires, tunnels through rocks, and explores the sources of rivers (vv1-11). But do they find wisdom (v12, v13, v20)? It cannot be bought (vv15-19). It is hidden from the eyes of every living thing (v21). &quot;God understands the way to it and he alone knows where it dwells&quot; (v23). &quot;The fear of the Lord – that is wisdom, and to shun evil is understanding&quot; (v28).<br /> | We will never find wisdom or understanding from science or technology or any other human achievement.<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 3:3]]<br /> | God is a shield around us.<br /> | Also [[Psalm 5:12]], [[Psalm 7:10]], [[Psalm 18:2]], [[Psalm 18:30]], [[Psalm 34:20]], [[Psalm 115:9]] - [[Psalm 115:11]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> | &quot;Some trust in chariots and some in horses but we trust in the name of the Lord our God.&quot;<br /> | See the converse in [[Isaiah 31:1]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 38:2]]<br /> | God's arrows discipline us.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 44:3]], [[Psalm 44:6]], [[Psalm 44:7]]<br /> | Israel's victories did not come by their prowess with the sword but by God's right hand.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 64:7]]<br /> | God's arrows shoot down evil-doers.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 68:17]]<br /> | God has tens of thousands of chariots to bring against his enemies.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 115:2]] - [[Psalm 115:8]]<br /> | God is superior to idols.<br /> | In the modern world this is more of a comment about a materialist worldview than about religious idols. The materialist atheist cannot see God in the world and asks us where he is, blind to the fact that God is sovereign. They can manufacture all manner of goods, even computers and robots. But they are a poor imitation, not really seeing or speaking or hearing or smelling. Of course, in this age, the manufactured goods are far more sophisticated than the idols of old, and computers can indeed perceive and respond to the environment. Nevertheless, they are mere machines, lacking the inner life of humans. Those who believe otherwise end up suggesting that we too are mere machines: perfectly fulfilling the prediction in v8. And even if they were to succeed in making machines with human powers, they would be no closer to understanding the God who made heaven and earth nor being open to God's blessing (v15).<br /> Key verses are repeated in [[Psalm 135:15]] - [[Psalm 135:18]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 118:22]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 20:17]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Acts 4:11]]<br /> | &quot;The stone the builders rejected has become the capstone.&quot;<br /> | Quoted in [[1 Peter 2:7]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 119:105]]<br /> | &quot;Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Psalm 150]]<br /> | Praise God with trumpet, lyre, dancing, strings, flute and cymbals. &quot;Let everything that has breath praise the Lord.&quot;<br /> | We should use not only musical instruments, but everything we create – houses, church halls, shopping centres, cars, boats, space shuttles, pencils, iPhones and kitchen sinks – to praise the Lord.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 3:9]] - [[Proverbs 3:10]]<br /> | &quot;Honor the Lord ... then your barns will be filled ... and your vats will brim over ...&quot;<br /> | Maybe it's not too much of a stretch to infer that if we honor God, then our technology will succeed.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 8:12]]<br /> | &quot;I wisdom dwell with prudence, and find out knowledge of witty inventions.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 17:3]]<br /> | &quot;The crucible for silver and the furnace for gold, but the Lord tests the heart.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 18:10]] - [[Proverbs 18:11]]<br /> | &quot;The name of the Lord is a strong tower, the righteous run to it and are safe. The wealth of the rich is their fortified city; they imagine it an unscalable wall.&quot;<br /> | We might imagine that our money makes us impregnable like a well-built castle, but in the end security only comes from trusting God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 20:26]]<br /> | &quot;A wise king winnows out the wicked; he drives the threshing wheel over them.&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]]<br /> | Removing the dross from silver compared to establishing a righteous kingdom.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 27:21]]<br /> | &quot;The crucible for silver and the furnace for gold, but man is tested by the praise he receives.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Proverbs 27:22]]<br /> | &quot;Though you grind a fool in a mortar, grinding him like grain with a pestle, you will not remove his folly from him.&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]<br /> | The Teacher built houses and made reservoirs to water his gardens, but it was meaningless (v11).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 2:17]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:23]]<br /> | <br /> | It can seem as though the whole of our life's work is just meaningless toil.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 10:9]]<br /> | &quot;Whoever quarries stones may be injured by them; whoever splits logs may be endangered by them.&quot;<br /> | Working with technology can be dangerous.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecclesiastes 10:10]]<br /> | &quot;If the axe is dull and its edge unsharpened, more strength is needed but skill will bring success.&quot;<br /> | This probably generalises to most tools. If your equipment is sub-standard then it takes a lot more effort to get results. Nevertheless, a good tradesman never blames his tools. If you have the skill, you can still succeed -- maybe by sharpening the axe!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 2:4]]<br /> | Turning swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks.<br /> | The same materials can have different technological applications. Indeed, the same technology can be used for both war and peace, for good and for evil.<br /> Repeated in [[Micah 4:3]], so maybe this became a common saying. If so, then the reversal in [[Joel 3:10]] would have been quite striking.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 2:12]] - [[Isaiah 2:22]]<br /> | The Lord has a day planned when all human arrogance -- lofty towers, fortified walls, trading ships, idols or silver and gold -- will be be brought low.<br /> | This is a condemnation of arrogance rather than of technology. But how often does humanity show its arrogance by seeking power and control through technology? In the end, humans are an insubstantial breath (22).<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 5:28]]<br /> | God calls nations to battle against Israel, knowing that their weapons (bows, arrows and chariots) will overpower Israel.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 10:15]]<br /> | &quot;Does the axe raise itself above him who swings it ...&quot;<br /> | Tools are subservient to their user. In context, God is wielding Assyria as a weapon against Israel and it is inappropriate for Assyria -- as the tool -- to think that they acted independently. A similar point is made in several places (e.g. [[Isaiah 29:16]], [[Isaiah 45:9]], [[Romans 9:21]]) about the relationship between a clay pot and the potter. <br /> As a more general saying, however, this verse points out that no technology is greater than it's wielder, but merely a tool in the wielder's hand. Does that continue to be accurate in the age of intelligent machines?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 40:18]] - [[Isaiah 40:19]]<br /> | To whom will you compare God? Certainly not to any idol crafted by human hands!<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 41:15]]<br /> | God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh/crush/winnow their enemies.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 44:12]] - [[Isaiah 44:20]]<br /> | A blacksmith or a carpenter may fashion an idol, but so what? The blacksmith still gets hungry, tired and thirsty like anyone else. The carpenter uses the same wood as his carved idol for kindling a fire to cook on! But he can't see that the wooden idol he created is a lie.<br /> | Craftsmen and technologists should have a sense of humility about their work.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Isaiah 64:8]]<br /> | &quot;We are the clay, you are the potter; we are all the work of your hand.&quot;<br /> | God as craftsman and technologist: a potter who chooses the raw materials, follows an intentional process, and makes use of tools (such as a potting wheel and kiln) in order to turn a design into a product.<br /> See also [[Jeremiah 18:1]] - [[Jeremiah 18:6]].<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 1:18]]<br /> | Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall<br /> | Also in [[Jeremiah 15:20]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> | Israel has forsaken God, the spring of living water, in favour of their own broken cistern.<br /> | In this modern world, we often think that our technological creations are making a perfect life for us. But in reality, we accept something far inferior to the abundant life that God intended ([John 10:10]]). <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]]<br /> | God uses Israel (or is it Jeremiah?) to 'test the metal' of his people<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 8:22]]<br /> | &quot;Is there no balm in Gilead? Is there no physician there?&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 10:1]] - [[Jeremiah 10:16]]<br /> | Against idols. A craftsman shapes it with a chisel, adorns it with silver and secures it with a nail to stop it falling over -- but it is no more powerful than a scarecrow in a melon patch! Every goldsmith should be shamed but their idols: the images are a fraud.<br /> | See also [[Jeremiah 51:17]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 35:6]] - [[Jeremiah 35:11]]<br /> | The Recabites don't drink wine, build houses, sow seed or plant vineyards.<br /> | While not strictly anti-technology, the Recabites took a kind of Amish stance. God congratulates them on upholding their ancestor's command and contrasts them to the rest of Israel who don't even obey ''God's'' commands.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jeremiah 50:9]]<br /> | &quot;Their arrows will be like skilled warriors.&quot;<br /> | Intelligent weaponry: a very advanced notion! Heat seeking missiles?<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 1:15]] - [[Ezekiel 1:21]]<br /> | In a dream, Ezekiel sees fantastic creatures with intersecting wheels.<br /> | A description of a UFO landing, according to [http://www.bibleufo.com/zezekiel.htm] and [http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/h/hight-technology_in_the_bible.html].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 10]]<br /> | More &quot;wheels intersecting wheels&quot; (v. 10) as part of a strange machine involving cherubim.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 27]] - [[Ezekiel 28:19]]<br /> | Lament for Tyre. Although Tyre had been built to perfection, renowned for her beauty, expert in ship-making, powerful as a trading nation, she would become shipwrecked, break to pieces and sink into the sea.<br /> | Once again, material prosperity and skills in technology (in this case ships and seamanship) are no guarantee of lasting success. Chapter 28 makes clear that their downfall was a result of pride that made them feel like gods.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezekiel 40]] - [[Ezekiel 48]]<br /> | In a vision, Ezekiel sees a man with a measuring rod measure in detail the dimensions of a future Temple, its surrounds and the sub-division of the whole land.<br /> |<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 2:31]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]<br /> | Daniel relates and interprets Nebuchadnezzar's dream in which a succession of kingdoms (gold, silver, bronze and iron) are smashed by a kingdom established by God (a rock).<br /> | The point of the story is not about technology, the power of the metaphor is based on an assumption that what is God-made and natural can overpower anything made by human hands.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 3]]<br /> | Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego thrown into a fiery furnace<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Daniel 5]]<br /> | King Belshazzar is drinking wine and praising &quot;the gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, wood and stone&quot; when suddenly a disembodied hand writes a message on the wall.<br /> | Belshazzar is criticised for placing himself (and his faith in gold, silver, bronze, iron, wood and stone) above God. As in Chapter 2, the power of this comparison in underpinned by an implication that what God can do is superior to anything achievable by human fabrication.<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]]<br /> | God sets a plumb-line against which to judge Israel.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jonah 1]]<br /> | Jonah tries to escape from God's call on a ship<br /> | No technology, and nothing human-made can hide us from God or take us out of God's reach.<br /> The human-made ship takes Jonah away, but the God-made fish brings him back. I wonder how many people have been drawn away from God by technology -- perhaps a belief that technology makes God an unnecessary assumption, or perhaps just being side-tracked by an attraction to technology (addition to Internet gaming?) -- and I wonder how many are brought towards God by the majesty of God's creation?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malachi 3:2]] - [[Malachi 3:3]]<br /> | God is a refiner's fire<br /> | <br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==New Testament==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Verse<br /> ! Summary of Content<br /> ! Observations and Implications<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 2:1]] - [[Matthew 2:11]]<br /> | The Magi follow a star.<br /> | Putting aside the unscientific notion of stars heralding a new king, the Magi were clearly both knowledgeable and observant about the night sky. They were presumably not Jewish (i.e. not one of God's people) and yet God used their pre-scientific astronomy to draw them into God's plan. Is there any reason why we should not expect the same today -- that people who study the created world are drawn towards the Creator, even those who are outside the Christian faith?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]<br /> | Wise and foolish builders<br /> | An engineering metaphor. Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a well-formed experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, every mobile phone carrier needs a solid infrastructure, etc. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 9:16]] - [[Matthew 9:17]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 2:21]] - [[Mark 2:22]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 5:36]] - [[Luke 5:39]]<br /> | New cloth to patch old clothes; new wine in old wineskins.<br /> | I don't know if there is any spiritual lesson here about technology, but the principle is certainly still true: don't try putting new software onto an old computer!<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 10:9]] - [[Matthew 10:10]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 6:8]]<br /> | The disciples are sent out, without money or luggage or shoes or walking stick.<br /> | Christians do not ''need'' technology or any other baggage to carry out God's work. Like the birds and the lilies in [[Matthew 6:26]] - [[Matthew 6:30]], all we need is supplied by God. That does not mean that accessories such as technology are not helpful: just not necessary.<br /> And note that later on, [[Luke 22:36]] records Jesus telling his disciples that they should now take money and a bag and even a sword.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 26:51]] - [[Matthew 26:53]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 22:50]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[John 18:10]]<br /> | During Jesus' arrest, one of his companions cuts of someone's ear with a sword, but Jesus rebukes the use of the sword.<br /> | Like the comment on Matthew 10:9 (above), Jesus does not need technology to achieve his goal.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 27:60]]<br /> | Jesus is buried<br /> | Is the stone that was rolled across the tomb's entrance &quot;technology&quot;? It is no barrier to God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 3:9]]<br /> | Jesus plans ahead by having a boat ready.<br /> | Nothing special here, but this is obviously one of many time that Jesus happily used technology. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew 13:55]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Mark 6:3]]<br /> | Jesus is the son of a carpenter.<br /> | As a carpenter he would have used tools frequently. <br /> According to W.E.Vine's ''Expository Dictionary of New testament Words'' these are the only two occurrences of the Greek word ''tektōn'' (τέκτων) &amp;ndash; from which we get the English &quot;technology&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 4:21]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]]<br /> | Metaphor: you don't put a lamp under a bowl.<br /> | Jesus draws on his audience's knowledge of common technology. Here and elsewhere he seems happy to accept our attempts to make life easier via technology. It is also testament to his communication ability that he makes such effective use of concepts with which his audience is familiar to draw them towards a new idea.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]<br /> | The disciples marvel at the magnificent Temple, but Jesus is not impressed. The Temple will be destroyed.<br /> | No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] we see that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 1:63]]<br /> | Zechariah uses a writing tablet<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 2:1]]<br /> | Roman census<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 2:7]], [[Luke 2:16]]<br /> | Manger<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 3:17]]<br /> | Winnowing fork used metaphorically for sorting wheat from chaff<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 5:1]] - [[Luke 5:11]]<br /> | Boats and fishing nets<br /> | Jesus honours the work of Simon and other fishermen, but calls them to leave their technology in order to follow him. Jesus is happy to make use of boats for his own purpose of teaching. Jesus also shows that nets and boats are not enough: not even enough to catch fish -- you also need knowledge and, by implication, spiritual insight.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 5:31]]<br /> | Jesus likens himself to a doctor.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Luke 9:62]]<br /> | If you put your hand to the plough, don't look back.<br /> See also [[Luke 14:28]] - [[Luke 14:30]] about the need to plan before building a tower.<br /> | What's wrong with looking back? It makes it impossible to plough a straight furrow. So don't start working for God if you're going to be distracted with other concerns rather than concentrating on the goal. <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> | The rich fool who builds big barns to store his wealth but then dies<br /> | A lesson in priorities: spiritual wisdom over wealth. But also a comment that technology (barns) cannot satisfy life's real needs.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 12:35]]<br /> | Keep your lamps burning<br /> | Metaphor for being alert and prepared. But also an acceptance that it is quite appropriate to use artificial light sources. Thus nothing earth-shattering, but it is one of many examples where God accepts and even commends the use of technology. God does not expect us to just take the world as it is, but encourages us to create technologies to help us.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> | A building accident causes 18 to die, but it is not because the victoms were evil.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[John 1:3]]<br /> | Through him all things were made<br /> | The Word of God, i.e. Jesus, was the tool of choice for God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]<br /> | Water into wine<br /> | The process of making wine usually requires substantial technology: agricultural implements, irrigation, fertiliser, grape press, chemistry, temperature-controlled vats, etc. But Jesus gets a better result by his own authority.<br /> |-<br /> | [[John 2:15]]<br /> | Jesus makes a whip to drive the animals out of the Temple grounds<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[John 6:19]]<br /> | Jesus walks on water<br /> | Even though Jesus frequently uses boats, he actually doesn't need them. Jesus can achieve his purpose without any need for technology of any sort.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 7:48]]<br /> | &quot;The Most High does not live in houses made by man&quot;<br /> | God cannot be contained by anything humans construct. We cannot limit God, nor can we exceed or control God with technology or anything else we create.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 8:26]] - [[Acts 8:40]]<br /> | Philip ministers to the Ethiopian eunuch in his chariot.<br /> | The chariot is a symbol of affluence and authority rather than war. Perhaps like a Rolls Royce car today. But that doesn't daunt Philip! The pedestrian jogs along, hears Isaish being read through the window and offers advice. He gets to sit in the Rolls and preach to the rich and famous!<br /> Apart from [[Revelation 9:9]], this is the only chariot mentioned in the NT.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 18:3]] - [[Acts 3:5]]<br /> | Paul, Aquila and Priscilla were all tentmakers. <br /> | When necessary, they earned money by their trade to support their ministry. But when others were able to support him, Paul would devote himself exclusively to preaching.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 19:23]] - [[Acts 19:41]]<br /> | Riot in Ephesus<br /> | Silversmiths (and perhaps other craftsmen) see their livelihood threatened by the Gospel<br /> |-<br /> | [[Acts 21]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Acts 27]] - [[Acts 28]] and numerous other passages in Acts<br /> | Paul travels by sailing boat<br /> | As a principle, Paul tries to become &quot;all things to all men so that by all possible means I might save some&quot; ([[1 Corinthians 9:21]]). So it is not surprising that he would use whatever technology was available to further his cause.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Romans 6:13]]<br /> | Our bodies can either be instruments of wickedness or instruments of righteousness.<br /> | In the ''Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words'', Vine says the meaning of &quot;instruments&quot; here is most likely as a weapon. <br /> We as people are like tools that, in the cosmic war, are used to advance one side or the other. Our bodies, as technology, are not neutral, nor mindlessly forced into service: Paul calls us choose to which purpose we will offer ourselves.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Corinthians 3:6]] - [[1 Corinthians 3:15]]<br /> | In rebuking divisions in the church, Paul points out that we are God's co-workers. It matters not whether we plant or water: it is God's work that matters. It doesn't matter who laid the foundation and who builds on it, as long as the foundation is Jesus Christ. Whatever the building is made of -- gold, silver, wood, stones, or even straw -- will all be tested by fire.<br /> | Interesting mixing of metaphors, from agricultural to construction engineering. In our context, Paul could have written that the technology does not matter, only that our joint work seeks a common purpose and a common foundation, that of Christ. Paul returns to that theme in [[1 Corinthians 15:58]], assuring us that such labours are not in vain.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Corinthians 9:10]]<br /> | Ploughs and threshers<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 4:7]]<br /> | &quot;we have this treasure in jars of clay to show that this all‑surpassing power is from God and not from us&quot;<br /> | This strange technology -- the clay jars that are our bodies -- are very fragile and yet they contain the glory of God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 5:1]]<br /> | Our body is merely a tent, but will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 9:9]]<br /> | God supplies seed to the sower and bread for food<br /> | It is easy to see that God provides seed -- that's just part of what he created. But here it says he also supplies bread. Even though humans manufacture the bread (using a lot of technology by the way) even the results of our creative act ultimately come from God.<br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Corinthians 10:2]]<br /> | The weapons we fight with are not the weapons of the world<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 2:10]]<br /> | &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot;<br /> | God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 2:20]]<br /> | Christ Jesus himself is the chief cornerstone in whom the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord.<br /> | Who is the builder? See [[Hebrews 3:4]].<br /> Compare with [[1 Peter 2:4]] -- we, like Christ, are living stones, and we are being built into a spiritual house.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ephesians 6:13]] - [[Ephesians 6:17]]<br /> | Put on the full armour of God<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Colossians 4:14]]<br /> | Luke the beloved physician<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Timothy 2:20]] - [[2 Timothy 2:21]]<br /> | All sorts of artefacts may be used for good or evil. Even people can become &quot;an instrument for noble purposes, made holy, useful to the Master and prepared to do any good work&quot;.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[2 Timothy 4:14]]<br /> | &quot;Alexander the metalworker...&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Philemon 1:13]]<br /> | &quot;in chains for the gospel&quot;<br /> | Compare with [[Ephesians 6:20]] where Paul describes himself as &quot;an ambassador in chains&quot;. But no chains can constrain God's work.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 3:4]]<br /> | &quot;God is the builder of everything&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 4:12]]<br /> | &quot;The word of God is ... sharper than any double-edged sword&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 11:9]] - [[Hebrews 11:10]]<br /> | Abraham was content to live in tents even though he looked forward to living in a city whose architect was God.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Hebrews 13:16]]<br /> | &quot;But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased.&quot;<br /> | Maybe it's not to much of a stretch to apply this to communication technology. (King James is the only one to mention &quot;communication&quot; in this verse, so I don't think this inference works. The Greek implies sharing rather than communicating. -- Matt)<br /> |-<br /> | [[James 3:3]]<br /> | Putting bits in horses' mouths<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[James 3:4]]<br /> | Steering a ship by a rudder<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[James 4:3]]<br /> | Moths eat clothes, and gold and silver corrode.<br /> | The stuff we create with technology and all our material wealth is ephemeral.<br /> |-<br /> | [[1 Peter 1:7]]<br /> | Faith is of greater worth than gold<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 1:12]]<br /> | Seven golden lampstands represent the 7 churches<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 3:18]]<br /> | God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 5:7]] - [[Revelation 5:8]]<br /> | Throne, scrolls, harps, bowls of incense<br /> | Evidence of technology in heaven?<br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 6:1]] - [[Revelation 6:5]]<br /> | Horse riders carry a bow, a sword and a pair of scales<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 8]]<br /> | Seven angels each sound a trumpet<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 9:2]]<br /> | &quot;like the smoke from a gigantic furnace&quot;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 11:1]]<br /> | A measuring rod<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 14:14]] - [[Revelation 14:19]]<br /> | Angels wield a sharp sickle<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 18:11]] - [[Revelation 18:13]]<br /> | Merchants try unsuccessfully to sell precious metals, silk, linen, etc<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 18:21]] - [[Revelation 18:23]]<br /> | When Babylon is thrown down, there will be no more sound from musical instruments in her, nor tradesmen, mills or lighted lamps.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Revelation 21]] (see also [[Revelation 3:12]])<br /> | The Holy City -- the city of God, the new Jerusalem -- comes down out of heaven. It is huge and shines with God's glory. High walls. Twelve gates. Streets of gold like transparent glass.<br /> | Cities are not necessarily an evil created by humans: the history of creation will end with a city of God's creation.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]] -&gt; [[Technology in the Bible]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672532 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-02T03:52:22Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Design and construction */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Building on a solid foundation===<br /> <br /> Every wise builder understands the need for a solid foundation, just as every software engineer needs a solid development platform, every scientist needs a robust experimental method, every mathematician relies on the axioms of set theory, and every mobile phone carrier needs a reliable infrastructure. Do we build our worldview with the same attention to the foundation?<br /> <br /> As discussed above, both the Old and New Testaments point to Jesus as that foundation. Jesus claims the same about himself in [[Matthew 7:24]] - [[Matthew 7:27]] (repeated in [[Luke 6:46]] - [[Luke 6:49]]) -- people who put his words into practice are like wise builders who build on rock rather than sand.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming, concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the time in which the Bible was written predates the industrial revolution by over a millenium, it is not surprising that agricultural themes <br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding and perhaps genetic modification to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimse the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> * Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> There are also numerous agricultural allusions, such as:<br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672531 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-02T03:39:17Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Agriculture and biology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming, concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> Given that the time in which the Bible was written predates the industrial revolution by over a millenium, it is not surprising that agricultural themes <br /> <br /> * Noah grows grapes and brews wine ([[Genesis 9:20]] - [[Genesis 9:21]])<br /> * Jacob (which means &quot;deceiver&quot;, and perhaps that has some relevance to the story) uses selective breeding and perhaps genetic modification to make his flock better than his father Laban's ([[Genesis 30:29]] - [[Genesis 30:43]])<br /> * Grain storage facilities are used to minimse the effects of a famine ([[Genesis 41:47]] - [[Genesis 41:49]])<br /> * It is a law in Israel that land should lie fallow every seventh year ([[Exodus 23:10]] - [[Exodus 23:11]], [[Leviticus 25:1]] - [[Leviticus 25:7]])<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> * Solomon's wisdom was not only in the fields of politics, leadership, literature, spirituality etc: he was also famed for his scientific work in botany and zoology ([[1 Kings 4:33]])<br /> <br /> There are also numerous agricultural allusions, such as:<br /> * God will make Israel into a threshing-sledge to thresh, crush and winnow their enemies ([[Isaiah 41:15]])<br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672529 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-02T02:51:30Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* God's people appropriate technology from other cultures */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicles 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming, concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Christianity_and_technology&diff=672528 Christianity and technology 2010-05-01T21:39:43Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Quotes */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Christianity and technology |<br /> subtopics = [[Christianity and science]]<br /> * [[Technology in the Bible]]<br /> * [[Technology Resources|Resources]]: web sites, organisations and books<br /> * [[Social Effects of Technology]]<br /> * [[Specific technologies]]<br /> * [[Christianity and the Internet]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Quotes==<br /> <br /> From James C. Peterson:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | Think back to Genesis 1. There God gives creation over to human dominion and places humans not in a wilderness but in a garden. A garden needs to be tended. Once cannot encourage the roses without driving back the aphids. The humans are directed to care for the garden and how to care for it. God tells them not to eat fruit from certain trees nor to eat meat. It is still God's world. It is not their world, one with which they can do anything they want. Nature is entrusted to humans to care for it as stewards. They are responsible to God for what they do with God's world, a place given to them in which to exercise stewardship. That includes making choices to shape and develop that which God has entrusted them.<br /> <br /> Few of us live in a place where we could survive because the temperature is always right, with no need for clothing or shelter, or where we could catch our food with our bare hands and eat it raw. As soon as we use a hook to catch a fish or fire to cook it, we use technology. This is part of who we were designed to be. We are designed to shape, modify, and work with our environment and ourselves.<br /> <br /> Nature is something God has created and declared good. Humans are to enjoy and use it to serve God and neighbour. Should nature then be left as it is? Should we have left smallpox alone? No. Is it the wisdom of evolution oer time that as people age they have poor eyesight? Do individuals contravene evolution or God-designed nature when they accept glasses or laser surgery? The physical world can be improved, and it is our human nature and call to do so.<br /> <br /> Saint Augustine argued in the fourth century that the world is no perfect and should be restored to what it was like before sin corrupted it. That requires shaping the the nature we have received. Further, there is a long tradition in church history that humans should not just restore the Earth. Instead, part of our calling is to improve it.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ''Miller, R. J., Brubaker, B. H., &amp; Peterson, J. C. (2005). Viewing new creations with Anabaptist eyes : ethics of biotechnology. Telford Pa.;Scottdale Penn.: Cascadia Pub. House; Herald Press; p. 76''<br /> <br /> ==Links==<br /> * [http://religion-today.blogspot.com/2007/10/technology-and-christianity.html Religion Today - Technology and Christianity]<br /> * [http://www.ted.com/talks/billy_graham_on_technology_faith_and_suffering.html Talk at TED on Technology and Faith]<br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Science and Technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672491 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-01T06:01:08Z <p>MatthewClarke: various</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * Jeremiah is like a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]], [[Luke 8:16]], [[Luke 11:33]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making ([[Exodus 5]])<br /> * Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city ([[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]])<br /> * Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens ([[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]]), but realised that it was meaningless ([[Ecclesiastes 2:11]])<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> Christians should not act as though technology developed by &quot;us&quot; is any better, either technically or morally, than that developed by other cultures. The Bible contains several examples of God's people approving of and appropriating technology from other cultures:<br /> <br /> * The process of embalming was used by the Israelites as a result of Joseph's exposure to Egyptian practice ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * Solomon imports a foreign craftsman to assist in the building of the Temple ([[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]], [[2 Chronicales 2:13]])<br /> * Solomon imported chariots from Egypt and resold them to other nations ([[2 Chronicles 1:17]])<br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]). Job wishes that his words could be written on a scroll or engraved so that they would endure forever ([[Job 19:23]] - [Job 19:24]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * Physicians and embalming, concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt ([[Genesis 50:2]], [[Genesis 50:26]])<br /> * A poultice of figs is used to heal a boil ([[2 Kings 20:7]], [[Isaiah 38:21]])<br /> * The use of a splint for a broken arm ([[Ezekiel 30:21]])<br /> * The Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging ([[Luke 10:34]])<br /> * Jesus likens himself to a doctor ([[Luke 5:31]])<br /> * Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician ([[Colossians 4:14]])<br /> * Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; ([[1 Timothy 5:23]])<br /> * God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors ([[2 Chronicles 16:12]])<br /> * Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the spiritual/emotional wounds of Israel ([[Jeremiah 8:22]])<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672490 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-01T02:27:14Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but says nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was communicated in a slightly different form: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach when acting in the world is to delegate. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, even the wisdom and resources, but then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the directive that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically: the Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals. [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple was temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many of the cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * [[Exodus 5]] - While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]] - Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city.<br /> * [[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]] - Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens, but realised that it was meaningless (v11). <br /> <br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * [[Genesis 50:2]] -- mentions physicians and embalming, probably concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:7]] and [[Isaiah 38:21]] -- a poultice of figs is used to heal a boil<br /> * [[Ezekiel 30:21]] -- the use of a splint for a broken arm<br /> * [[Luke 10:34]] -- the Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging<br /> * [[Colossians 4:14]] -- Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician<br /> * [[1 Timothy 5:23]] -- Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; <br /> * [[Revelation 3:18]] -- God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * [[2 Chronicles 16:12]] -- King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors.<br /> * [[Jeremiah 8:22]] -- Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the wounds of Israel.<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672489 Technology in the Bible 2010-05-01T00:44:52Z <p>MatthewClarke: finsihed construction section</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> ===Altars, the Tabernacle and the Temple===<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but say nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was slightly different: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach to acting in the world is by delegation. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, and then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the instruction that ''unhewn'' stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. Altars were to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They were to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is likened to a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically. The Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals: [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> The temporary nature of the Tabernacle is alluded to by Paul when he describes our bodies as merely a tent that will be replaced by an eternal house in heaven ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]]). Even the Temple is temporary. When Jesus' disciples marvelled at the magnificent Temple, Jesus was not impressed ([[Mark 13:1]] - [[Mark 13:2]]). Within a generation, the Temple was destroyed. No building (or anything else built by people) is as magnificent or as sturdy as God. From [[John 2:19]] - [[John 2:21]] we understand that it is only the Temple of Jesus' body that can be destroyed and yet remake itself.<br /> <br /> Paul goes further by describing ''us'' as a Temple, with Christ as the foundation. The wording of [[Ephesians 2:19]] - [[Ephesians 2:22]] applies that concept to the church collectively as well as to Christians individually. [[1 Peter 2:4]] - [[1 Peter 2:5]] says much the same thing -- that we, like Jesus, are living stones, being built into a spiritual house. <br /> <br /> It is implied by both Paul and Peter that the builder is God. In fact, God is the builder of everything ([[Hebrews 3:4]]), the archetype of the very concept.<br /> <br /> ===Walls===<br /> <br /> Many of the cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> ===Other references===<br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * [[Exodus 5]] - While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]] - Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city.<br /> * [[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]] - Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens, but realised that it was meaningless (v11). <br /> <br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * [[Genesis 50:2]] -- mentions physicians and embalming, probably concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:7]] and [[Isaiah 38:21]] -- a poultice of figs is used to heal a boil<br /> * [[Ezekiel 30:21]] -- the use of a splint for a broken arm<br /> * [[Luke 10:34]] -- the Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging<br /> * [[Colossians 4:14]] -- Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician<br /> * [[1 Timothy 5:23]] -- Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; <br /> * [[Revelation 3:18]] -- God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * [[2 Chronicles 16:12]] -- King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors.<br /> * [[Jeremiah 8:22]] -- Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the wounds of Israel.<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> [[Luke 13:4]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> In many ways, technology is inadequate. <br /> * [[Luke 12:16]] - [[Luke 12:21]]<br /> * ...<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672487 Technology in the Bible 2010-04-30T23:57:39Z <p>MatthewClarke: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but say nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was slightly different: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach to acting in the world is by delegation. God lets us know the goal and an ethical framework, and then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the instruction that unhewn stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. They are to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They are to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:22]], [[Luke 20:17]], [[Acts 4:11]], [[1 Peter 2:7]]). <br /> <br /> The construction of the Tabernacle was a major undertaking, both technically and politically. The Biblical account spans 16 chapters, from [[Exodus 25]] to [[Exodus 40]]. Bezalel and Oholiab direct the project, but the work is not just carried out by professionals: [[Exodus 35:10]] - [[Exodus 35:29]] indicates that &quot;all who were willing, men and women alike&quot; brought their gifts and applied their skills to the task.<br /> <br /> Many of the cities in Biblical times were encircled by walls. When the Israelites spies returned from Canaan, they reported &quot;walls up to the sky&quot; ([[Deuteronomy 1:28]]). The people were daunted, but God empowered them to destroy all 60 walled cities in Bashan alone ([[Deuteronomy 3:4]] - [[Deuteronomy 3:5]]). Putting aside the problematic theme of such a violent God, one lesson from this is that God's people need not fear the technology of their enemies. That point is made explicit in [[Deuteronomy 20:1]].<br /> <br /> The Israelites themselves spend a lot of time constructing walls, for example when they returned to Jerusalem from exile in Babylon -- that's one of the main themes of [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Other references to construction include:<br /> <br /> * [[Exodus 5]] - While in Egypt, the Israelites were given a quota on brick making<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:20]], [[2 Chronicles 32:30]] - Hezekiah built a tunnel to bring water into city.<br /> * [[Ecclesiastes 2:4]] - [[Ecclesiastes 2:6]] - Solomon built houses, and reservoirs to water his gardens, but realised that it was meaningless (v11). <br /> <br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * [[Genesis 50:2]] -- mentions physicians and embalming, probably concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:7]] and [[Isaiah 38:21]] -- a poultice of figs is used to heal a boil<br /> * [[Ezekiel 30:21]] -- the use of a splint for a broken arm<br /> * [[Luke 10:34]] -- the Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging<br /> * [[Colossians 4:14]] -- Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician<br /> * [[1 Timothy 5:23]] -- Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; <br /> * [[Revelation 3:18]] -- God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * [[2 Chronicles 16:12]] -- King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors.<br /> * [[Jeremiah 8:22]] -- Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the wounds of Israel.<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 22:8]]<br /> <br /> [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]<br /> <br /> Honest measures: [[Leviticus 19:35]]<br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672482 Technology in the Bible 2010-04-30T17:56:32Z <p>MatthewClarke: more on construction</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{stub}}<br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but say nothing at all about the construction methods. The design of Solomon's temple was slightly different: in [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. God could have made tools unnecessary, or provided all the tools that were necessary. God could have specified exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to Noah, Moses and Solomon's initiative. But God's typical approach to acting in the world is by delegation. God let's us know the goal and an ethical framework, and then relies on our initiative to work out the details.<br /> <br /> One exception to this pattern is the instructions about building altars. [[Exodus 20:24]] - [[Exodus 20:25]] is very specific in the instruction that unhewn stones be used, undefiled by tools. In particular, the use of iron tools is forbidden ([[Deuteronomy 27:5]], [[Joshua 8:31]]). The reason for this prohibition is not made explicit. They are to be made of natural materials -- earth and stone -- rather than being manufactured. They are to be unadorned, perhaps so that no symbol or image will lead to superstition and detract from the worship of God alone. Such altars are temporary and eventually superseded by the sacrifice of Christ. Jesus is a cut stone, formed not by human hands ([[Daniel 2:34]], [[Daniel 2:44]] - [[Daniel 2:45]]) and although he was rejected by the builders he has become the foundation stone of everything that God has built ([[Psalm 118:20]], [[Luke 20:17]]). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * [[Genesis 50:2]] -- mentions physicians and embalming, probably concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:7]] and [[Isaiah 38:21]] -- a poultice of figs is used to heal a boil<br /> * [[Ezekiel 30:21]] -- the use of a splint for a broken arm<br /> * [[Luke 10:34]] -- the Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging<br /> * [[Colossians 4:14]] -- Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician<br /> * [[1 Timothy 5:23]] -- Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; <br /> * [[Revelation 3:18]] -- God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * [[2 Chronicles 16:12]] -- King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors.<br /> * [[Jeremiah 8:22]] -- Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the wounds of Israel.<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> ==Technology before and after The Fall==<br /> <br /> Prior to The Fall, the Bible does not mention of any tool. God created a world in which technology was not required. Food was readily at hand, natural shelter was provided, and health was assured. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672481 Technology in the Bible 2010-04-30T17:16:25Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Design and construction */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{stub}}<br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark ([[Genesis 6]]) and the Tabernacle ([[Exodus 25]] - [[Exodus 31]]), God dictates a detailed design but not the construction methods. That type of delegation seems typical of God, who often sets us a goal and relies on our initiative to work out the details. The design of Solomon's temple was handled differently. In [[1 Chronicles 28]] we are told that David gave his son Solomon written plans &quot;that the Spirit had put into his mind&quot; (v12). &quot;The hand of the Lord was upon me and he gave me understanding in all the details of the plan&quot; (v19).<br /> <br /> In each case, it can be assumed that God expected the people to make whatever use of technology was appropriate to achieve the goal. Perhaps this is no surprise, but we should not overlook the fact that there could have been other approaches. <br /> <br /> Or God could have provided all the tools that were necessary. God could tell us exactly what to do rather than leave so much open to our initiative.<br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * [[Genesis 50:2]] -- mentions physicians and embalming, probably concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:7]] and [[Isaiah 38:21]] -- a poultice of figs is used to heal a boil<br /> * [[Ezekiel 30:21]] -- the use of a splint for a broken arm<br /> * [[Luke 10:34]] -- the Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging<br /> * [[Colossians 4:14]] -- Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician<br /> * [[1 Timothy 5:23]] -- Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; <br /> * [[Revelation 3:18]] -- God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * [[2 Chronicles 16:12]] -- King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors.<br /> * [[Jeremiah 8:22]] -- Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the wounds of Israel.<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672429 Technology in the Bible 2010-04-29T05:38:17Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Communication technology */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{stub}}<br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark, the Tabernacle and the Temple, God dictates a detailed design but not the construction methods.<br /> <br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> The ability to communicate is a basic requirement of social life and the Bible includes numerous references to humanity's development of tools and techniques for communicating.<br /> <br /> The fundamental archetype of all communication, and the first mentioned in the Bible, is the word of God ([[Genesis 1]]). God speaks and it happens. In other cases, God uses intermediaries to communicate to humans: through angels, a donkey [[Numbers 22:28]], dreams, prophets, a disembodied hand [[Daniel 5]] and ultimately through Jesus [[Hebrews 1:1]] - [[Hebrews 1:2]]. Conversely, as attested throughout the Bible, we can communicate to God through spoken words.<br /> <br /> According to the story about the Tower of Babel ([[Genesis 11]]), God deliberately caused people to have multiple languages so we would not understand each other. Some may say that if God has imposed that restriction on us then we ought not work against it by developing better ways to communicate. But an approach with more Biblical support is one that parallels our response to the curses in [[Genesis 3]]. Although God says women will have pain in childbirth and men will have to toil hard to gather food, we do whatever we can to reduce that pain and toil. Correspondingly, it is completely in line with God's process of redemption that we seek to overcome barriers to communication. It's interesting that in the early Christian church, God used the opposite strategy from what he employed at Babel: empowering the apostles to speak ''multiple'' languages so that all people would understand the news of the risen Christ ([[Acts 2]]).<br /> <br /> The first reference in the Bible to writing is in [[Exodus 17:14]], where God instructs Moses to write on a scroll so that the defeat of the Amalekites would be remembered. Moses also writes on stone -- the second copy of the Ten Commandments in [[Exodus 34:28]]. About 1400 years later, Zechariah uses a writing table ([[Luke 1:63]]) and Paul requests Timothy to bring his scrolls and parchments ([[2 Timothy 4:13]]).<br /> <br /> Trumpets are used for communication, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together in [[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]. Paul makes reference to this type of signalling in [[1 Corinthians 14:8]] and [[1 Thessalonians 4:16]].<br /> <br /> The Bible mentions a library of government archives in [[Ezra 6:1]]. This is reported quite positively, because a document retrieved from that library enabled the returned Israeli exiles to continue rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem. This was in 5th century BC Babylon and a far cry from today's quick searches on Google! (As a historical aside, the first known example of such a library was the Hittite archives around 1300 BC -- in the time of the book of Judges. The Hittite archives probably even included a catalogue.)<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * [[Genesis 50:2]] -- mentions physicians and embalming, probably concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:7]] and [[Isaiah 38:21]] -- a poultice of figs is used to heal a boil<br /> * [[Ezekiel 30:21]] -- the use of a splint for a broken arm<br /> * [[Luke 10:34]] -- the Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging<br /> * [[Colossians 4:14]] -- Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician<br /> * [[1 Timothy 5:23]] -- Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; <br /> * [[Revelation 3:18]] -- God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * [[2 Chronicles 16:12]] -- King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors.<br /> * [[Jeremiah 8:22]] -- Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the wounds of Israel.<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=WikiChristian:Village_pump&diff=672428 WikiChristian:Village pump 2010-04-29T05:16:48Z <p>MatthewClarke: Something has changed in the templates</p> <hr /> <div>{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; width=&quot;315px&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;center&quot; | Archives<br /> ----<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> # [[WikiChristian:Village pump/Archive 1|Beginning - September 2007]]<br /> |}<br /> {{shortcut|[[WC:VP]]&lt;br&gt;[[WC:VILLAGE]]&lt;br&gt;[[WC:PUMP]]}}<br /> {{rtoc}}<br /> {{box | text=&lt;big&gt;This page is the main '''discussion forum''' for {{SITENAME}}. Please bring up any technical or organizational topics here. See also: [[Help:Contents]] page.&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Anonymous edits?==<br /> <br /> Vandalism seems to be on the decrease at WikiChristian. I wonder if now is a good time to re-allow anonymous edits. Any opinions? Plus, if we decide to do that, how do we do it? --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 07:13, 17 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> : It's a server-side. If it's the consensus, I can do it in two seconds. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 23:00, 17 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> :: Well, let's wait and see if anyone else comments. KW is the only other user who tends to work on WikiChristian daily. The users, India, PB Pilhet and Theologian seem to stop by on around a weekly basis. Prab of course drops in a sorts out problems from time to time. I reckon we wait a couple more days, and if no one else comments, and you're agreeable, go ahead and make the change. And if vandalism seems to rear its ugly head again, then we'll go back to the current system quick-smart. Thanks. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 23:10, 17 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> ::: No one else has commented. I say let's change it so anonymous editors can edit again. If we run in to problems with vandalism then we can reassess and revert back to the current system. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 16:38, 21 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> :::: Done. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 21:53, 21 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Users Who Vandalize WikiChristian==<br /> Around Christmas time 2008 we had a few registered users vandalize certain pages on WikiChristian and post inappropriate photos. Should we screen those who create logins and find out their intentions before we let them create a login? Some people create logins on wikis for the purpose of vandalizing the site. Wikipedia has a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism number of suggestions] to help deal with vandals. <br /> --[[User:DavidSpencer.ca|DavidSpencer.ca]] 23:46, 28 December 2008 (PST)<br /> : Some people want to be destructive and are willing to give their real name, email and more just to get at Christians. The more steps we put in ''their'' way, the more we're putting in the way of regular people who might want to contribute. Extra evil people will always exist and the steps we've taken preclude 99% of anonymous spam without inconveniencing human beings at all. I think we do almost enough as is. The guideline, however, which appear on the &quot;block&quot; page are ludicrously weak and don't take into account zombie computers or malicious sexual predators: they should be strengthened. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 23:55, 28 December 2008 (PST)<br /> <br /> ==Technical submissions==<br /> How does one upgrade constructive technical data? For example, at least the following should be placed in the Koine Greek section under 'diphthongs-ei : '''*''' ' <br /> <br /> : '''*''' Most introductory grammars of NT Greek incorrectly link ει to η. However, phonologists and historians of the Greek language are unanimous that ει was joined in sound to ι before the beginning of the NT era. This is also acknowledged by NT reference grammars like Moulton-Howard-Turner, AT Robertson, and Blass-Debrunner-Funk. This is visible everywhere in old documents, in papyri, in inscriptions, and in all manuscripts of the Greek New Testament. For example, the name Πιλατος was spelled Πειλατος in Westcott-Hort's Greek NT because it is most commonly spelled that way in ancient NT manuscripts. For a linguistically up-to-date survey of Greek sounds in the NT era, see http://www.biblicalulpan.org/pages/Common/Greek%20Pronunciation%20(2008).pdf<br /> <br /> :: I can appreciate that there is ''some'' debate among scholars about the finer points of ancient Greek and Hebrew pronunciation. However, this is a general, Christian wiki and not a specific platform for linguistic scholarship. We are content to go with the majority of textbooks on this issue and are not looking to side with any minority in on-going debates. There is more than enough work to do here in terms of defining words and listing basic, grammatical details without quibbling over the minutiae of one camp over against another. Also, please wait for a response in this (or any other forum) before getting into a revert war with an administrator. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 12:58, 1 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> ::: Thank you for the clarification and at least leaving this note in the discussion. My notes were listed because I thought this wiki was to be a window to general reliability. My second attempt was trying to find a compromise that would at least provide an option for accurate information for visitors, even if only in a footnote. As mentioned, there isn't debate on the facts, only whether to expose students to them. No reputable Greek phonologist would argue that ει was pronounced like English 'ei'/'neighbour' in the first century, but they recognize its linkage to ι. See Teodorsson, Allen, Gignac, Horrocks, Bubenick, in addition to Moulton, Robertson, Funk listed above, et al. I can understand Koine pedagogues not following what is known, but to call a consensus a 'minority' is strange and confirms its need. And both Classical and Koine pedagogues agree on German '''ue''' for υ-ψιλον. On your Hebrew notes, likewise, `ayin is not a glottal stop, though it may be difficult for Europeans to pronounce. It is a preferred way of reading the Hebrew Bible in synagogues the world over and is featured on Israeli television and radio everyday. A Christian wiki would want to reconnect a coming generation to the languages of scripture as much as possible and open up paths for them to advance to what can be achieved. It would be nice to hear Christian students fluently reading Hebrew scriptures, with understanding, in a way that would be respected in Israel. At least to dream about it. The wiki can inform the audience that there are levels of aspiration far beyond the wiki.--[[User:Koinedoctor|Koinedoctor]] 20:31, 1 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> :::: Of the dozens of editors who have come (and gone) of this wiki, you are the second to have even studied Greek and Hebrew at any level beyond passing. I merely suggest that this wiki reflect the overwhelming majority of university level education in the English-speaking world. Someone who practiced what you preach would need to be educated not merely in the specific you list, but also in the scholarship to defend them. Since we are not primarily interested in creating a Phonetics-Apologetics site, I deem it wisest to maintain the status-quo, however sub-par-excellence that may be. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 01:09, 2 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> ::::: If the status-quo led to levels where the student could think and rapidly communicate in Hebrew and Greek I would be with you. מה היה קורה אם עשינו את דיוננו בעברית - η - τι αν συνεβη ει διελογιζομεθα εν Ελληνικη ?--[[User:Koinedoctor|Koinedoctor]] 08:36, 2 February 2009 (PST)<br /> &lt;!-- why * come-together-3SAIA if deliberate-3SIIA in Greek --&gt;<br /> :::::: OK, your Greek and Hebrew are amazing. You win the award and we all owe you bragging rights and the place of honor. --End Sarcasm-- THIS IS NOT A SITE TO LEARN, let alone &quot;rapidly communicate in Greek or Hebrew&quot;. No one is coming here to learn a language. People who already know Greek and/or Hebrew would be stupid to come here for a resource. It is quite possible that you know more than anybody else, but this is not the site for it. This is a general, Christian wiki. Please consider each of those terms carefully. Consider your audience and who traffics this site. THINK ABOUT IT for a minute. Ugh. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 10:58, 2 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> Hello. I'm not much of Greek scholar, and unfortunately I don't know any Hebrew, so the argument above has been lost on me. Although I don't understand the argument I can see that there is too much emotion in the argument and I'd like to propose we add a little bit of grace into this discussion. If User:Koinedoctor feels that there are further notes about the alphabet that would be helpful, then why not create a page like [[Koine Greek: Alphabet - Further Details]] or something similar. How does that sound? Although I would probably be hard pressed to easily translate the words of Peter, luckily someone has already translated them into English for me - ''1 Peter 4:7-9 - The end of all things is near. Therefore be clear minded and self-controlled so that you can pray. Above all, love each other deeply, because love covers over a multitude of sins. Offer hospitality to one another without grumbling.'' Cheers. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 12:45, 3 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> : A nice verse, and I would hope that both Aquatiki and Koinedoctor are both appreciatively covered. Well, my primary purpose is to encourage Christian youth interested in biblical studies to go for gold. They are dedicating their lives to a Greek literature, yes God's Word, and a Hebrew literature, fully God's Word. They might only find out after a PhD that the language side of the 'gold' that they imagined needs a special track beyond what was in the status quo. (PS: I've only met a couple of Biblical Hebrew professors who became fluent in Hebrew after their PhD--out of more than a thousand.) - - For Hebrew, one could add a note that some of these sounds are different from any European language though they are still partially in use in Israel. If they wish to internalize the language and think in it, they will want to pick up those sounds, too. On Greek, one can note that historically speaking, the Greek language after Alexander the Great went through changes, including major changes in pronunciation, that are different 'from the above'. The changes affected the spelling of all of our manuscripts of the New Testament and presumably the writers. The Greek of New Testament times was already 75-80% along the way toward modern pronunciation. - Notes like these would be enough to plant a seed for whoever has the ears or calling from the Lord. It is what I would want of a Christian site and what I would hope to find if I were a teenager or young adult who landed here. --[[User:Koinedoctor|Koinedoctor]] 17:29, 3 February 2009 (PST)<br /> [[Category:WikiChristian]]<br /> <br /> ==New Idea==<br /> <br /> What does everyone think about including the Deuterocanon (known as the ''[[Apocrypha]]'' to Protestants) in the Bible section on WikiChristian? (or maybe a new section altogether?) The deutero is accepted as the inspired Word of God by over half of all professing Christians, so I think it's unfair to leave them completely out. Thoughts? :) -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 08:47, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : I'm for it. ~[[User:Darth Stabro|Darth Stabro]] &lt;sub&gt;~[[User_talk:Darth Stabro|(Talk)]]&lt;/sub&gt; 09:40, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : It's a good thought that inevitably is going to come up from time to time, but, paradoxically I both disagree and agree to a certain extent. There already is some information about the Deuterocanon in the Bible section. You can edit it and add information if you like. The major difficulty is that different denominations have different books that they consider Scripture. Protestants have 66 books they consider Scripture; the Roman Catholic Church has around 10 additional books included in Scripture; the Eastern Orthodox Church has around 15 additional books in its Scripture and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church has around 20 additional books. Thus we made the decision early in WikiChristian's history that only the 66 books that are considered part of the canon by all denominations would be taken as the Bible. That's not to say that we shouldn't write about the views of various denominations about which books are part of the Bible and which are not. So, yes I think it is good to talk about the Deuterocanon in the Bible section and talk about the views of different denominations regarding it, but, no, I am not in favour of putting the Deuterocanoniacal texts in the Bible name-spare (I think they need to stay in the Text name-space - see [[WikiChristian:Bible]]) and no, I am not in favour of changing the [[WikiChristian:Statement of Faith]] that states that the Bible &quot;contents are every book of the Protestant canon (at least).&quot; Anyway, that's my two-cents. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 19:43, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : I'm for it. Use the Bible name space to present the broadest accepted canon, and add pages that describe the variations. Each page showing text from disputed books can include a disclaimer to the effect that &quot;Not all Christians include this book in the Bible. See _whatever_ for clarification.&quot; I believe that inclusivity in that regard will encourage wider participation, and hence make WikiChristian a larger and more active community. [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 04:41, 28 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ::I think both Graham and Matt have good points... But personally (and that's just personally), I would like Matt's idea to be implemented. The problem with leaving the deuterocanonical writings in the &quot;Text&quot; name-space is that when Christians of either the Catholic or Orthodox branches go to look for their Scriptures they'll almost assuredly try typing something like &quot;Bible:Judith&quot; in the search bar, which will of course just lead them to a blank page. They'll then assume that WikiChristian only caters to/supports Protestantism and they'll leave the site. Even if everyone's against the disclaimer idea, I still think that we could at least upload the whole Deuterocanon (both the Catholic and Orthodox books) and simply create a redirect page in the Bible name-space leading to the Text name-space. On a side note, I think Graham's right when he says the Statement of Faith doesn't need to be changed. -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 06:05, 28 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ::: I like Justin's compromise idea a lot of uploading the Deuterocanon into the Text namespace and then redirecting Bible:... namespace to the Text:.... namespace. I think it's also important to hear Prab's view before we make any changes regarding this. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 15:30, 28 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Something has changed in the templates==<br /> I see a few page layout problems today:<br /> * InfoBoxes don't have a border<br /> * Tables don't have borders<br /> * The left pane has two search controls (the first of which is inoperable)<br /> Anyone know why? Can anyone fix it?<br /> [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 05:16, 29 April 2010 (UTC)</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gotaccount&diff=672427 MediaWiki:Gotaccount 2010-04-29T04:11:08Z <p>MatthewClarke: Not sure when this page is ever accessed, but it seems to make sense to include a link to WikiChristian:Username_Policy rather than just refer to it</p> <hr /> <div>Please follow the [[WikiChristian:Username Policy|Username Policy]] when making you username.<br /> Already have an account? $1.</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=WikiChristian:Village_pump&diff=672419 WikiChristian:Village pump 2010-04-28T04:41:32Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* New Idea */</p> <hr /> <div>{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; width=&quot;315px&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;center&quot; | Archives<br /> ----<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> # [[WikiChristian:Village pump/Archive 1|Beginning - September 2007]]<br /> |}<br /> {{shortcut|[[WC:VP]]&lt;br&gt;[[WC:VILLAGE]]&lt;br&gt;[[WC:PUMP]]}}<br /> {{rtoc}}<br /> {{box | text=&lt;big&gt;This page is the main '''discussion forum''' for {{SITENAME}}. Please bring up any technical or organizational topics here. See also: [[Help:Contents]] page.&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Anonymous edits?==<br /> <br /> Vandalism seems to be on the decrease at WikiChristian. I wonder if now is a good time to re-allow anonymous edits. Any opinions? Plus, if we decide to do that, how do we do it? --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 07:13, 17 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> : It's a server-side. If it's the consensus, I can do it in two seconds. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 23:00, 17 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> :: Well, let's wait and see if anyone else comments. KW is the only other user who tends to work on WikiChristian daily. The users, India, PB Pilhet and Theologian seem to stop by on around a weekly basis. Prab of course drops in a sorts out problems from time to time. I reckon we wait a couple more days, and if no one else comments, and you're agreeable, go ahead and make the change. And if vandalism seems to rear its ugly head again, then we'll go back to the current system quick-smart. Thanks. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 23:10, 17 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> ::: No one else has commented. I say let's change it so anonymous editors can edit again. If we run in to problems with vandalism then we can reassess and revert back to the current system. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 16:38, 21 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> :::: Done. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 21:53, 21 October 2008 (PDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Users Who Vandalize WikiChristian==<br /> Around Christmas time 2008 we had a few registered users vandalize certain pages on WikiChristian and post inappropriate photos. Should we screen those who create logins and find out their intentions before we let them create a login? Some people create logins on wikis for the purpose of vandalizing the site. Wikipedia has a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism number of suggestions] to help deal with vandals. <br /> --[[User:DavidSpencer.ca|DavidSpencer.ca]] 23:46, 28 December 2008 (PST)<br /> : Some people want to be destructive and are willing to give their real name, email and more just to get at Christians. The more steps we put in ''their'' way, the more we're putting in the way of regular people who might want to contribute. Extra evil people will always exist and the steps we've taken preclude 99% of anonymous spam without inconveniencing human beings at all. I think we do almost enough as is. The guideline, however, which appear on the &quot;block&quot; page are ludicrously weak and don't take into account zombie computers or malicious sexual predators: they should be strengthened. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 23:55, 28 December 2008 (PST)<br /> <br /> ==Technical submissions==<br /> How does one upgrade constructive technical data? For example, at least the following should be placed in the Koine Greek section under 'diphthongs-ei : '''*''' ' <br /> <br /> : '''*''' Most introductory grammars of NT Greek incorrectly link ει to η. However, phonologists and historians of the Greek language are unanimous that ει was joined in sound to ι before the beginning of the NT era. This is also acknowledged by NT reference grammars like Moulton-Howard-Turner, AT Robertson, and Blass-Debrunner-Funk. This is visible everywhere in old documents, in papyri, in inscriptions, and in all manuscripts of the Greek New Testament. For example, the name Πιλατος was spelled Πειλατος in Westcott-Hort's Greek NT because it is most commonly spelled that way in ancient NT manuscripts. For a linguistically up-to-date survey of Greek sounds in the NT era, see http://www.biblicalulpan.org/pages/Common/Greek%20Pronunciation%20(2008).pdf<br /> <br /> :: I can appreciate that there is ''some'' debate among scholars about the finer points of ancient Greek and Hebrew pronunciation. However, this is a general, Christian wiki and not a specific platform for linguistic scholarship. We are content to go with the majority of textbooks on this issue and are not looking to side with any minority in on-going debates. There is more than enough work to do here in terms of defining words and listing basic, grammatical details without quibbling over the minutiae of one camp over against another. Also, please wait for a response in this (or any other forum) before getting into a revert war with an administrator. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 12:58, 1 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> ::: Thank you for the clarification and at least leaving this note in the discussion. My notes were listed because I thought this wiki was to be a window to general reliability. My second attempt was trying to find a compromise that would at least provide an option for accurate information for visitors, even if only in a footnote. As mentioned, there isn't debate on the facts, only whether to expose students to them. No reputable Greek phonologist would argue that ει was pronounced like English 'ei'/'neighbour' in the first century, but they recognize its linkage to ι. See Teodorsson, Allen, Gignac, Horrocks, Bubenick, in addition to Moulton, Robertson, Funk listed above, et al. I can understand Koine pedagogues not following what is known, but to call a consensus a 'minority' is strange and confirms its need. And both Classical and Koine pedagogues agree on German '''ue''' for υ-ψιλον. On your Hebrew notes, likewise, `ayin is not a glottal stop, though it may be difficult for Europeans to pronounce. It is a preferred way of reading the Hebrew Bible in synagogues the world over and is featured on Israeli television and radio everyday. A Christian wiki would want to reconnect a coming generation to the languages of scripture as much as possible and open up paths for them to advance to what can be achieved. It would be nice to hear Christian students fluently reading Hebrew scriptures, with understanding, in a way that would be respected in Israel. At least to dream about it. The wiki can inform the audience that there are levels of aspiration far beyond the wiki.--[[User:Koinedoctor|Koinedoctor]] 20:31, 1 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> :::: Of the dozens of editors who have come (and gone) of this wiki, you are the second to have even studied Greek and Hebrew at any level beyond passing. I merely suggest that this wiki reflect the overwhelming majority of university level education in the English-speaking world. Someone who practiced what you preach would need to be educated not merely in the specific you list, but also in the scholarship to defend them. Since we are not primarily interested in creating a Phonetics-Apologetics site, I deem it wisest to maintain the status-quo, however sub-par-excellence that may be. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 01:09, 2 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> ::::: If the status-quo led to levels where the student could think and rapidly communicate in Hebrew and Greek I would be with you. מה היה קורה אם עשינו את דיוננו בעברית - η - τι αν συνεβη ει διελογιζομεθα εν Ελληνικη ?--[[User:Koinedoctor|Koinedoctor]] 08:36, 2 February 2009 (PST)<br /> &lt;!-- why * come-together-3SAIA if deliberate-3SIIA in Greek --&gt;<br /> :::::: OK, your Greek and Hebrew are amazing. You win the award and we all owe you bragging rights and the place of honor. --End Sarcasm-- THIS IS NOT A SITE TO LEARN, let alone &quot;rapidly communicate in Greek or Hebrew&quot;. No one is coming here to learn a language. People who already know Greek and/or Hebrew would be stupid to come here for a resource. It is quite possible that you know more than anybody else, but this is not the site for it. This is a general, Christian wiki. Please consider each of those terms carefully. Consider your audience and who traffics this site. THINK ABOUT IT for a minute. Ugh. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] 10:58, 2 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> Hello. I'm not much of Greek scholar, and unfortunately I don't know any Hebrew, so the argument above has been lost on me. Although I don't understand the argument I can see that there is too much emotion in the argument and I'd like to propose we add a little bit of grace into this discussion. If User:Koinedoctor feels that there are further notes about the alphabet that would be helpful, then why not create a page like [[Koine Greek: Alphabet - Further Details]] or something similar. How does that sound? Although I would probably be hard pressed to easily translate the words of Peter, luckily someone has already translated them into English for me - ''1 Peter 4:7-9 - The end of all things is near. Therefore be clear minded and self-controlled so that you can pray. Above all, love each other deeply, because love covers over a multitude of sins. Offer hospitality to one another without grumbling.'' Cheers. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 12:45, 3 February 2009 (PST)<br /> <br /> : A nice verse, and I would hope that both Aquatiki and Koinedoctor are both appreciatively covered. Well, my primary purpose is to encourage Christian youth interested in biblical studies to go for gold. They are dedicating their lives to a Greek literature, yes God's Word, and a Hebrew literature, fully God's Word. They might only find out after a PhD that the language side of the 'gold' that they imagined needs a special track beyond what was in the status quo. (PS: I've only met a couple of Biblical Hebrew professors who became fluent in Hebrew after their PhD--out of more than a thousand.) - - For Hebrew, one could add a note that some of these sounds are different from any European language though they are still partially in use in Israel. If they wish to internalize the language and think in it, they will want to pick up those sounds, too. On Greek, one can note that historically speaking, the Greek language after Alexander the Great went through changes, including major changes in pronunciation, that are different 'from the above'. The changes affected the spelling of all of our manuscripts of the New Testament and presumably the writers. The Greek of New Testament times was already 75-80% along the way toward modern pronunciation. - Notes like these would be enough to plant a seed for whoever has the ears or calling from the Lord. It is what I would want of a Christian site and what I would hope to find if I were a teenager or young adult who landed here. --[[User:Koinedoctor|Koinedoctor]] 17:29, 3 February 2009 (PST)<br /> [[Category:WikiChristian]]<br /> <br /> ==New Idea==<br /> <br /> What does everyone think about including the Deuterocanon (known as the ''[[Apocrypha]]'' to Protestants) in the Bible section on WikiChristian? (or maybe a new section altogether?) The deutero is accepted as the inspired Word of God by over half of all professing Christians, so I think it's unfair to leave them completely out. Thoughts? :) -- [[User:P.B. Pilhet|P.B. Pilhet]] / [[User talk:P.B. Pilhet|Talk]] 08:47, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : I'm for it. ~[[User:Darth Stabro|Darth Stabro]] &lt;sub&gt;~[[User_talk:Darth Stabro|(Talk)]]&lt;/sub&gt; 09:40, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : It's a good thought that inevitably is going to come up from time to time, but, paradoxically I both disagree and agree to a certain extent. There already is some information about the Deuterocanon in the Bible section. You can edit it and add information if you like. The major difficulty is that different denominations have different books that they consider Scripture. Protestants have 66 books they consider Scripture; the Roman Catholic Church has around 10 additional books included in Scripture; the Eastern Orthodox Church has around 15 additional books in its Scripture and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church has around 20 additional books. Thus we made the decision early in WikiChristian's history that only the 66 books that are considered part of the canon by all denominations would be taken as the Bible. That's not to say that we shouldn't write about the views of various denominations about which books are part of the Bible and which are not. So, yes I think it is good to talk about the Deuterocanon in the Bible section and talk about the views of different denominations regarding it, but, no, I am not in favour of putting the Deuterocanoniacal texts in the Bible name-spare (I think they need to stay in the Text name-space - see [[WikiChristian:Bible]]) and no, I am not in favour of changing the [[WikiChristian:Statement of Faith]] that states that the Bible &quot;contents are every book of the Protestant canon (at least).&quot; Anyway, that's my two-cents. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 19:43, 27 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> <br /> : I'm for it. Use the Bible name space to present the broadest accepted canon, and add pages that describe the variations. Each page showing text from disputed books can include a disclaimer to the effect that &quot;Not all Christians include this book in the Bible. See _whatever_ for clarification.&quot; I believe that inclusivity in that regard will encourage wider participation, and hence make WikiChristian a larger and more active community. [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 04:41, 28 April 2010 (UTC)</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Talk:Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672399 Talk:Technology in the Bible 2010-04-27T04:40:39Z <p>MatthewClarke: reply to Graham</p> <hr /> <div>Wow, this is a becoming a quite a thorough article and really quite enjoyable and interesting to read. Thanks Matthew. --[[User:Graham grove|Graham]] 05:42, 26 April 2010 (UTC)<br /> ::Thanks. I'm enjoying it too, though it has taken a lot longer than I hoped. I am trying to move faster now becuase I am preparing a three-day seminar on Christina responses to technology, to be delivered in South Africa at the end of June. [[User:MatthewClarke|Matt]] 04:40, 27 April 2010 (UTC)</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672386 Technology in the Bible 2010-04-26T04:38:16Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Craftsmen */ spelling</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{stub}}<br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food required candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark, the Tabernacle and the Temple, God dictates a detailed design but not the construction methods.<br /> <br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> * Writing<br /> * scrolls<br /> * trumpets, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together ([[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]<br /> * libraries and archives<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * [[Genesis 50:2]] -- mentions physicians and embalming, probably concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:7]] and [[Isaiah 38:21]] -- a poultice of figs is used to heal a boil<br /> * [[Ezekiel 30:21]] -- the use of a splint for a broken arm<br /> * [[Luke 10:34]] -- the Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging<br /> * [[Colossians 4:14]] -- Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician<br /> * [[1 Timothy 5:23]] -- Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; <br /> * [[Revelation 3:18]] -- God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * [[2 Chronicles 16:12]] -- King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors.<br /> * [[Jeremiah 8:22]] -- Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the wounds of Israel.<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Technology_in_the_Bible&diff=672385 Technology in the Bible 2010-04-26T04:37:37Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Craftsmen */ finished</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents | <br /> topic_name = Technology in the Bible|<br /> subtopics = [[Biblical references to technology]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{stub}}<br /> <br /> On the page [[Biblical references to technology]], we have tried to catalogue and comment on specific verses that mention technology of any kind. That catalogue provides the raw data for the more thematic comments on this current page.<br /> <br /> There are no passages in the Bible that explicitly prescribe a Christian response to technology. Nevertheless, a close reading of the Bible can inform Christian attitudes in several ways:<br /> * We can correlate the Biblical text to other sources of history to understand the prevalence, cultural assumptions and economic importance of technology.<br /> * We can infer what attitudes and assumptions the Biblical writers held with regard to their experiences of technology in their own age, and use those as case studies to inform our own attitudes and assumptions.<br /> * We can learn about how people have employed technology for both godly and ungodly purposes and derive principles for our own decisions about the value of technology.<br /> <br /> In the end, there is no fundamental difference between how Christians should decide about the use of technology and how they should decide about most of life's questions. When there is no definitive Biblical statement on the topic, we apply core principles of Christian discipleship such as the call to stewardship over creation, the Great Commandments ([[Matthew 22:37]] - [[Matthew 22:40]]), a desire for holiness, a total reliance on God, a commitment to the community of faith, and an expectation that God will give us wisdom ([[James 1:5]]).<br /> <br /> == Metaphoric applications of technology ==<br /> <br /> Many verses in the Bible uses some type of technology as a metaphor for something more spiritual. Examples include:<br /> * Winnowing out the wicked ([[Proverbs 20:23]], [[Luke 3:17]])<br /> * Job says his days go past as fast as a weaver's shuttle ([[Job 7:6]])<br /> * God is a shield around us ([[Psalm 3:3]] and many other places)<br /> * God's word is a lamp ([[Psalm 119:105]]) and sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]])<br /> * God as refiner ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Malachi 3:2]], [[Zechariah 13:9]])<br /> * Jeremiah was as strong as a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall ([[Jeremiah 1:18]])<br /> * God uses Israel to 'test the metal' of other nations ([[Jeremiah 6:27]]ff)<br /> * The tongue is like a bow, shooting lies ([[Jeremiah 9:3]], [[Jeremiah 9:8]])<br /> * Paul instructs us to put on the armour of God ([[Ephesians 6:13]]ff)<br /> * God's heart laments for Moab like a flute ([[Jeremiah 48:36]])<br /> * God's arrows can discipline us ([[Psalm 38:2]]), even the deadly arrow of famine ([[Ezekiel 5:16]])<br /> * A [[yoke]] symbolises a burden or oppression or a bond, often in the context of God relieving that burden (e.g. [[Genesis 27:40]], [[Exodus 6:6]], [[Leviticus 26:13]], [[1 Kings 12:3]]ff, [[Psalm 106:28]], [[Matthew 11:28]], [[2 Corinthians 6:14]], [[Galatians 5:1]])<br /> * The hearts of unrepentant Israel are like hot ovens, fired by intrigue, lust, wine and passion ([[Hosea 7:4]] - [[Hosea 7:7]])<br /> * A plumb-line provides a standard reference point against which our conduct can be judged ([[Amos 7:7]] - [[Amos 7:8]], [[Isaiah 28:17]])<br /> * Our bodies are like clay jars ([[2 Corinthians 4:7]]) and like tents ([[2 Corinthians 5:1]])<br /> * The Laodiceans are advised to buy salve for their eyes ([[Revelation 3:18]])<br /> <br /> Jesus makes powerful metaphoric use of technology to draw his audience from something that they know well towards some new spiritual concept. This is both great communication and tacit approval for the use of technology. Some examples are:<br /> <br /> * The kingdom of God is like a fishing net ([[Matthew 13:47]])<br /> * Don't hide a lamp under a bowl ([[Mark 4:21]])<br /> * Vineyards and wine-presses (e.g. [[Mark 12:1]])<br /> <br /> The frequency of metaphoric references indicates a broad acceptance among the Biblical writers of the technologies of their time. If the writers were in any way opposed to technology, we could expect them to avoid these types of metaphors, or to use technological metaphors dismissively or scornfully. But none of that is evident.<br /> <br /> == God's use of technology ==<br /> <br /> God needs no technology to accomplish any of God's purposes. Although God uses various ''techniques'', no ''tools'' are required. God achieves the desired ends by simply speaking things into being. God's word caused the whole universe to be created ([[Genesis 1]], [[John 1]]). God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword ([[Hebrews 4:12]]) -- by implication, God's word is more effective than any technology.<br /> <br /> There are times, however, when God chooses to use technology (normally metaphorically) to interact with humans. For instance:<br /> * God is a refining fire/furnace, consuming the dross and purifying God's people ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Ezekiel 22:17]] - [[Ezekiel 22:22]], [[Malachi 3:2]])<br /> * God created a chariot of fire to carry Elijah away ([[2 Kings 2:11]]<br /> <br /> Jesus used various technologies: as a carpenter he would have used wood-working tools; he travelled in boats; wore clothes; lived in houses; made a whip. But he didn't ''need'' any technology: he could turn water into wine rather than rely on the traditional technique ([[John 2:1]] - [[John 2:10]]); he could walk on water rather than rely on a boat ([[John 6:19]]); no doubt he used doors and yet he could pass through a locked door ([[John 20:19]], [[John 20:26]]).<br /> <br /> God is often said to use weapons:<br /> * God uses a sword to keep people away from the tree of life ([[Genesis 3:24]])<br /> * God wields Assyria as a weapon against Israel ([[Isaiah 10:15]])<br /> * God uses Babylon as a sword against Israel ([[Ezekiel 21]])<br /> * God punishes with a sword (e.g. [[Isaiah 27:1]], [[Isaiah 34:5]], [[Isaiah 66:16]], [[Jeremiah 9:16]], [[Jeremiah 12:12]])<br /> * Israel is God's weapon ([[Jeremiah 51:20]] - [[Jeremiah 51:23]])<br /> * God gives Israel horns of iron and hoofs of bronze with which to break to pieces many nations ([[Micah 4:13]])<br /> * Jesus wields a sharp double-edged sword ([[Revelation 1:16]], [[Revelation 2:12]])<br /> <br /> ==Technology in relation to Redemption==<br /> <br /> In [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/11/four-questions-for-technology-from-the-biblical-story Four Questions for Technology from the Biblical Story] and [http://donteatthefruit.com/2009/07/from-the-garden-to-the-city-technology-in-the-story-of-redemptive From the Garden to the City: Technology in the Story of Redemption], John Dyer suggests that:<br /> * When a person creates a new tool, the display of creativity and ingenuity glorifies God by displaying the ''imago dei'' even if the inventor was not attempting to do so. ('''Reflection''')<br /> * All technology has the potential to be used for sin. Technology is inseparably tied to humanity’s rejection of God and God’s grace toward humanity in allowing us to continue. ('''Rebellion''')<br /> * Technology is almost always designed to overcome an effect of the Fall. It, therefore, can function redemptively and yet simultaneously represent the inadequacy of our attempts to live without God. ('''Redemption''')<br /> * When technology fails, rather than causing us sadness and grief, they offer us a chance to reorient our hope away from our technology and toward Christ’s return. So when you get a blue screen of death or an iPhone lockup, rather than curse in disgust, it should be an opportunity to say, “Come, Lord Jesus, Come!” ('''Restoration''')<br /> <br /> == Musical instruments ==<br /> <br /> To the extent that music requires a manufactured instrument, it involves technology. We may think that &quot;technology&quot; only implies modern electronic devices, but at various times in history all musical instruments must have seemed like new-fangled technology. The instruments themselves are tools for achieving some human purpose and hence are a form of technology. The ability to manufacture musical instruments also implies the use of other tools.<br /> <br /> The Bible is extremely positive in the way it describes musical instruments, especially in the context of those instruments being used to praise God. [[Psalm 150]] is the prime example of this.<br /> <br /> Numerous types of instruments are mentioned in the Bible, including:<br /> * Stringed instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=harp harps], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lyre lyres], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=lute lutes]<br /> * Wind instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=trumpet trumpets], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=horn horns], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=flute flutes], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=pipes pipes]<br /> * Percussion instruments such as [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=tambourine tambourines], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=bells bells], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=cymbal cymbals], [http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=sistrum sistrum]<br /> <br /> See the book &quot;[http://www.amazon.com/Musical-Instruments-Bible-Jeremy-Montagu/dp/0810842823/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250635954&amp;sr=8-1 Musical Instruments Of The Bible]&quot; by [http://jeremymontagu.co.uk/ Jeremy Montagu].<br /> <br /> == Metal refining ==<br /> <br /> The first mention of metalwork in the Bible is quite early: [[Genesis 4:22]] describes Tubal-Cain as a forger of bronze and iron tools. Silver money is mentioned in [[Genesis 20:16]] and gold jewellery in [[Genesis 24:22]]. These references imply the existence and acceptance of mining, refining, furnaces, and weighing.<br /> <br /> [[1 Kings 7:46]] indicates that bronze was fashioned into many ornate shapes by casting it in clay moulds.<br /> <br /> The process of metal refining is applied metaphorically to the human condition in several places, including [[Proverbs 17:3]], [[Proverbs 25:5]] - [[Proverbs 25:6]], [[Proverbs 27:21]], [[Isaiah 48:10]], [[Jeremiah 6:27]] - [[Jeremiah 6:30]] and [[Zechariah 13:9]]. An important component of that process is the removal of dross ([[Isaiah 1:25]], [[Jeremiah 6:29]]), which can only be done when the raw materials are heated to melting point. To achieve our purification, God is a refiner's fire ([[Malachi 3:2]]). Virtually the same point is made by another Biblical metaphor: that of winnowing to separate the grain from the chaff (e.g. [[Proverbs 20:26]], [[Isaiah 41:15]], [[Luke 3:17]]).<br /> <br /> The Bible also points out that gold is less desirable than the law of the Lord ([[Psalm 19:10]]) and of less worth than faith ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).<br /> <br /> == Craftsmen ==<br /> <br /> Craftsmen (I don't know if the Biblical terminology includes women or not) are people who use the tools of their trade -- be it pottery, fabric, carpentry, metal work or stone masonry -- to fashion raw materials into something useful or beautiful. What they fashion might be honouring to God or not. In the latter case the Bible is obviously critical -- for instance the condemnation in [[Deuteronomy 27:15]] of craftsmen who make idols, and Paul's response to the opposition of &quot;Alexander the metalworker&quot; in [[2 Timothy 4:14]].<br /> <br /> The skills and the wisdom of craftsmen are bestowed by God ([[Exodus 28:3]], [[Exodus 35:31]]). In fact Wisdom herself is referred to as the craftsman at God's side ([Proverbs 8:30]]). One of the outcomes of God's craftsmanship is us -- &quot;we are God's workmanship&quot; according to [[Ephesians 2:10]]. God crafts us with the tools of love, grace, relationships with others, suffering and the Spirit of Christ Jesus within us. We have been manufactured for a purpose and to the extent that our creative workmanship honours God, we are functioning as designed.<br /> <br /> From [[Exodus 26]] to [[Exodus 30]], God describes his design for the Tabernacle, and a list of the required furnishings, priestly garments etc. Then, in [[Exodus 31:1]] - [[Exodus 31:11]], God appoints Bezalel as the chief craftsman and Oholiab as his assistant. Note the phrases &quot;I have chosen&quot;, &quot;I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge&quot;, and &quot;I have given skill to all the craftsmen&quot;. The role of the craftsman is no less spiritual or dependent on God than those who serve in other ways. This is reminiscent of the selection of deacons in [[Acts 6]], where even the menial task of handing out food requried candidates who were &quot;full of the Spirit and wisdom&quot;. No less is true of modern technologists, who must still recognise that the abilities with which they serve God were given by God in the first place. To serve God as a computer programmer or engineer or doctor requires us to be filled with the Spirit and wisdom of God.<br /> <br /> Bezalel and Oholiab were generalists, who could create artistic designs and undertake work in metal, stone and wood. They also lead and managed other craftsmen. In [[Exodus 35:30]] - [[Exodus 35:35]], Moses extends their mandate to include teaching. We continue to recognise leadership, management and teaching as important roles for technologists. The best technologists not only design and create, but also pass on their knowledge and act as role-models who show how a true craftsman brings glory to God.<br /> <br /> Another interesting example of the appointment of a senior craftsman is when Solomon requests assistance to build the Temple from the king of Tyre ([[2 Chronicles 2:7]]), who responds by sending Huram-Abi ([[2 Chronicles 2:13]] - [[2 Chronicles 2:14]], see also [[1 Kings 7:13]] - [[1 Kings 7:14]]). Lest the reader wonder about a hired foreigner playing such a major role in the building of the Temple, the writer points out that Huram's mother was Jewish. Huram's skills are similar to Bezalel's and Oholiab's, as well as being proficient in textiles and engraving.<br /> <br /> In summary, craftsmen are honoured in the Bible to the extent that they apply their skills to God's glory. Their use of technology for that end is repeatedly encouraged.<br /> <br /> == Design and construction ==<br /> <br /> In the Old Testament accounts of Noah's Ark, the Tabernacle and the Temple, God dictates a detailed design but not the construction methods.<br /> <br /> <br /> == God's people appropriate technology from other cultures ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Communication technology ==<br /> <br /> * Writing<br /> * scrolls<br /> * trumpets, especially for signals during battle or to sound an alarm. Moses was specifically instructed to make two silver trumpets to call the community together ([[Numbers 10:1]] - [[Numbers 10:10]]<br /> * libraries and archives<br /> <br /> == Medicine ==<br /> <br /> An important aspect of Jesus' mission was to heal the sick, and although he tended to do so by supernatural means, the Bible reflects a positive attitude to doctors and medical treatment. For example, <br /> <br /> * [[Genesis 50:2]] -- mentions physicians and embalming, probably concepts that Joseph learnt from his time in Egypt<br /> * [[2 Kings 20:7]] and [[Isaiah 38:21]] -- a poultice of figs is used to heal a boil<br /> * [[Ezekiel 30:21]] -- the use of a splint for a broken arm<br /> * [[Luke 10:34]] -- the Good Samaritan used bandages, oil and wine to treat the victim of a mugging<br /> * [[Colossians 4:14]] -- Paul refers to Luke as the beloved physician<br /> * [[1 Timothy 5:23]] -- Paul advises Timothy to &quot;use a little wine because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses&quot; <br /> * [[Revelation 3:18]] -- God recommends that the Laodiceans buy salve to put on their eyes<br /> <br /> The Biblical view, however, is that medical technology and techniques are not the whole story.<br /> <br /> * [[2 Chronicles 16:12]] -- King Asa is criticised for not praying about his illness, but only seeking the advice of doctors.<br /> * [[Jeremiah 8:22]] -- Surely there are doctors and medicine in Gilead, but none of them can heal the wounds of Israel.<br /> <br /> What doctors cannot heal, Jesus can! -- the women who had bleed for 12 years is a good example ([[Mark 5:26]]).<br /> <br /> <br /> == Agriculture and biology ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Military technology ==<br /> <br /> Swords<br /> Spears<br /> Siege ramps<br /> Bows and arrows<br /> Chariots<br /> <br /> == Idolatry ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Measurement ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Responsibility ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Trust God rather than technology ==<br /> <br /> * Tower of Babel [[Genesis 11]]<br /> * [[Exodus 20:4]]<br /> * [[Deuteronomy 6:10]] ff, [[Deuteronomy 8:10]] ff<br /> * [[Job 28]]<br /> * [[Psalm 20:7]]<br /> * [[Proverbs 18:10]] f<br /> * [[Isaiah 31:1]]<br /> * [[Jeremiah 2:13]]<br /> * [[John 10:1]] - [[John 10:13]] Consider technology playing the role of thief in this parable. Technology cares nothing for the sheep. People who look for a technological shortcut into paradise will be disappointed. <br /> <br /> == God is greater than any technology ==<br /> <br /> I guess that is true by definition since God is the creator of all there is, but here are a few specific examples:<br /> <br /> * [[Hebrews 4:12]] God's word is sharper than any double-edged sword<br /> <br /> <br /> {{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christianity and technology]]</div> MatthewClarke http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&diff=672380 Catholic Encyclopedia 2010-04-25T05:36:15Z <p>MatthewClarke: /* Links */ make reference formats consistent</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Contents |<br /> topic_name = Catholic Encyclopedia |<br /> subtopics = [[Roman Catholicism]] |<br /> opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''''Catholic Encyclopedia''''', also referred to today as the '''Old Catholic Encyclopedia''', is an English-language encyclopedia published by [[The Encyclopedia Press]]. The first volume appeared in March 1907 and it was completed in April 1914. It was designed &quot;to give its readers full and authoritative information on the entire cycle of Catholic interests, action and doctrine.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Encyclopedia_preface Preface] to the ''Catholic Encyclopedia''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Intent===<br /> <br /> The encyclopedia was designed to serve the [[Roman Catholic Church]], excluding information which has no relation to the Church and explaining matters from the point of view of the official Catholic doctrine, as it stood during the pontificate of [[Pius X]]. It records the accomplishments of Catholics and some others in nearly all intellectual and professional pursuits, including artists, educators, poets and scientists. While more limited than other general encyclopedias, it was far broader in scope than previous efforts at comprehensive Catholic encyclopedias, which had studied only internal Church affairs.<br /> <br /> It also offers in-depth portrayals of historical and philosophical ideas, persons and events, from the Roman Catholic point-of-view. On issues that divide Catholicism from other Churches and Protestant ecclesial communities, the text presents matters from the Catholic point of view. Since the encyclopedia was first undertaken in 1913, some of its entries are not up-to-date, either with respect to the secular domain or to the Catholic ecclesiastical world. In particular, it predates [[The Second Vatican Council]], which introduced significant changes in Catholic practice.<br /> <br /> ===History===<br /> <br /> The writing of the encyclopedia began on January 11, 1905 under the supervision of five editors:<br /> *Charles G. Herbermann, Professor of Latin and Librarian of the College of the City of New York<br /> *Edward A. Pace, Professor of Philosophy at The Catholic University of America, at Washington D.C.<br /> *Condé B. Pallen, Editor<br /> *Rev. Thomas J. Shahan, Professor of Church History at the Catholic University.<br /> *Rev. John J. Wynne, S.J., Editor of ''The Messenger''<br /> <br /> The editors, all situated in the [[United States of America]], had their first editorial meeting at the office of ''The Messenger'', on West 16th Street, New York City. The text received a Nihil Obstat (&quot;nothing hinders&quot;) from an official censor Remy Lafort on November 1, 1908 and an Imprimatur (&quot;let it be printed&quot;) from John Cardinal Farley, who was Archbishop of New York at the time. This review process was presumably accelerated by the reuse of older authorized publications. In addition to frequent informal conferences and constant communication by letters, the editors subsequently held 134 formal meetings to consider the plan, scope and progress of the work, culminating in publication on April 19, 1913. A supplement was published in 1922.<br /> <br /> There was controversy over the presence of the Catholic Encyclopedia in public libraries with nativist protests that this violated the separation of church and state, including a successful appeal in Bellville.&lt;ref&gt;p. 412, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s1pzTh9oh2gC Separation of Church and State], by [[Philip Hamburger]], 2002, Harvard University Press&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The encyclopedia was later updated under the auspices of The Catholic University of America and a 17-volume ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' was first published in 1967, and then in 2002.<br /> <br /> ===Internet version===<br /> <br /> While the encyclopedia does present information from a Catholic perspective, it often offers in-depth and accurate portrayals of historical and philosophical ideas, persons and events. Due to its [[public domain]] status, content from the 1913 edition can be incorporated into any work, as long as an individual does not try to pass off articles or information from the encyclopedia as his or her own. Text from the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' appears, sometimes in an edited form, in online reference works such as Wikipedia.<br /> <br /> Under United States copyright law, all works published in the United States before 1923 are in the public domain. In 1993, Kevin Knight, then a 26-year-old resident of Denver, Colorado, was inspired, during the visit of [[Pope John Paul II]] to that city for World Youth Day, to launch a project to publish the 1913 edition of the encyclopedia on the Internet. Knight founded the website [[New Advent]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org New Advent - newadvent.org&lt;/ref&gt; to house the undertaking. Volunteers from the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[France]] and [[Brazil]] helped in the transcription of the original material. The site went online in 1995 and transcription efforts stopped in 1997.<br /> <br /> In 2007 [[Catholic Answers]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic.com Catholic Answers]&lt;/ref&gt; published an authorative version&lt;ref&gt;[http://oce.catholic.com]&lt;/ref&gt; derived from page scans, (with complete article text, full-sized page scans, colour illustrations &lt;ref&gt;[http://oce.catholic.com/illustrations.php]&lt;/ref&gt; and maps&lt;ref&gt;[http://oce.catholic.com/maps.php maps]&lt;/ref&gt;) thus avoiding problems of missing articles and transcription errors found on other sites. <br /> <br /> ==Quotes==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Links==<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/ Catholic Encyclopedia] at Catholic.com<br /> ** 100% of all articles<br /> ** accurate article text (no transcription errors)<br /> ** plus full-scale page scans<br /> ** Map Gallery (color images)<br /> ** Art Gallery (including full-page color plates, photos, illustrations, etc.)<br /> ** Article, Title, and Scan Search<br /> * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/index.html Catholic Encyclopedia] on New Advent (easy search, also offers this in CD form)<br /> * [http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/ Catholic Encyclopedia] on Catholicity (search via www.googlesyndicatedsearch.com)<br /> * [http://www.enciclopediacatolica.com Enciclopedia Catolica (Spanish)]<br /> <br /> ===Volumes published on catholic.com===<br /> Access to page scans is provided by Catholic Answers'&lt;ref&gt;[http://oce.catholic.com/ Original Catholic Encyclopedia]&lt;/ref&gt; site<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=879ba9e476d2be23817001d46affb01d&amp;o=g Volume 1: Aachen - Assize]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=907ec4e3aaf3faad50a003405ecf8023&amp;o=g Volume 2: Assizes - Browne]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=075f9831a3b3b107569003c2e6b7f034&amp;o=g Volume 3: Brownson - Clairvaux]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=f4211014dc63d55be68003f87ba21042&amp;o=g Volume 4: Clandestinity - Diocesan]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=211b42f9899eeebfdcd0030512add053&amp;o=g Volume 5: Diocese - Fathers]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=879ba9e476d2be23817001d46affb06d&amp;o=g Volume 6: Fathers - Gregory]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=993184eb56c7b4306dd00199d38bd071&amp;o=g Volume 7: Gregory - Infallibility]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=de9d305a4c5c9fc964a003f5f5b9008c&amp;o=g Volume 8: Infamy - Lapparent]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=9b526c0436ace61adf6003dbe3b16096&amp;o=g Volume 9: Laprade - Mass]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=879ba9e476d2be23817003d46affb10d&amp;o=g Volume 10: Mass - Newman]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=8ba45cb2e6e6198d895003124041b113&amp;o=g Volume 11: New Mexico - Philip]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=2cf34c4cffb02738521003316d04c126&amp;o=g Volume 12: Philip - Reuss]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=3cee73ffdd67974c18c003eeeba7a13a&amp;o=g Volume 13: Revelation - Simon]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=645583049896f31d1a7003f5d36ae14b&amp;o=g Volume 14: Simony - Tournely]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=ad89fad84b7c8792370003d39308c153&amp;o=g Volume 15: Tournon - Zwirner]<br /> * [http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?p=9879bae476d2be23817001d46affb16d&amp;o=g Volume 16: Supplement]<br /> <br /> ===Volumes published by Google Books===<br /> The 1922 supplement to the Encyclopedia is also in the public domain, but as of 2007 has not been placed on-line. The ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' is available online at some libraries. The scanned copies of it is also available on Google Books (as at 25 April 2010, Google books no longer provides a preview of this book).<br /> <br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmgQAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA246&amp;dq=Cornelius+Sneek,+O.P.,+assures+us+that+he+was+born+in+Brittany.#PPP13,M1 Volume 1]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=w00sAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP13&amp;dq=%22list+of+contributors+to+the+second+volume%22&amp;as_brr=1#PPP11,M1 Volume 2]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=T87lXuBR2vsC&amp;pg=PP14&amp;dq=%22list+of+contributors+to+the+third+volume%22&amp;as_brr=1#PPP11,M1 Volume 3]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=2GcQAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA4&amp;dq=St.+Francis,+who+at+once+recognized+in+Clare+one+of+those+chosen+souls+destined+by+God+for+great+things,+and+who+also,+doubtless,+foresaw&amp;as_brr=1 Volume 4]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=-aSQNo8kNqIC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;dq=Falling+into+bad+habits+he+led+a+vagabond+life+until+twenty-five+years+of+age&amp;as_brr=1#PPP5,M1 Volume 5]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=nlMsAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA468&amp;dq=After+futile+attempts+first+to+become+a+Franciscan+and+then+a+hermit,+he+entered+the+Congregation+of+the+Most+Holy+Redeemer+in+1749.&amp;as_brr=1#PPP5,M1 Volume 6]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=QVUsAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA800&amp;dq=One+of+these,+the+magisterium+ordinarium,+is+liable+to+be+somewhat+indefinite+in+its+pronouncements+and,+as+a+consequence,+practically+ineffective+as+an+organ.#PPP9,M1 Volume 7]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=D2oQAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA185&amp;dq=St.+Albert+(d.+1140)+by+his+contemporary+biographer,+who+tells+us#PPP11,M1 Volume 8]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQmf0E7N_EC&amp;pg=PA418&amp;dq=Spanish+Jesuit+and+Cardinal,+one+of+the+most+eminent+theologians+of+modern+times,+b.+at+Madrid,+November,+1583,&amp;as_brr=1#PPP9,M1 Volume 9]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=RmoQAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA673&amp;dq=in+pre-Reformation+England+the+laity+were+taught+to+administer+baptism+in+case+of+necessity+with+the+words:+%22I+christen+thee+in+the+name+of+the+Father%22+etc.&amp;as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 Volume 10]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=kFosAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA100&amp;dq=a+holy+and+learned+hermit-priest&amp;as_brr=1#PPP11,M1 Volume 11]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=7j5O-ghhLnAC&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=He+would+sometimes+tell+a+penitent+his+most+secret+sins+without+his+confessing+them%3B+and+once+he+converted+a+young+nobleman+by+showing+him+a+vision+of+hell.&amp;as_brr=1#PPP9,M1 Volume 12]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nu7SzmqwYdcC&amp;pg=PA187&amp;dq=%22a+garland+or+bouquet+of+roses%22&amp;as_brr=1#PPP9,M1 Volume 13]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=KYEqAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA515&amp;dq=Letters+of+St.+Jerome,+which+determined+her+to+adopt+the+religious+life,+not+so+much+through+any+attraction+towards+it,+as+through+a+desire+of+choosing+the+safest+course.&amp;as_brr=1#PPP9,M1 Volume 14]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=h4EqAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA236&amp;dq=and+interest+exacted+on+such+a+loan+must+be+returned,+as+having+been+unjustly+claimed.+This+was+the+doctrine+of+St.+Thomas+and+Scotus%3B+of+Molina,+Lessius,+and+de+Lugo.&amp;as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 Volume 15]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=q4IqAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=catholic+encyclopedia+volume+xvi&amp;as_brr=1 Volume 16]<br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=bGdbHI9-8e8C&amp;pg=PA47&amp;dq=intitle:catholic+intitle:encyclopedia&amp;as_brr=1#PPP9,M1 Supplement I, Vol 17 of the 1922 supplement] <br /> * [http://books.google.com/books?id=POwa8WpEO7wC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=intitle:catholic+intitle:encyclopedia&amp;as_brr=1 Supplementary volume of 1918]<br /> <br /> This article includes content from [http://en.wikisource.org English Wikisource] and Catholic Encyclopedia (1913).<br /> {{Christianity Knowledge Base|Catholic Encyclopedia}}<br /> <br /> {{Returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&gt; [[Christian literature]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Catholic Church]]<br /> [[Category:Christian reference works]]</div> MatthewClarke