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		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{quote | text={{Bible verse|2 Corinthians|12|9|lang=WEB}}   [[2 Corinthians 12:9]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
  topic_name = Grace |&lt;br /&gt;
  subtopics = [[Sin]], [[Repentance]], [[Mercy]], [[Forgiveness]], [[Justification]], [[Salvation]], [[Atonement]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Irresistible grace]], [[Common grace]], [[Prevenient grace]]&lt;br /&gt;
* {{songs}} - [[Amazing Grace (song)|Amazing Grace]], [[When I Survey the Wonderous Cross (song)|When I Survey the Wonderous Cross]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{ebd}} |&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace, in Christianity, refers to [[God]]'s [[love]] and [[salvation]] being poured out on people even though they don't deserve this love and favour.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is especially seen in God's action to save sinners who cannot rescue themselves, but the biblical idea is broader than forgiveness alone. By grace God calls, forgives, justifies, adopts, transforms, strengthens and sustains his people, and gives them gifts with which to serve others.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace therefore lies near the centre of the biblical account of [[Salvation]]. Humanity turns away from its Creator in [[Sin]], yet God continues to seek, forgive and restore. God's grace is revealed most fully in [[Jesus Christ]], who entered human history as God the Son, died for sinners and rose again so that those who trust in him might be reconciled to God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Bible never gives a single dictionary-style definition of grace. Instead, its meaning emerges from the character and actions of God throughout Scripture. Grace is present long before the New Testament begins, but in the New Testament the language of grace becomes particularly prominent, especially in the writings of the [[Apostle Paul]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Biblical Idea ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Grace in the Old Testament ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Old Testament consistently shows God as gracious, merciful and faithful. Grace was present from the beginning of God's dealings with humanity. God's preservation of Noah, his calling of Abraham, his rescue of Israel from Egypt, his covenant with Israel, his patience with a rebellious people and his repeated willingness to forgive all display divine grace.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The principal Hebrew noun corresponding to the idea of favour or grace is [[Hebrew:2580|חֵן]] (ḥen). It commonly describes favourable regard freely shown by one person towards another and, importantly, by God towards human beings. It often occurs in the expression &amp;quot;to find favour in the eyes of&amp;quot; someone. The related verb [[Hebrew:2603|חָנַן]] (ḥanan) means to show favour, be gracious or have compassion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first major biblical example occurs with Noah in [[Genesis 6:8]]: Noah &amp;quot;found favour&amp;quot; (ḥen) in the eyes of Yahweh.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Greek Septuagint translated the Hebrew expression with [[Greek:5485|χάρις]] (charis), the same Greek noun that later becomes the principal New Testament word for grace.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The language becomes particularly important in Moses' relationship with Yahweh. In [[Exodus 33]]:12-17 Moses repeatedly speaks of having found favour in God's sight. Moses' experience of grace leads immediately into one of the Old Testament's most important declarations about the character of God in [[Exodus 34]]:6-7 where Yahweh reveals himself as compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness. Grace is therefore rooted in who God is. God does gracious things because God is gracious.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another important Hebrew word is [[Hebrew:2617|חֶסֶד]] (ḥesed). It is often translated &amp;quot;steadfast love&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;loving kindness&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;loyal love&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;mercy&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;faithfulness&amp;quot;. Older Christian writing sometimes treated ḥesed almost as if it were simply the Old Testament word for &amp;quot;grace&amp;quot;, but this is too narrow. Ḥesed particularly carries the idea of faithful, enduring and relational love, often in a covenant setting. It overlaps strongly with grace without being identical to ḥēn. In the Septuagint it is commonly translated with [[Greek:1656|ἔλεος]] (eleos), &amp;quot;mercy&amp;quot;, rather than charis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Together these words reveal complementary aspects of God's character. Ḥen emphasises favour graciously given; ḥesed emphasises God's steadfast and faithful love.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is important when reading [[John 1]]:14-17. John's description of Jesus as &amp;quot;full of grace and truth&amp;quot; probably echoes Yahweh's revelation to Moses in [[Exodus 34:6]], where God is abundant in steadfast love and faithfulness. John therefore presents Jesus not as introducing a previously unknown gracious God, but as the supreme revelation of the gracious character God had already revealed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other important Old Testament passages include [[Psalm 84:11]], where God gives grace or favour and glory; [[Proverbs 3:34]], where God gives grace to the humble; and [[Zechariah 12:10]], which speaks of a &amp;quot;spirit of grace&amp;quot; or supplication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Grace in the New Testament ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The principal New Testament word translated grace is the Greek noun χάρις (charis). It occurs about 155 times in the New Testament. Its range of meaning includes favour, kindness, graciousness, benefit, gratitude and, particularly in Christian usage, God's freely bestowed favour. It does not simply mean &amp;quot;gift&amp;quot;, although the ideas are closely connected. The related noun [[Greek:5486|χάρισμα]] (charisma) means a gracious or freely given gift, while [[Greek:5483|χαρίζομαι]] (charizomai) can mean to grant something freely or to forgive a debt or offence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This word-family helps explain the New Testament understanding of grace. Grace is not simply an emotion within God. It produces gifts and actions. What God graciously wills, he graciously gives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Grace in Jesus Christ ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although charis is not especially frequent in the Synoptic Gospels, the reality of grace permeates the ministry of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus welcomed sinners, touched people regarded as unclean, healed those who could not repay him and ate with people despised by respectable society. His parables repeatedly portrayed the generosity of God towards people who had no claim upon him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Parable of the Prodigal Son in [[Luke 15]]:11-32 is among the clearest pictures of this. The returning son could offer no restoration of everything he had squandered. He intended to ask merely for the position of a servant, yet the father received him as a son. The initiative, welcome and restoration flowed from the father's love.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The parable of the workers in the vineyard in [[Matthew 20]]:1-16 similarly portrays a master whose generosity exceeds calculations of what individual workers deserve.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yet the fullest expression of grace is not one particular saying of Jesus. It is Jesus himself. [[John 1]]:14-17 describes the incarnate Word as full of grace and truth and declares that from his fullness believers receive &amp;quot;grace upon grace&amp;quot;. The passage reaches its climax by contrasting Moses' role in giving the law with the arrival of grace and truth through Jesus Christ. This should not be read as if Moses represented an age devoid of grace. Rather, God's grace reaches its decisive revelation and fulfilment in Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Grace and the Cross ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament particularly connects grace with the death and resurrection of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Romans 3]]:23-26 brings together the problem of sin, the free nature of justification and the redemptive work of Christ. All have sinned and fall short of God's glory, yet believers are justified freely by God's grace through the redemption accomplished in Christ ([[Romans 5:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The striking feature of this grace is its direction. Christ did not die for humanity once humanity had made itself worthy of him. God acted while people were still sinners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul develops this contrast throughout [[Romans 5]]. Adam's trespass brought condemnation and death; God's gracious gift in Jesus Christ abounds beyond the trespass. Grace is God's answer to human sin, but it does not pretend that sin is insignificant. The cross reveals both the seriousness of sin and the abundance of grace.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Saved by grace ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the clearest summaries of salvation by grace occurs in [[Ephesians 2]]:1-10. Human beings are first described as spiritually dead in trespasses and sins. God then makes them alive together with Christ. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Salvation is by grace, through faith, and is not the achievement of human works. Consequently there is no ground for boasting. Yet Paul immediately adds that those who are saved are created in Christ Jesus for good works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace and good works therefore stand in a particular relationship. Works do not purchase grace; grace produces a changed life in which good works follow.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul makes the same point autobiographically in [[1 Corinthians 15:10]]. Paul attributes both what he had become and the work he subsequently performed to the grace of God. Grace did not make him passive. It produced labour, obedience and ministry.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Grace as power and help ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace in the New Testament is more than God's decision not to punish. When Paul pleaded for the removal of his &amp;quot;thorn in the flesh&amp;quot;, Christ answered that his grace was sufficient because divine power was made perfect in weakness ([[2 Corinthians 12]]:8-10). Here grace is sustaining power. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Likewise, the writer of Hebrews tells believers to approach God's throne of grace confidently so that they may receive mercy and find grace for help when needed ([[Hebrews 4:16]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace is something upon which Christians continue to depend after conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Grace transforms ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace is sometimes caricatured as God overlooking wrongdoing. The New Testament instead describes grace as an enemy of sin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Titus 2]]:11-14 explains that the grace of God has appeared bringing salvation and training believers to reject ungodliness and worldly desires and to live godly lives.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul similarly asks whether Christians should continue sinning so that grace might increase in [[Romans 6]]:1-2. His answer is emphatically negative.&lt;br /&gt;
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Grace forgives sinners, but its purpose is not to leave them unchanged. The grace that justifies also begins a life of [[Sanctification]].&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Gifts of grace ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The relationship between charis and charisma is particularly evident in Paul's teaching about spiritual gifts in &lt;br /&gt;
[[Romans 12]]:3-8 [[1 Corinthians 12]]:4-11.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Different Christians receive different gifts &amp;quot;according to the grace given&amp;quot; to them. Ministry itself is therefore an expression of grace. A Christian cannot finally boast about his or her abilities, because whatever is genuinely used for God's kingdom has first been received.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Past, present and future grace ====&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament can speak of grace in past, present and future terms.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Believers have been saved by grace ([[Ephesians 2:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Believers presently stand in grace ([[Romans 5:2]]), receive grace for weakness ([[2 Corinthians 12:9]]) and approach the throne of grace ([[Hebrews 4:16]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Peter also tells Christians to set their hope completely upon the grace that will be brought to them at the revelation of Jesus Christ ([[1 Peter 1:13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace therefore encompasses the whole Christian journey, from God's initiative in calling a sinner to the final salvation that will be revealed when Christ returns.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Grace through Church History ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Early Church ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace remained central to Christian teaching immediately after the apostolic period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Around the end of the first century, [[1 Clement]] told the Corinthian Christians that believers were called by God's will in Christ and were not justified by themselves, their wisdom, piety or works, but through faith. Significantly, the following chapter immediately urged Christians towards diligent good works. The pattern resembles the New Testament relationship between grace, faith and obedience: good works do not provide the basis of God's saving favour, but they belong to the life that follows it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As Christian theology developed, grace was increasingly discussed alongside [[Baptism|baptism]], the Eucharist, human freedom, sanctification and participation in the life of God.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Augustine and Pelagius ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the most important disputes about grace occurred in the early fifth century between [[Augustine]] and [[Pelagius]] and his supporters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The controversy concerned the extent to which fallen human beings could turn towards God and obey him through their natural powers. Augustine insisted that grace was not merely God's creation of human free will, the giving of the law, the example of Christ or the forgiveness of previous sins. Fallen people required God's inward action to enable them to will and perform what was good.&lt;br /&gt;
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For Augustine, even the beginning of a person's movement towards God depended upon grace. Grace did not simply make obedience easier; without God's gracious action, saving obedience was impossible.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Second Council of Orange in 529 strongly affirmed this priority of grace. It taught that even the beginning of faith and the desire to turn towards God depended upon the work of the Holy Spirit rather than arising independently from fallen human nature.&lt;br /&gt;
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These debates profoundly shaped later Western Christian thinking.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Medieval Christianity ===&lt;br /&gt;
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During the medieval period Western theologians developed increasingly detailed accounts of grace and its relationship to the Christian life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Thomas Aquinas]], for example, taught that fallen human nature required grace to be healed and that human beings required grace to be raised towards the supernatural life of fellowship with God. He distinguished different ways in which God's gracious action operates but maintained that God alone is ultimately the cause of grace.&lt;br /&gt;
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Grace was also closely associated with the sacramental life of the Church. These developments provided part of the theological background against which the Protestant Reformation later occurred.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Eastern Orthodox Christianity ====&lt;br /&gt;
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Eastern Christian theology developed with somewhat different emphases from the medieval Latin West. In [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], grace is commonly described as the saving and deifying activity of God through the Holy Spirit. Salvation involves [[Theosis|theosis]], participation in the life of God, and grace transforms the believer rather than merely altering his legal standing.&lt;br /&gt;
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Orthodox theology strongly insists that grace is God's gift and that salvation cannot be achieved independently of God, while also speaking of ''synergy'': human beings respond to and cooperate with God's gracious action. The sacramental and communal life of the Church has an important place within this understanding.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Protestant Reformation ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Grace became one of the defining issues of the sixteenth-century [[Protestant Reformation]]. At the heart of the dispute was a basic question: how is a sinner made right with God?&lt;br /&gt;
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The Reformers emphasised sola gratia - &amp;quot;grace alone&amp;quot;. They taught that people could not earn God's acceptance through good works, religious practices or personal merit. Instead, a sinner was justified (declared right with God) entirely because of God's grace, received through [[Faith]] in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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The controversy first became public over the sale and preaching of indulgences ''(a Church-granted reduction in punishment for sins)''. These belonged to the wider medieval Catholic system of penance. A Christian who committed serious sin after baptism was ordinarily expected to repent, confess the sin to a priest, receive absolution (the priest's declaration of forgiveness) and carry out acts of penance.&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1517, [[Martin Luther]] publicly challenged the preaching of indulgences. His criticism soon developed into a much deeper disagreement about salvation itself. Luther argued that a sinner is made right with God through faith in Christ, because of God's grace, rather than through a process involving faith, the sacraments, acts of penance and meritorious works.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Lutheran Augsburg Confession later expressed this clearly, teaching that people could not be justified before God by their own strength, merits or works, but were freely justified for Christ's sake through faith.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Reformed Heidelberg Catechism made a similar point, describing forgiveness, righteousness and salvation as gifts given by grace because of Christ rather than earned through human merit.&lt;br /&gt;
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This did not mean that Protestants rejected baptism, the Lord's Supper or the preaching of Scripture. Lutheran, Anglican, Reformed and other Protestant traditions continued to regard these as important ways through which God strengthens and teaches his people. The disagreement was over whether such practices formed part of the process by which a sinner became right with God.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Roman Catholic response to the Reformation was formally expressed at the Council of Trent, particularly in its Decree on Justification in 1547. The Council taught that salvation begins with God's grace rather than human effort; however, it also taught that people must cooperate with that grace and that God gives grace through the sacraments of the Church. This included confession. A person who committed serious sin after baptism was expected to repent, confess the sin to a priest and receive absolution. The absolution was understood as a real means through which Christ granted forgiveness, rather than simply an announcement that forgiveness had already taken place apart from the sacrament.&lt;br /&gt;
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Catholic theology therefore speaks of sacramental grace: the belief that God truly gives grace through sacraments such as baptism, confession and the Eucharist.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Reformers rejected this understanding of justification. They argued that a sinner is made right with God through faith in Christ alone, entirely because of God's grace, and not through the sacraments or good works. The central disagreement was therefore not about whether grace was necessary - both Catholics and Protestants affirmed that - but about how grace is received and how a sinner becomes right with God.&lt;br /&gt;
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Further disagreements then developed within Protestant Christianity about how God's grace brings a person to faith. In the Reformed or Calvinist tradition, God does more than make salvation possible. His grace effectively brings those he calls to repentance and faith. Salvation therefore begins with God's action rather than with an independent human decision.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Arminian and later Wesleyan tradition also teaches that people cannot turn to God without his grace; however, it teaches that God first gives prevenient grace ''(grace enabling a human response)'', allowing people genuinely to repent and believe while still allowing them to refuse God's grace. [[John Wesley]] spoke of this grace coming before conversion and enabling a person to respond to God. He also spoke of God's grace continuing throughout the Christian life: bringing conviction of sin, justification and sanctification.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Grace in Language and Popular Culture ==&lt;br /&gt;
The theological importance of grace profoundly influenced the English language. The English word came through Old French from Latin gratia, with meanings including favour, goodwill, gratitude and pleasingness. Over time &amp;quot;grace&amp;quot; acquired several related meanings: divine favour, elegance or beauty, courteous behaviour, a prayer of thanks before a meal and even an ornamental musical note.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps the best-known cultural expression of Christian grace is [[Amazing Grace]], written by [[John Newton]] in 1772 and first published in ''Olney Hymns'' in 1779. Newton had earlier participated in the Atlantic slave trade and later became an outspoken opponent of it. His hymn interpreted salvation autobiographically as the rescue of a sinful and undeserving person through God's grace. It eventually became one of the best-known Christian hymns in the English-speaking world.&lt;br /&gt;
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The idea has also continued within modern popular music. U2 concluded their 2000 album ''All That You Can't Leave Behind'' with the song ''Grace'', personifying grace as something operating outside ordinary systems of repayment and retribution. Its memorable concluding image is: &amp;quot;Grace makes beauty out of ugly things.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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The line captures one genuine dimension of the Christian idea: grace does not simply overlook what is damaged but can transform it.&lt;br /&gt;
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The secular use of &amp;quot;grace&amp;quot; to describe beauty, elegance or generosity is therefore not entirely disconnected from the theological meaning. In each case there is an idea of something good that is given, bestowed or present beyond what strict necessity requires.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Theological Discussion ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Grace is more than &amp;quot;unmerited favour&amp;quot; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace is frequently defined in evangelical Christianity as &amp;quot;unmerited favour&amp;quot;. This is a useful definition, particularly because it captures the fact that grace cannot be earned.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yet by itself it is incomplete. Biblically, grace is not only God's favourable disposition towards a person. Grace acts. God graciously chooses, calls, forgives, gives, rescues, justifies, strengthens, transforms and preserves.&lt;br /&gt;
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A fuller definition might therefore be: Grace is God's freely given favour expressed through his loving action towards those who have not earned it, ultimately revealed in Jesus Christ and active in saving, transforming and sustaining his people.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Grace begins with God ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The fundamental direction of grace is from God towards humanity. Christian salvation does not begin when a person makes himself sufficiently virtuous to attract God's attention. It begins in the character and initiative of God ([[1 John 4:19]]). &lt;br /&gt;
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This priority runs throughout Scripture. God called Abraham. God heard Israel in slavery. He sent the prophets. He sent his Son. Christ died for sinners. God raises the spiritually dead to life.&lt;br /&gt;
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Grace means that God's saving action is fundamentally gift before achievement.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Grace and justice ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Grace does not mean that God ceases to care about justice. This can already be seen in [[Exodus 34]]:6-7. The same revelation that declares God compassionate, gracious and abundant in steadfast love also declares that he does not simply treat guilt as though it did not exist.&lt;br /&gt;
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The cross brings these themes together. [[Romans 3]]:24-26 presents justification as a free gift of grace while simultaneously presenting the death of Christ as the means by which God demonstrates his righteousness.&lt;br /&gt;
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Christian grace is therefore not divine indifference towards evil. Forgiveness is possible because God himself acts decisively against sin through Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Grace and faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament repeatedly connects grace with [[Faith]] ([[Romans 4:16]] and [[Ephesians 2]]:8-9). &lt;br /&gt;
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Faith is not a price paid for grace. It is the means by which the believer receives what God gives. This distinction is crucial. Faith does not become a superior kind of religious work by which someone earns salvation. The object of faith is Christ, and its significance lies in receiving and trusting what Christ has accomplished.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Grace and works ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Grace excludes boasting in works as the ground of salvation, but it does not abolish obedience. The sequence of [[Ephesians 2]]:8-10 is important: grace → salvation through faith → new creation → good works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Good works are not the cause of salvation but one of its intended results.&lt;br /&gt;
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The same pattern occurs in Titus. Grace appears, brings salvation, and then trains God's people to live differently. In other words, grace brings transformation.&lt;br /&gt;
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A person who concludes that grace gives permission to live indefinitely without repentance has misunderstood what biblical grace does.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Grace and human freedom ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the longest-running theological questions concerns the relationship between God's grace and the human response.&lt;br /&gt;
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Scripture clearly presents God as taking the initiative. No one comes to Christ apart from the Father's drawing ([[John 6:44]]), and God works within believers both to will and to act ([[Philippians 2:13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Yet Scripture also continually commands people to repent, believe, obey, persevere and not resist God.&lt;br /&gt;
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Different Christian traditions construct the relationship between these truths differently. Reformed theology emphasises God's effectual calling and sovereign grace. Arminian and Wesleyan theology emphasises grace that precedes and enables the human response while allowing that grace to be resisted.&lt;br /&gt;
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Whatever theological model is adopted, the biblical order should remain clear: humanity does not first become spiritually capable and then summon God's assistance. God's grace comes first.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Grace and the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Grace can also be understood in a Trinitarian way. Grace originates in the loving purpose of the Father, is revealed and accomplished through the Son, and is applied and made effective in believers through the [[Holy Spirit]].&lt;br /&gt;
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Grace is the activity of the living God. The Spirit gives life, produces holiness, distributes gifts, strengthens believers and forms the character of Christ within them. The New Testament's language of grace therefore overlaps with its teaching about the indwelling and transforming work of the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Grace and Christian character ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Those who receive grace are called to become gracious.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus repeatedly connected the mercy received from God with mercy shown towards other people. The servant who had been forgiven an enormous debt but refused to forgive another person's small debt had failed to understand the mercy he had received ([[Matthew 18]]:21-35).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul similarly connected God's forgiveness with Christian forgiveness ([[Ephesians 4:32]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A theology of grace that produces pride, contempt or cruelty contradicts the character of the grace it claims to defend.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The recipient of grace has no basis for spiritual superiority. Everything has been received ([[1 Corinthians 4:7]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Grace as the shape of salvation ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Grace should therefore not be confined to one stage of Christian salvation. It is grace when God calls. It is grace when God forgives. It is grace when God justifies. It is grace when God adopts. It is grace when the Spirit transforms. It is grace when God gives gifts for ministry. It is grace when Christ sustains a believer through weakness. And it will be grace when Christ finally raises his people and brings them into eternal life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christian salvation begins, continues and ends with the generosity of God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
U2&lt;br /&gt;
: Grace makes beauty out of ugly things&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Video==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;YouTube&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
title=The Grace Narrative - Dr. Timothy Keller&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezXufQWvIlw&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;rel=1&lt;br /&gt;
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/ezXufQWvIlw&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;rel=1&lt;br /&gt;
wrap = yes&lt;br /&gt;
width=500&lt;br /&gt;
height=400&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/YouTube&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Videos]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pages with YouTube content]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Trinity&amp;diff=1116522</id>
		<title>Trinity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Trinity&amp;diff=1116522"/>
		<updated>2026-10-18T03:52:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
  topic_name = Trinity |&lt;br /&gt;
  subtopics = [[God the Father]], [[Jesus]], [[Holy Spirit]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Trinity (carm)]] &lt;br /&gt;
* {{ebd}} |&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Trinity is a unique teaching of Christianity about God. The doctrine stands at the heart of historic Christian faith, a doctrine that describes how the Bible reveals God to be: one God who eternally exists as three distinct persons — [[God the Father|Father]], [[Jesus]] the Son, and [[Holy Spirit]]. While affirming strict monotheism, it simultaneously confesses the full deity of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit, without collapsing them into manifestations or separate gods. The Trinity is affirmed more readily than it is understood. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The doctrine of the Trinity did not arise from philosophical speculation, but from sustained reflection on the total witness of Scripture. The Trinity is church's faithful attempt to speak truthfully about the God who has spoken and acted in history.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Defining the Trinity ==&lt;br /&gt;
The doctrine of the Trinity can be summarised by three foundational affirmations:&lt;br /&gt;
# There is one and only one God&lt;br /&gt;
# The one God eternally exists in three distinct persons&lt;br /&gt;
# [[God the Father|The Father]] is God, [[Jesus]] the Son is God, and the [[Holy Spirit]] is God&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These statements together form the framework within which all Christian theology operates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The word Trinity does not appear in the Bible. However, many theological terms including &amp;quot;Bible&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;incarnation&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;omniscience&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;omnipotence&amp;quot; are likewise absent from Scripture, yet faithfully describe biblical realities. The term Trinity is simply a theological shorthand for the biblical teaching about God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The English word Trinity comes from the Latin tri-unitas, meaning &amp;quot;three-in-oneness.&amp;quot; It was first used in Christian literature by Theophilus of Antioch around AD 180.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== One God ==&lt;br /&gt;
The doctrine of the Trinity begins where the Bible begins: monotheism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Before Me there was no God formed, and there will be none after Me.&amp;quot; - [[Isaiah 43:10]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;I am the LORD, and there is no other.&amp;quot; - [[Isaiah 45:5]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Hear, O Israel! The LORD is our God, the LORD is one!&amp;quot; - [[Deuteronomy 6:4]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Old Testament affirms that there is only one God - self-existent, eternal, unchanging, and sovereign over all creation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yet even within the Old Testament, there are hints and anticipations of plurality within God's unity. God speaks in the plural (&amp;quot;Let us make man in our image,&amp;quot; [[Genesis 1:26]]). The Spirit of God acts personally ([[Genesis 1:2]] and [[Isaiah 63:10]]). The &amp;quot;Angel of the LORD&amp;quot; speaks as God and receives worship ([[Exodus 3]]:2–6). These do not constitute a full doctrine of the Trinity, but they prepare the ground for later revelation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Deity of the Son ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[New Testament]] makes explicit what the [[Old Testament]] anticipates: [[Jesus]] Christ is fully and truly God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Gospel of John opens with one of the clearest affirmations of Christ’s deity:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.&amp;quot; - [[John 1:1]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us.&amp;quot; - [[John 1:14]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus does not merely resemble God or represent God; He is God incarnate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus Himself makes divine claims. In [[John 8:58]], He declares:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Before Abraham was, I AM.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This statement deliberately echoes God's self-revelation in [[Exodus 3:14]]. The Jewish audience understood the implication immediately and attempted to stone Him for blasphemy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other passages reinforce this truth:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;I and the Father are one.&amp;quot; - [[John 10:30]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The Son gives life as the Father does.&amp;quot; - [[John 5:21]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;In Him all the fullness of Deity dwells bodily.&amp;quot; - [[Colossians 2:9]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christ existed in the &amp;quot;form of God.&amp;quot; - [[Philippians 2:5]]–[[Philippians 2:6|6]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus is called &amp;quot;our great God and Saviour&amp;quot; - [[Titus 2:13]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus Christ is &amp;quot;the true God and eternal life.&amp;quot; - [[1 John 5:20]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament writers were monotheistic Jews yet they did not hesitate to ascribe divine titles, attributes, works, and worship to Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Deity and Personhood of the Holy Spirit ==&lt;br /&gt;
Scripture reveals that the Holy Spirit is not an impersonal force or abstract power. Scripture consistently presents Him as fully divine and fully personal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He speaks ([[Acts 13:2]]), teaches ([[John 14:26]]), intercedes ([[Romans 8:26]]), can be grieved ([[Ephesians 4:30]]), and exercises will ([[1 Corinthians 12:11]]). These are personal actions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Spirit is also identified as God:&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Acts 5:3]]–[[Acts 5:4|4]] equates lying to the Holy Spirit with lying to God&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1 Corinthians 3:16]] identifies believers as God’s temple because the Spirit dwells in them&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2 Corinthians 3:17]] declares, &amp;quot;The Lord is the Spirit&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Spirit is neither inferior nor secondary in essence. He is fully God, eternally distinct from the Father and the Son.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Trinitarian Passages in Scripture ==&lt;br /&gt;
Several biblical passages explicitly place Father, Son, and Holy Spirit together in a way that makes sense only within a Trinitarian framework.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Baptism in the singular name of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit - [[Matthew 28:19]]&lt;br /&gt;
* A Trinitarian benediction - [[2 Corinthians 13:14]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Spirit, Lord, God working together - [[1 Corinthians 12]]:4–6 &lt;br /&gt;
* One Spirit, one Lord, one God and Father - [[Ephesians 4]]:4–6&lt;br /&gt;
* Salvation involving Father, Spirit, and Son - [[1 Peter 1:2]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Christian life shaped by all three persons - [[Jude 1:20|Jude 20]]–[[Jude 1:21|21]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These texts do not argue for the Trinity, rather they assume it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== One Essence, Three Persons ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christian theology affirms that God is one in essence (being) and three in persons. Each person is fully divine, yet no person is the entirety of the Godhead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The term person is imperfect, but helpful. It denotes self-awareness, relational capacity, and distinction — not separate beings. God is not three gods, nor three parts of God. He is one. This is why Trinitarianism is not polytheism, despite frequent accusations. Critics who claim otherwise misunderstand the doctrine they oppose.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Order Without Inferiority: Subordination in the Trinity ==&lt;br /&gt;
Scripture reveals an order within the Trinity, but not inequality of essence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Father sends the Son ([[1 John 4:10]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Son is begotten, not created ([[John 3:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son ([[John 14:26]] and [[John 15:26|15:26]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Father creates ([[Isaiah 44:24]]), the Son redeems ([[Galatians 3:13]]), and the Spirit sanctifies ([[Romans 15:16]]). This functional subordination does not imply inferiority.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus Himself says:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;I have come down from heaven, not to do My own will, but the will of Him who sent Me.&amp;quot; - [[John 6:38]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Being sent does not imply lesser deity. It implies relational order.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Historical Development of the Doctrine ==&lt;br /&gt;
Early Christian writers such as Justin Martyr openly confessed the Father, Son, and Spirit as divine:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;They accuse us of madness… but they are ignorant of the mystery which lies therein.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
—First Apology 13&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nicene Creed (AD 325) decisively rejected [[Arianism]], affirming the Son as homoousios - of the same essence as the Father. Later councils clarified the full deity of the Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Augustine of Hippo devoted an entire treatise (De Trinitate) to the subject, famously acknowledging the limits of human understanding through the seaside parable which captures a theological truth: finite minds cannot exhaust infinite reality.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Analogies: Helpful but Limited ==&lt;br /&gt;
Analogies can illuminate aspects of the Trinity, but none fully explain it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analogies of space (height, width, depth), time (past, present, future), and matter (solid, liquid, gas) are conceptually useful. They show that tri-unity is not inherently illogical. However, each analogy breaks down if pressed too far. Matter’s states, for example, risk modalism if misunderstood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analogies are signposts, not definitions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Objections and Modern Challenges ==&lt;br /&gt;
Islam explicitly rejects the Trinity, misunderstanding it as tritheism. More recent religious movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses deny Christ's deity, often by selectively interpreting Scripture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Historically, cults tend to reduce mystery in order to make God manageable. Orthodoxy, by contrast, accepts mystery without abandoning reason.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Trinity is difficult, not because it is false, but because God is infinite.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Trinity is not a puzzle to be solved, but a truth to be confessed. It arises naturally from Scripture, safeguards the gospel, and anchors Christian worship. To deny it is to distort the biblical God. To affirm it is to stand with the historic church.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The triune God - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit - is the God who creates, redeems, and sanctifies. He is one God, eternally three in persons, worthy of all glory, honour, and praise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hosts; the whole earth is full of His glory.&amp;quot; [[Isaiah 6:3]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''[[Justin Martyr]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;quot;We will prove that we worship him reasonably; for we have learned that he is the Son of the true God himself, that he holds a second place, and the Spirit of prophecy a third. For this they accuse us of madness, saying that we attribute to a crucified man a place second to the unchangeable and eternal God, the Creator of all things; but they are ignorant of the mystery which lies therein&amp;quot; ([[First Apology]] 13:5–6 [A.D. 151]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://trinities.org/blog trinities] A blog by a Christian philosophy professor devoted to recent and past theories about the Trinity&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://orthodoxwiki.org/Holy_Trinity Holy Trinity] by OrthodoxWiki&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.contenderministries.org/biblestudy/trinity.php A Comprensive Defense of the Trinity]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.catholic.com/library/Trinity.asp Early Church Fathers on the Holy Trinity]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.mtio.com/articles/bissar107.htm One God in Three Persons], by Dr. Bill Weinrich&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.aomin.org/trinitydef.html A Brief Definition of the Trinity], by James White&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.ucg.org/booklets/WG/ Who Is God?]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://biggergod.com/trinity.html Understanding The Trinity], by Matt Perman&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.theologicalstudies.org.uk/god_trinity.php The Doctrine of the Trinity]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.jude3.net/trinitylinkindex.htm Articles On The Trinity]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20031229035144/www.modernreformation.org/mr99/septoct/mr9905threeinone.html The Splendor of the Three-in-One God: The Necessity and Mystery of the Trinity], by R.S. Clark&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tmch.net/theo4.htm The Being of God, The Character of God, The Trinity], by Paul D. Adams&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://reformedperspectives.org/newfiles/joh_frame/TH.Frame.Trinitarian_Analogies.html Trinitarian Analogies], by [[John Frame]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.heaven.net.nz/writings/trinity.htm The Trinity Doctrine] Heaven Net&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[God]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Trinity]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit&amp;diff=1116521</id>
		<title>Holy Spirit</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit&amp;diff=1116521"/>
		<updated>2026-10-18T02:37:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{quote | text={{Bible verse|John|14|26|lang=WEB}} [[John 14:26]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Holy Spirit |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Pentecost]], [[Acts|Book of Acts]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Pentecostal churches]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Trinity]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Spiritual gifts]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = |&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost) is the third person of the [[Trinity]], co-equal with [[God the Father]] and [[Jesus Christ]]. He is fully God, not less than the Father or the Son, and shares the same divine nature. He is the one who convicts of sin, reveals God’s truth, and applies the work of salvation to human hearts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The doctrine of the Holy Spirit being God as part of the Trinity is one of the great mysteries of Christianity. It is a core teaching of the Christian faith, setting Christianity apart from other monotheistic religions such as Islam, as well as from various off-shoots of Christianity such as Jehovah's Witnesses and Christadelphians. Christianity does not worship three gods, but one God who eternally exists as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Holy Spirit is not an impersonal &amp;quot;it&amp;quot; nor merely a divine force or influence. He is a person. Scripture speaks of the Spirit acting, speaking, teaching, guiding, commanding, and being grieved. He is sometimes forgotten in discussions that focus primarily on God the Father and God the Son, yet his role within the Trinity and in salvation is fundamental to the Christian life. The Holy Spirit is a person who can be grieved ([[Ephesians 4:30]]), who teaches and reminds believers of Christ's words ([[John 14:26]]), and who intercedes for believers ([[Romans 8:26]]), among many other things.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Without the Holy Spirit, Christianity would not exist as a living faith. Without him, there would be no new birth, no true faith, no holiness, no power for witness, and no assurance of salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Holy Spirit in the Biblical Narrative ==&lt;br /&gt;
The Bible presents the Holy Spirit as active throughout the entire story of God's dealings with humanity. He is not a late addition introduced only in the New Testament, but is present from the opening verses of Scripture and continues his work through to the end of the biblical narrative.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Holy Spirit in the Old Testament ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Old Testament often speaks of the Spirit of God (or Spirit of the LORD) as the agent of God’s power, presence, and life-giving activity. In [[Genesis 1:2]], the Spirit of God is described as hovering over the waters at creation. This verse already places the Spirit at the heart of God’s creative work. Creation is not the work of the Father alone, but of God acting through his Word and Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other passages reinforce this understanding. Job declares, &amp;quot;The Spirit of God has made me, and the breath of the Almighty gives me life&amp;quot; ([[Job 33:4]]). The psalmist writes, &amp;quot;When you send forth your Spirit, they are created, and you renew the face of the ground&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 104:30]]). These texts show that life itself is dependent on the Spirit of God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Spirit is also active in empowering individuals for particular tasks. In the Old Testament, the Spirit comes upon judges, kings, prophets, and craftsmen. Bezalel is filled with the Spirit of God for artistic skill in constructing the tabernacle ([[Exodus 31:3]]). The judges are empowered by the Spirit to deliver Israel ([[Judges 3:10]], [[Judges 6:34|6:34]]). Saul and later David receive the Spirit in connection with kingship ([[1 Samuel 10:6]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The prophets speak by the Spirit of God. “The Spirit of the LORD spoke by me; his word was on my tongue,” says David ([[2 Samuel 23:2]]). This prophetic role of the Spirit is later reflected in the New Testament teaching that Scripture is inspired by God through the Spirit ([[2 Peter 1:21]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Importantly, the Old Testament also looks forward to a future, fuller outpouring of the Spirit. Through the prophet Joel, God promises a day when his Spirit will be poured out on all flesh — sons and daughters, young and old ([[Joel 2:28]]–[[Joel 2:29|29]]). Ezekiel speaks of a time when God will give his people a new heart and put his Spirit within them ([[Ezekiel 36:26]]–[[Ezekiel 36:27|27]]). These promises anticipate a transformation that goes beyond temporary empowerment and looks toward inward renewal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Holy Spirit in the New Testament ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament presents the fulfilment of these Old Testament hopes. The life and ministry of Jesus are closely connected to the work of the Holy Spirit. Jesus is conceived by the Holy Spirit ([[Matthew 1:18]]), anointed by the Spirit at his baptism ([[Luke 3:22]]), and led by the Spirit in his ministry ([[Luke 4:1]], [[Luke 4:18|18]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus teaches extensively about the Holy Spirit, especially in the Gospel of John. He promises another Helper (or Advocate), who will be with his disciples forever ([[John 14:16]]). This Spirit will teach them all things, remind them of Jesus’ words, and guide them into all truth ([[John 14:26]]; [[John 16:13|16:13]]). The Spirit will glorify Christ, not draw attention to himself ([[John 16:14]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The book of Acts records the dramatic outpouring of the Spirit at Pentecost ([[Acts 2]]), explicitly linking it to Joel’s prophecy. From that moment on, the Spirit indwells believers, empowers witness, forms the church, and directs its mission. Without the Spirit, the apostles are powerless; with the Spirit, they proclaim the gospel boldly ([[Acts 1:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The letters of the New Testament consistently teach that Christian life is impossible apart from the Holy Spirit. Believers are born of the Spirit ([[John 3]]:5–8), sealed by the Spirit ([[Ephesians 1:13]]), led by the Spirit ([[Romans 8:14]]), and transformed by the Spirit into Christ’s likeness ([[2 Corinthians 3:18]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Hebrew and Greek Terms for the Spirit ==&lt;br /&gt;
Understanding the biblical words used for &amp;quot;Spirit&amp;quot; helps clarify how Scripture speaks about the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Old Testament, the Hebrew word ruach ([[Hebrew:7303|רוּחַ]]) is used. This word can mean wind, breath, or spirit. The range of meanings is significant. Wind and breath are unseen yet powerful, life-giving realities, which makes the term well suited to describing God’s Spirit. When Scripture speaks of the רוּחַ of God, it is not suggesting something vague or impersonal, but God’s active, life-giving presence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the New Testament, the Greek word pneuma ([[Greek:4151|πνεῦμα]] is used. Like רוּחַ, πνεῦμα can mean wind, breath, or spirit. Jesus himself draws on this wordplay in John 3 when he speaks of the Spirit as like the wind - unseen, uncontrollable, yet powerful and real.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both terms underline that the Spirit is invisible yet active, mysterious, personal, powerful and purposeful.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Holy Spirit and the Trinity ==&lt;br /&gt;
The doctrine of the Trinity teaches that the Holy Spirit is fully God, not a created being or a lesser divine force. Scripture attributes divine qualities to the Spirit: he is eternal ([[Hebrews 9:14]]), omnipresent ([[Psalm 139:7]]), and omniscient ([[1 Corinthians 2:10]]–[[1 Corinthians 2:11|11]]). He performs divine works such as creation, regeneration, and inspiration of Scripture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Spirit is distinguished from the Father and the Son, yet always acts in unity with them. In [[Matthew 28:19]], believers are baptized in the singular &amp;quot;name&amp;quot; of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. This formula places the Spirit alongside the Father and the Son in a way that would be inappropriate if he were not fully divine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Trinity is not a philosophical puzzle to be solved but a biblical truth to be received. The Spirit's role is not to replace Christ or compete with him, but to apply Christ's saving work to believers and to unite them to the Father through the Son.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Holy Spirit in the Early Church ==&lt;br /&gt;
The early church devoted considerable attention to the person and work of the Holy Spirit, particularly in response to misunderstandings and heresies. Some groups denied the full divinity of the Spirit, treating him as a created being or subordinate power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Nicene Creed, expanded at the Council of Constantinople in AD 381, affirmed belief in &amp;quot;the Holy Spirit, the Lord and giver of life, who proceeds from the Father, who with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified.&amp;quot; This confession reflects the church’s conviction that Scripture presents the Spirit as fully divine and worthy of worship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Early Christian writers such as Athanasius and the Cappadocian Fathers argued that if the Spirit gives life and sanctifies believers, he must be God. Salvation itself depends on the Spirit being truly divine, since only God can save.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Work of the Holy Spirit ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Conviction and Conversion ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus teaches that the Spirit convicts the world of sin, righteousness, and judgment ([[John 16:8]]). Conversion is not merely a human decision but a divine work. The Spirit opens blind eyes, softens hard hearts, and brings people to repentance and faith.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Regeneration and Indwelling ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Spirit brings about the new birth. To be a Christian is to be born of the Spirit ([[John 3:6]]). At conversion, the Spirit comes to dwell within the believer, making them a temple of God ([[1 Corinthians 6:19]]). This indwelling presence is permanent and marks believers as belonging to God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Sanctification ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Spirit works ongoing transformation in the believer's life. Sanctification is not self-improvement but Spirit-led change. Believers are called to walk by the Spirit and not gratify the desires of the flesh ([[Galatians 5:16]]). Growth in holiness is evidence of the Spirit's work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Fruit of the Spirit ==&lt;br /&gt;
The fruit of the Spirit, listed in [[Galatians 5:22]]–[[Galatians 5:23|23]], describes the character produced by the Spirit in the life of a believer: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These qualities are fruit, they are not spiritual gifts given to some. They are the expected outcome of the Spirit's presence in every believer. They reflect the character of Christ and demonstrate authentic Christian maturity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Gifts of the Spirit ==&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament also speaks of spiritual gifts given by the Spirit for the building up of the church ([[1 Corinthians 12]], [[Romans 12]] and [[Ephesians 4]]). These gifts vary in function and expression but are all given according to the Spirit's will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spiritual gifts are not marks of spiritual superiority but tools for service. They are given to strengthen the church, promote unity, and advance the gospel. Love, not giftedness, is the ultimate measure of spiritual maturity ([[1 Corinthians 13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Holy Spirit and Christian Life Today ==&lt;br /&gt;
The Holy Spirit continues to work in the church and in individual believers today. He empowers faithful gospel proclamation, sustains believers in suffering, and produces Christlike character. Any theology of the Holy Spirit must remain firmly grounded in Scripture and centred on Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Spirit does not contradict Scripture, nor does he draw attention away from Christ. His work is to glorify the Son and bring believers into deeper fellowship with the Father.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Quotes ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit Wikipedia - Holy Spirit]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://sharingknowledge.org/giftsofspirit.html Sharing Knowledge - Gifts of the Holy Spirit]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[God]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Trinity]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Jesus_Christ&amp;diff=1116520</id>
		<title>Jesus Christ</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Jesus_Christ&amp;diff=1116520"/>
		<updated>2026-10-18T02:31:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{quote | text={{Bible verse|acts|2|22|lang=WEB}} {{Bible verse|acts|2|23|lang=WEB}} {{Bible verse|acts|2|24|lang=WEB}} ([[Acts 2]]:22-24)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
  topic_name = Jesus&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Cristo Velázquez lou2.jpg|thumb|center|Crucifixion by Diego Velázquez]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  subtopics = [[Christology]] - [[Nature of Christ]] (Hypostatic union), Deity of Christ - [[Jesus: Our Lord and God]], [[Jesus: The man]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Historical evidence of Jesus Christ]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Events in the life of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Birth of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Miracles of Jesus]], [[Parables of Jesus]], [[Teachings of Jesus]] &lt;br /&gt;
** The Crucifixion - [[Death of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Resurrection of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
**  [[Ascension of Christ]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Grace]], [[Justification]], [[Salvation]], [[Forgiveness]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[God]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Titles for Jesus - [[Christ]] (Messiah), [[Emmanuel]], [[Son of God]], [[Son of Man]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Gospels]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{ebd}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Jesus (compass)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[John 11 - Our response to Jesus (G.G.)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Jesus is Lord - a call to radical discipleship (Notes compiled by a listener at an address given by John Stott in 2003)|Jesus is Lord (Notes from a John Stott Talk)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[One solitary life (anon)]] | &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Jesus''' (also known as '''Jesus Christ''' or '''Jesus of Nazareth''') is the central figure of [[Christianity]]. He is fully [[God]] and fully man, the eternal Creator who entered His creation to redeem it, and the risen Lord who reigns today. He lived a sinless life, died on the cross for the sins of humanity, and rose again on the third day. Faith in Him brings [[salvation]] ([[John 3:16]]; [[Acts 4:12]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Christology]] is the branch of theology that studies the person and work of Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Name===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus is the English form of the Greek ''Iēsous'', itself a translation of the Hebrew ''Yeshua'' (or Joshua), meaning “Yahweh is salvation” ([[Matthew 1:21]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Christ]] is a title, not His surname, and means “Anointed One”. It is equivalent to the Hebrew Messiah and signifies His appointment as Prophet, Priest and King. Other titles include [[Son of God]] ([[John 1:49]]), [[Son of Man]] ([[Mark 10:45]]), Lamb of God ([[John 1:29]]) and Son of David ([[Matthew 1:1]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Pre-Existence of Christ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus did not come into existence at His birth, but existed eternally as God the Son ([[John 1]]:1–3; [[Colossians 1]]:16–17). He shared in the glory of the Father before the world began ([[John 17:5]]) and participated in creation itself. His incarnation was an act of humility and grace ([[Philippians 2]]:5–8).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Nature of Christ]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus is God in human flesh ([[John 1:1]]; [[John 1:14]]). The doctrine known as the [[hypostatic union]] teaches that He is one person with two natures: fully divine and fully human. He is not half God and half man.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scripture affirms His deity ([[Titus 2:13]]) and His humanity ([[Hebrews 2:14]]; [[1 Timothy 2:5]]). In Him all the fullness of God dwells ([[Colossians 1:19]]), yet He experienced human weakness and temptation, without sin ([[Hebrews 4:15]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Understanding this completely is not possible in this life. Disagreements regarding Christ's nature have occurred since the times of the early [[church]], causing considerable tension at times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Historical evidence of Jesus Christ]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many historians, including non-Christian historians, agree that there is good [[Historicity of Jesus|historical evidence of the life and crucifixion of Jesus]]. Apart from the Bible, references to Jesus occur in historical texts, including the writings of Tacitus and Josephus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within a few years of His death, His followers were boldly proclaiming His resurrection. The early Christian movement grew throughout the Roman Empire despite opposition and persecution.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Birth of Jesus]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus was born in [[Bethlehem]], probably between 6 and 4 BC ([[Luke 2]]:4–7). His mother, [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]], was a virgin, and His conception was by the Holy Spirit ([[Matthew 1]]:18–23; [[Luke 1]]:26–35), fulfilling [[Isaiah 7:14]]. [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]], His earthly father, was a carpenter from Nazareth in Galilee.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His family fled to [[Egypt]] to escape [[Herod the Great]] before settling in [[Nazareth]]. Jesus grew up in Galilee, in the region historically known as [[Palestine]], and worked as a carpenter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The precise date of His birth is unknown, but it is celebrated at [[Christmas]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Teachings of Jesus]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus was a remarkable teacher. Throughout the [[Gospels]], people frequently addressed Him as “Teacher”. He taught with divine authority, calling people to [[repentance]] from [[sin]] and faith in the good news ([[Mark 1:15]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Sermons and statements====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of the direct teaching of Jesus is recorded in the four Gospels: the [[Gospel of Matthew]], [[Gospel of Mark]], [[Gospel of Luke]] and [[Gospel of John]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the best-known sections is the [[Sermon on the Mount]], where Jesus called His followers to love God, their neighbours and even their enemies. He taught with authority, declaring, “You have heard that it was said … but I say to you” ([[Matthew 5]]:21–22).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His teaching emphasised [[love]] for God and neighbour ([[Matthew 22]]:37–39). He also taught that only through Him could a person come to the Father ([[John 14:6]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====[[Miracles of Jesus]]====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[gospel]] accounts of [[Jesus]]' life record numerous miracles. He healed the sick, gave sight to the blind, cast out demons, calmed storms, fed the hungry and raised the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These miracles testify to the [[deity of Christ]] and express His compassion. They are signs of the [[Kingdom of God]] breaking into the world ([[Luke 11:20]]). John recorded these signs so that people might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and have life in His name ([[John 20]]:30–31).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====[[Parables of Jesus]]====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus often taught through illustrations and stories called parables. His parables tell of the Kingdom of God and the nature of God, using familiar situations from everyday life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Good Samaritan]] teaches love for one's neighbour ([[Luke 10]]:25–37), and the [[Prodigal Son]] teaches about God's welcoming love. The Parable of the Sower describes different responses to the gospel ([[Matthew 13]]:1–23).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes the meaning is clear; at other times it is hidden. Jesus used parables both to reveal truth to those with faith and to conceal it from the hard-hearted ([[Matthew 13]]:10–17).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Death of Jesus]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jesus]] was crucified in [[Jerusalem]] around AD 30 under the Roman governor [[Pontius Pilate]]. His teaching brought Him into conflict with religious leaders, including some of the [[Pharisees]], and He was accused of [[blasphemy]] because of His claims about His identity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus willingly laid down His life ([[John 10]]:17–18). He bore the [[sin]]s of humanity so that we could be reconciled to [[God]] ([[Isaiah 53]]:5–6; [[2 Corinthians 5:21]]). Through the cross, God's justice against sin and His mercy towards sinners meet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His death is remembered on [[Good Friday]], but it is not the end of the story.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Resurrection of Jesus]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the third day after His death, Jesus rose bodily from the grave, as He had foretold ([[Matthew 16:21]]; [[Luke 24]]:6–7). He appeared to His [[Disciples of Jesus|disciples]] and other witnesses over a period of forty days ([[1 Corinthians 15]]:3–8; [[Acts 1:3]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His resurrection vindicated His claims, demonstrated His victory over death, and guarantees the future resurrection of believers ([[1 Corinthians 15]]:20–22).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He sent His disciples out into the world. Today, millions know the risen Lord and celebrate His resurrection on [[Easter Sunday]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Ascension and Present Ministry of Christ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty days after His resurrection, Jesus ascended into heaven ([[Acts 1]]:9–11). Following the [[Ascension of Christ]], He reigns at the right hand of the Father ([[Hebrews 1:3]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He intercedes for His people ([[Romans 8:34]]; [[Hebrews 7:25]]), sends the Holy Spirit ([[John 16:7]]), and prepares a place for His followers ([[John 14]]:2–3).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Bible Prophecies Regarding Jesus===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are numerous prophecies about Christ in the [[Old Testament]]. These [[Messianic Prophecy|Messianic Prophecies]] were fulfilled in Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isaiah 53]] describes the suffering servant who bears the sins of many. [[Psalm 22]] describes suffering fulfilled in His crucifixion. [[Micah 5:2]] foretells His birth in Bethlehem, and [[Zechariah 9:9]] predicts His humble entry into Jerusalem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These fulfilments affirm the divine inspiration of Scripture and the identity of Jesus as the promised Messiah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Second Coming of Christ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus will return in glory to judge the living and the dead ([[Matthew 25]]:31–46; [[Revelation 19]]:11–16). His return will bring final justice and the new heavens and new earth ([[Revelation 21]]:1–5). This is the blessed hope of believers ([[Titus 2:13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''[[John 11:35]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
: ''{{Bible verse|John|11|35|lang=WEB}}''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Anonymous Quote'''&lt;br /&gt;
: ''No Jesus, No peace; Know Jesus, Know peace.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Blaise Pascal'''&lt;br /&gt;
: ''There is a God shaped vacuum in the heart of every man which cannot be filled by any created thing, but only by God, the Creator, made known through Jesus.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Mark Potter'''&lt;br /&gt;
: ''Jesus, like any good fisherman, first catches the fish; then He cleans them''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''[[Karl Barth]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
: ''Jesus does not give recipes that show the way to God as other teachers of religion do. He is himself the way.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus Wikipedia - Jesus]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://docs.google.com/View?docid=ddn4v5jr_115hfvz3v Sermon - Matthew 16 - Who is Jesus?]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.thinkapologetics.com ThinkApologetics.com]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Video==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;YouTube&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
title=The Life of Jesus Christ, Full Movie&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-ZcbjLBtls&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;rel=1&lt;br /&gt;
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/o-ZcbjLBtls&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;rel=1&lt;br /&gt;
wrap = yes&lt;br /&gt;
width=500&lt;br /&gt;
height=400&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/YouTube&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[God]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Trinity]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Videos]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pages with YouTube content]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=God&amp;diff=1116519</id>
		<title>God</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=God&amp;diff=1116519"/>
		<updated>2026-10-18T02:18:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{quote | text={{Bible verse|Genesis|1|1|lang=WEB}}   [[Genesis 1:1]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
  topic_name = God |&lt;br /&gt;
  subtopics = [[Character of God]] - [[God is the creator]], [[God is love]], [[God is holy]], [[God is forgiving]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Trinity]] - [[God the Father]], [[Jesus Christ]], [[Holy Spirit]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Names of God]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{ebd}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
God is the central being of all existence. He is eternal, without beginning and without end ([[Psalm 90:2]]; [[Revelation 1:8]]). All things that exist owe their existence to Him, and nothing that exists can exist apart from His sustaining power. The very first chapter of the Bible begins not with an argument for God’s existence but with a simple, majestic declaration: “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth” ([[Genesis 1:1]]). From the very opening verses, Scripture presents God as the eternal, personal, powerful Creator who speaks the universe into existence and forms humankind in His own image ([[Genesis 1:26]]–[[Genesis 1:27|27]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Bible also reveals God’s character to be full of mercy, compassion, justice, holiness, and steadfast love ([[Exodus 34:6]]–[[Exodus 34:7|7]]; [[Psalm 103]]:8–14). The apostle John states plainly that “God is love” ([[1 John 4:8]]), and this love is demonstrated not abstractly but personally through His actions in history—most clearly in the sending of His Son, Jesus Christ, for the salvation of the world ([[John 3:16]]; [[Romans 5:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Millions of people across the world and throughout history have trusted in this God as their Lord, Master, and Saviour. He is not a distant or impersonal force but a personal being who reveals Himself, who invites people into relationship with Him, and who comes into anyone’s life when that person acknowledges Him, turns from sin, and places their trust in Him ([[Acts 3:19]]; [[James 4:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christian faith affirms that this one God eternally exists as Trinity: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. These three are distinct in personhood, equal in divinity, united in essence, and harmonious in their work. Though this truth surpasses our full comprehension, it is the consistent witness of Scripture and the foundation of Christian belief.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Names and Titles for God ==&lt;br /&gt;
In Scripture, names reveal character and relationship. The names God reveals about Himself show His eternal nature, His covenant love, His power, and His nearness to His people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Hebrew of the Old Testament uses several key words to describe God.&lt;br /&gt;
* Elohim is used over 2,500 times and is the dominant Old Testament word for God. Its plural form, paired with singular usage, has intrigued generations of Christian readers, as it echoes God’s unity and yet allows space for Trinitarian revelation.&lt;br /&gt;
* El - Singular terms meaning “Mighty One” or “God,” emphasising His strength and sovereigny&lt;br /&gt;
* Yahweh - The covenant name, revealing God as personal, faithful, and present with His people&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The words for “God” in the Greek include:&lt;br /&gt;
* Theos (Θεός) which refers to the true God and is applied to both the Father and, strikingly, to Jesus Christ, for example [[John 1:1]], [[John 20:28]] and [[Titus 2:13]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Kyrios (Lord), which, in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint) translates the divine name Yahweh. Thus, when the New Testament calls Jesus Kyrios, it identifies Him with the LORD of Israel ([[Philippians 2:11]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Yahweh (The LORD) ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most central name of God in the Old Testament is Yahweh (or YHWH), often written as LORD in small capitals. God revealed this name to Moses:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“I AM WHO I AM.” — [[Exodus 3:14]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This declares God’s eternal, self-existent nature. He depends on no one, yet all creation depends on Him. Yahweh appears more than 6,800 times in the Old Testament.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some significant titles attached to Yahweh include:&lt;br /&gt;
* Yahweh-Jireh — The LORD will provide ([[Genesis 22:14]])&lt;br /&gt;
* Yahweh-Rapha — The LORD who heals ([[Exodus 15:26]])&lt;br /&gt;
* Yahweh-Rohi — The LORD is my shepherd ([[Psalm 23:1]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Adonai ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Meaning “Lord” or “Master,” this title expresses God’s authority and the reverent obedience His people owe Him (Psalm 8:1).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Elohim ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most common Hebrew word for God, used in [[Genesis 1:1]]. Though plural in form, it is used with singular verbs when referring to the true God, hinting at rich complexity within God’s unity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the word elohim does not always to God, but can also be used to refer to any beings existing within the spiritual realm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some significant titles attached to El (the singular of Elohim) include:&lt;br /&gt;
* El Shaddai — God Almighty ([[Genesis 17:1]])&lt;br /&gt;
* El Elyon — God Most High ([[Genesis 14:18]])&lt;br /&gt;
* El Olam — Everlasting God ([[Genesis 21:33]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Descriptors and Titles for God ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Titles express what God is like and how He relates to His people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some key biblical titles include:&lt;br /&gt;
* Creator (Isaiah 40:28; Colossians 1:16)&lt;br /&gt;
* King of Kings (1 Timothy 6:15)&lt;br /&gt;
* Redeemer (Isaiah 43:14)&lt;br /&gt;
* Judge of all the earth (Genesis 18:25)&lt;br /&gt;
* Father (Matthew 6:9; Romans 8:15)&lt;br /&gt;
* Shepherd (Psalm 23:1; John 10:11)&lt;br /&gt;
* Rock (Psalm 18:2)&lt;br /&gt;
* Alpha and Omega (Revelation 1:8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Character and Nature of God ==&lt;br /&gt;
God is holy (Isaiah 6:3), loving (1 John 4:8–10), just (Psalm 9:7–8), merciful (Exodus 34:6), sovereign (Psalm 115:3), all-knowing (Psalm 147:5), all-powerful (Jeremiah 32:17), ever-present (Psalm 139:7–10), and faithful (Lamentations 3:22–23).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
God is completely holy and without any evil, yet at the same time forgiving, merciful, and full of love. His character is perfectly harmonious. His justice does not undermine His mercy. His holiness does not suppress His compassion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== God Is One ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The foundational confession of biblical faith is:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one.” — Deuteronomy 6:4&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament echoes this:&lt;br /&gt;
* “There is one God” (1 Timothy 2:5)&lt;br /&gt;
* “God is one” (James 2:19)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This unity means Christians do not worship three gods, but one God who eternally exists as three persons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Trinity ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Trinity is the Christian doctrine that God is one in essence and three in persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Although impossible to fully grasp, Scripture clearly teaches that:&lt;br /&gt;
# There is only one God (Deuteronomy 6:4)&lt;br /&gt;
# The Father is God (John 6:27)&lt;br /&gt;
# The Son is God (John 1:1; Colossians 2:9)&lt;br /&gt;
# The Holy Spirit is God (Acts 5:3–4)&lt;br /&gt;
# The three persons work together harmoniously (Matthew 3:16–17; 28:19; 2 Corinthians 13:14)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== God the Father ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
God the Father is the eternal Father of the Son and the source of all things (1 Corinthians 8:6). He is Creator, sustainer, and sovereign Lord over all. He adopts believers into His family through Christ (Romans 8:14–17) and cares for them with fatherly compassion (Psalm 103:13).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He sends the Son (John 3:16), sends the Spirit (John 14:26), and governs all things with perfect wisdom.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== God the Son - Jesus Christ ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus is fully God and fully human. He is the eternal Word made flesh (John 1:1, 14) (the incarnation), the radiance of God’s glory (Hebrews 1:3), and the Saviour of the world through his atoning death on the cross (1 Peter 3:18) and resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:3–4). He reveals the Father perfectly (John 14:9) and brings salvation to all who repent and believe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== God the Holy Spirit ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Holy Spirit is fully God and personally active in creation, redemption, and the life of the believer. He convicts us of our sin (John 16:8), gives new birth (John 3:5–8), indwells believers (1 Corinthians 6:19), produces spiritual fruit (Galatians 5:22–23), empowering us for witness (Acts 1:8) and distributes gifts (1 Corinthians 12:4–11). He is the presence of God in and among His people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== God as Creator, Sustainer and Redeemer ==&lt;br /&gt;
God created all things (Genesis 1–2), and He continues to sustain them (Colossians 1:17). Not even a sparrow falls apart from His will (Matthew 10:29). All nature declares His glory (Psalm 19:1).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
God rescues His people - delivering Israel from Egypt (Exodus 14), restoring exiles (Nehemiah 9), forgiving sin through sacrifice (Leviticus 16), and ultimately redeeming the world through Jesus Christ (Ephesians 1:7).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Human beings are created in God’s image (Genesis 1:26–27) and designed for fellowship with Him. Sin breaks that fellowship (Romans 3:23), yet God continually calls people back to Himself. He is ready to forgive and transform those who repent (Acts 3:19; Isaiah 55:6–7).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sri Aurobindo, in ''Thoughts and Aphorisms''&lt;br /&gt;
: A God who cannot smile could not have created this humorous universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson Davies in ''Conversations''&lt;br /&gt;
: A man who recognizes no God is probably placing an inordinate value on himself. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Albert Einstein &lt;br /&gt;
: Before God we are all equally wise - and equally foolish&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benjamin Franklin&lt;br /&gt;
: God heals, and the doctor takes the fee. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[C.S. Lewis]]&lt;br /&gt;
: God whispers to us in our pleasures, speaks in our conscience, but shouts in our pains: it is His megaphone to rouse a deaf world.&lt;br /&gt;
: God will look to every soul like its first love because He is its first love.&lt;br /&gt;
: If God thinks this state of war in the universe a price worth paying for free will...then we may take it it is worth paying. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Galileo Galilei (1564 ~ 1642)&lt;br /&gt;
: I do not think it is necessary to believe that the same God who has given us our senses, reason, and intelligence wished us to abandon their use, giving us by some other means the information that we could gain through them. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yiddish proverb, &lt;br /&gt;
: If God lived on earth, people would break his windows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
J.R.R. Tolkien&lt;br /&gt;
: If you do not believe in a personal God the question: `What is the purpose of life?' is unaskable and unanswerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thomas Jefferson &lt;br /&gt;
: It does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are twenty gods or no god. It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Immanuel Kant&lt;br /&gt;
: Reason can never prove the existence of God. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Emily Dickinson &lt;br /&gt;
: They say that God is everywhere, and yet we always think of Him as somewhat of a recluse. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catherine Doherty&lt;br /&gt;
: With God, every moment is the moment of beginning again. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unknown source&lt;br /&gt;
: You can live without God, but you better not die without him. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Romans 5]]:7-8&lt;br /&gt;
: {{Bible verse|Romans|5|7|lang=WEB}} {{Bible verse|Romans|5|8|lang=WEB}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[1 John 4:16]]&lt;br /&gt;
: God is love. Whoever lives in love lives in God, and God in him. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[1 John 1:5]]&lt;br /&gt;
: God is light; in him there is no darkness at all. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Exodus 3:14]] (King James Version)&lt;br /&gt;
: God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isaiah 45]]:5-7 (King James Version)&lt;br /&gt;
: I am the LORD, and there is none else, there is no God beside me: I girded thee, though thou hast not known me: That they may know from the rising of the sun, and from the west, that there is none beside me. I am the LORD, and there is none else. I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the LORD do all these things. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spike Milligan&lt;br /&gt;
: And God said, 'Let there be light' and there was light, but the Electricity Board said he would have to wait until Thursday to be connected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Woody Allen&lt;br /&gt;
: If only God would give me some clear sign! Like making a large deposit in my name in a Swiss bank.&lt;br /&gt;
: How can I believe in God when just last week I got my tongue caught in the roller of an electric typewriter?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God Wikipedia - God]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.theopedia.com/God Theopedia - God]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Trinity]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=God&amp;diff=1116518</id>
		<title>God</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=God&amp;diff=1116518"/>
		<updated>2026-10-18T02:18:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{quote | text={{Bible verse|Genesis|1|1|lang=WEB}}   [[Genesis 1:1]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
  topic_name = God |&lt;br /&gt;
  subtopics = [[Character of God]] - [[God is the creator]], [[God is love]], [[God is holy]], [[God is forgiving]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Trinity]] - [[God the Father]], [[Jesus Christ]], [[Holy Spirit]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Names of God]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{ebd}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
God is the central being of all existence. He is eternal, without beginning and without end ([[Psalm 90:2]]; [[Revelation 1:8]]). All things that exist owe their existence to Him, and nothing that exists can exist apart from His sustaining power. The very first chapter of the Bible begins not with an argument for God’s existence but with a simple, majestic declaration: “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth” ([[Genesis 1:1]]). From the very opening verses, Scripture presents God as the eternal, personal, powerful Creator who speaks the universe into existence and forms humankind in His own image ([[Genesis 1:26]]–[[Genesis 1:27|27]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Bible also reveals God’s character to be full of mercy, compassion, justice, holiness, and steadfast love ([[Exodus 34:6]]–[[Exodus 34:7|7]]; [[Psalm 103]]:8–14). The apostle John states plainly that “God is love” ([[1 John 4:8]]), and this love is demonstrated not abstractly but personally through His actions in history—most clearly in the sending of His Son, Jesus Christ, for the salvation of the world ([[John 3:16]]; [[Romans 5:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Millions of people across the world and throughout history have trusted in this God as their Lord, Master, and Saviour. He is not a distant or impersonal force but a personal being who reveals Himself, who invites people into relationship with Him, and who comes into anyone’s life when that person acknowledges Him, turns from sin, and places their trust in Him ([[Acts 3:19]]; [[James 4:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christian faith affirms that this one God eternally exists as Trinity: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. These three are distinct in personhood, equal in divinity, united in essence, and harmonious in their work. Though this truth surpasses our full comprehension, it is the consistent witness of Scripture and the foundation of Christian belief.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Names and Titles for God ==&lt;br /&gt;
In Scripture, names reveal character and relationship. The names God reveals about Himself show His eternal nature, His covenant love, His power, and His nearness to His people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Hebrew of the Old Testament uses several key words to describe God.&lt;br /&gt;
* Elohim is used over 2,500 times and is the dominant Old Testament word for God. Its plural form, paired with singular usage, has intrigued generations of Christian readers, as it echoes God’s unity and yet allows space for Trinitarian revelation.&lt;br /&gt;
* El - Singular terms meaning “Mighty One” or “God,” emphasising His strength and sovereigny&lt;br /&gt;
* Yahweh - The covenant name, revealing God as personal, faithful, and present with His people&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The words for “God” in the Greek include:&lt;br /&gt;
* Theos (Θεός) which refers to the true God and is applied to both the Father and, strikingly, to Jesus Christ, for example [[John 1:1]], [[John 20:28]] and [[Titus 2:13]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Kyrios (Lord), which, in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint) translates the divine name Yahweh. Thus, when the New Testament calls Jesus Kyrios, it identifies Him with the LORD of Israel ([[Philippians 2:11]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Yahweh (The LORD) ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most central name of God in the Old Testament is Yahweh (or YHWH), often written as LORD in small capitals. God revealed this name to Moses:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“I AM WHO I AM.” — [[Exodus 3:14]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This declares God’s eternal, self-existent nature. He depends on no one, yet all creation depends on Him. Yahweh appears more than 6,800 times in the Old Testament.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some significant titles attached to Yahweh include:&lt;br /&gt;
* Yahweh-Jireh — The LORD will provide ([[Genesis 22:14]])&lt;br /&gt;
* Yahweh-Rapha — The LORD who heals ([[Exodus 15:26]])&lt;br /&gt;
* Yahweh-Rohi — The LORD is my shepherd ([[Psalm 23:1]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Adonai ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Meaning “Lord” or “Master,” this title expresses God’s authority and the reverent obedience His people owe Him (Psalm 8:1).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Elohim ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most common Hebrew word for God, used in [[Genesis 1:1]]. Though plural in form, it is used with singular verbs when referring to the true God, hinting at rich complexity within God’s unity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the word elohim does not always to God, but can also be used to refer to any beings existing within the spiritual realm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some significant titles attached to El (the singular of Elohim) include:&lt;br /&gt;
* El Shaddai — God Almighty ([[Genesis 17:1]])&lt;br /&gt;
* El Elyon — God Most High ([[Genesis 14:18]])&lt;br /&gt;
* El Olam — Everlasting God ([[Genesis 21:33]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Descriptors and Titles for God ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Titles express what God is like and how He relates to His people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some key biblical titles include:&lt;br /&gt;
* Creator (Isaiah 40:28; Colossians 1:16)&lt;br /&gt;
* King of Kings (1 Timothy 6:15)&lt;br /&gt;
* Redeemer (Isaiah 43:14)&lt;br /&gt;
* Judge of all the earth (Genesis 18:25)&lt;br /&gt;
* Father (Matthew 6:9; Romans 8:15)&lt;br /&gt;
* Shepherd (Psalm 23:1; John 10:11)&lt;br /&gt;
* Rock (Psalm 18:2)&lt;br /&gt;
* Alpha and Omega (Revelation 1:8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Character and Nature of God ==&lt;br /&gt;
God is holy (Isaiah 6:3), loving (1 John 4:8–10), just (Psalm 9:7–8), merciful (Exodus 34:6), sovereign (Psalm 115:3), all-knowing (Psalm 147:5), all-powerful (Jeremiah 32:17), ever-present (Psalm 139:7–10), and faithful (Lamentations 3:22–23).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
God is completely holy and without any evil, yet at the same time forgiving, merciful, and full of love. His character is perfectly harmonious. His justice does not undermine His mercy. His holiness does not suppress His compassion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== God Is One ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The foundational confession of biblical faith is:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one.” — Deuteronomy 6:4&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament echoes this:&lt;br /&gt;
* “There is one God” (1 Timothy 2:5)&lt;br /&gt;
* “God is one” (James 2:19)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This unity means Christians do not worship three gods, but one God who eternally exists as three persons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Trinity ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Trinity is the Christian doctrine that God is one in essence and three in persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Although impossible to fully grasp, Scripture clearly teaches that:&lt;br /&gt;
# There is only one God (Deuteronomy 6:4)&lt;br /&gt;
# The Father is God (John 6:27)&lt;br /&gt;
# The Son is God (John 1:1; Colossians 2:9)&lt;br /&gt;
# The Holy Spirit is God (Acts 5:3–4)&lt;br /&gt;
# The three persons work together harmoniously (Matthew 3:16–17; 28:19; 2 Corinthians 13:14)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== God the Father ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
God the Father is the eternal Father of the Son and the source of all things (1 Corinthians 8:6). He is Creator, sustainer, and sovereign Lord over all. He adopts believers into His family through Christ (Romans 8:14–17) and cares for them with fatherly compassion (Psalm 103:13).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He sends the Son (John 3:16), sends the Spirit (John 14:26), and governs all things with perfect wisdom.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== God the Son - Jesus Christ ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus is fully God and fully human. He is the eternal Word made flesh (John 1:1, 14) (the incarnation), the radiance of God’s glory (Hebrews 1:3), and the Saviour of the world through his atoning death on the cross (1 Peter 3:18) and resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:3–4). He reveals the Father perfectly (John 14:9) and brings salvation to all who repent and believe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== God the Holy Spirit ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Holy Spirit is fully God and personally active in creation, redemption, and the life of the believer. He convicts us of our sin (John 16:8), gives new birth (John 3:5–8), indwells believers (1 Corinthians 6:19), produces spiritual fruit (Galatians 5:22–23), empowering us for witness (Acts 1:8) and distributes gifts (1 Corinthians 12:4–11). He is the presence of God in and among His people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== God as Creator, Sustainer and Redeemer ==&lt;br /&gt;
God created all things (Genesis 1–2), and He continues to sustain them (Colossians 1:17). Not even a sparrow falls apart from His will (Matthew 10:29). All nature declares His glory (Psalm 19:1).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
God rescues His people - delivering Israel from Egypt (Exodus 14), restoring exiles (Nehemiah 9), forgiving sin through sacrifice (Leviticus 16), and ultimately redeeming the world through Jesus Christ (Ephesians 1:7).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Human beings are created in God’s image (Genesis 1:26–27) and designed for fellowship with Him. Sin breaks that fellowship (Romans 3:23), yet God continually calls people back to Himself. He is ready to forgive and transform those who repent (Acts 3:19; Isaiah 55:6–7).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sri Aurobindo, in ''Thoughts and Aphorisms''&lt;br /&gt;
: A God who cannot smile could not have created this humorous universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson Davies in ''Conversations''&lt;br /&gt;
: A man who recognizes no God is probably placing an inordinate value on himself. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Albert Einstein &lt;br /&gt;
: Before God we are all equally wise - and equally foolish&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Benjamin Franklin&lt;br /&gt;
: God heals, and the doctor takes the fee. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[C.S. Lewis]]&lt;br /&gt;
: God whispers to us in our pleasures, speaks in our conscience, but shouts in our pains: it is His megaphone to rouse a deaf world.&lt;br /&gt;
: God will look to every soul like its first love because He is its first love.&lt;br /&gt;
: If God thinks this state of war in the universe a price worth paying for free will...then we may take it it is worth paying. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Galileo Galilei (1564 ~ 1642)&lt;br /&gt;
: I do not think it is necessary to believe that the same God who has given us our senses, reason, and intelligence wished us to abandon their use, giving us by some other means the information that we could gain through them. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yiddish proverb, &lt;br /&gt;
: If God lived on earth, people would break his windows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
J.R.R. Tolkien&lt;br /&gt;
: If you do not believe in a personal God the question: `What is the purpose of life?' is unaskable and unanswerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thomas Jefferson &lt;br /&gt;
: It does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are twenty gods or no god. It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Immanuel Kant&lt;br /&gt;
: Reason can never prove the existence of God. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Emily Dickinson &lt;br /&gt;
: They say that God is everywhere, and yet we always think of Him as somewhat of a recluse. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Catherine Doherty&lt;br /&gt;
: With God, every moment is the moment of beginning again. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unknown source&lt;br /&gt;
: You can live without God, but you better not die without him. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Romans 5]]:7-8&lt;br /&gt;
: {{Bible verse|Romans|5|7|lang=WEB}} {{Bible verse|Romans|5|8|lang=WEB}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[1 John 4:16]]&lt;br /&gt;
: God is love. Whoever lives in love lives in God, and God in him. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[1 John 1:5]]&lt;br /&gt;
: God is light; in him there is no darkness at all. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Exodus 3:14]] (King James Version)&lt;br /&gt;
: God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isaiah 45]]:5-7 (King James Version)&lt;br /&gt;
: I am the LORD, and there is none else, there is no God beside me: I girded thee, though thou hast not known me: That they may know from the rising of the sun, and from the west, that there is none beside me. I am the LORD, and there is none else. I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the LORD do all these things. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spike Milligan&lt;br /&gt;
: And God said, 'Let there be light' and there was light, but the Electricity Board said he would have to wait until Thursday to be connected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Woody Allen&lt;br /&gt;
: If only God would give me some clear sign! Like making a large deposit in my name in a Swiss bank.&lt;br /&gt;
: How can I believe in God when just last week I got my tongue caught in the roller of an electric typewriter?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God Wikipedia - God]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.theopedia.com/God Theopedia - God]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Trinity]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Christianity&amp;diff=1116517</id>
		<title>Christianity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Christianity&amp;diff=1116517"/>
		<updated>2026-10-18T02:14:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{quote | text={{Bible verse|John|3|16|lang=WEB}}   [[John 3:16]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
  topic_name = Christianity&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Christians at lourdes.jpg|thumb|center|Christians in a procession at [[Lourdes]].]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  subtopics = [[God]], [[Jesus Christ]], [[Essence of Christianity]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bible]], [[Christian literature, art, music and media]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Church]], [[Church history]], [[Denominations]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Famous Christians]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Christian doctrine and debates]], [[Grace]], [[Love]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Current issues]], [[News]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cults and other religions]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Places]], [[Mission]], [[World-wide church directory]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christianity is the world's most widely practiced [[religion]] encompassing a rich diversity of traditions and expressions. Despite denominational differences, Christians are united in their faith in Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the Saviour of the world. At its heart, Christianity is not merely a moral system or a cultural tradition, but a living relationship with the [[Trinity|Triune God]], revealed supremely in the person and work of [[Jesus]] Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Etymology===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The term Christianity is derived from the Greek word Christ (Χριστός), meaning “Anointed One,” which is the equivalent of the Hebrew Messiah (מָשִׁיחַ). Christians are thus those who follow Jesus, the Christ. The word &amp;quot;Christian&amp;quot; doesn't appear in the entire Bible until the book of [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]].&lt;br /&gt;
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===[[Essence of Christianity]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christianity is fundamentally the story of God’s initiative to reconcile fallen humanity to Himself. [[God]] created the world and everything in it ([[Genesis 1:1]]). God is a personal, holy, and loving Creator, eternally existing as one God in three persons - [[God the Father|Father]], [[Jesus|Son]], and [[Holy Spirit]] ([[Matthew 28:19]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Humanity was created in God's image ([[Genesis 1:27]]) to live under his rule in relationship with Him. However, through sin and rebellion, humanity has turned away from God ([[Romans 3:23]]). The result of [[Sin|sin]] is spiritual death and separation from Him ([[Isaiah 59:2]]). Yet God, in His mercy, did not abandon His creation. Instead, He entered the world in the person of Jesus Christ, fully God and fully man ([[John 1:1]] and [[John 1:14]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus lived a sinless life, proclaimed the good news of the [[Kingdom of God]], and willingly laid down His life on the cross as a substitutionary sacrifice for sinners ([[1 Peter 3:18]]). On the third day, Jesus rose bodily from the dead ([[Luke 24:6]]) demonstrating His victory over sin and death and confirming His divine identity.&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus calls all people to repent of their sin, trust in Him for salvation, and follow Him as Lord ([[Mark 1:15]] and [[Romans 10:9]]). Through faith in Jesus, believers are justified, that is, declared righteous before God, and not by works, but by grace alone ([[Ephesians 2]]:[[Ephesians 2:8|8]]-[[Ephesians 2:9|9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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To be a Christian, then, is not merely to adhere to a moral code or belong to a religious institution, but to be born again by the Holy Spirit ([[John 3:3]]), adopted into God's family, and transformed by the ongoing work of grace. To be Christian is to know and walk with Jesus Christ as Savior, Lord, and Friend.&lt;br /&gt;
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====[[Love]]====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An underlying theme of Christianity is love, in particular, God's love for people. [[1 John 3:16]] tells us that Jesus' love was so great that he lay down his life for his us&lt;br /&gt;
: ''{{Bible verse|1 John|3|16|lang=WEB}}&lt;br /&gt;
Early in the [[New Testament]] Jesus summarized the Law, saying that we should love God, and love our neighbour, in [[Mark 12]]:28-30&lt;br /&gt;
: ''{{Bible verse|mark|12|28|lang=WEB}}''&lt;br /&gt;
: ''{{Bible verse|mark|12|29|lang=WEB}}''&lt;br /&gt;
: ''{{Bible verse|mark|12|30|lang=WEB}}''&lt;br /&gt;
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====[[Grace]]====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another key concept in Christianity is grace. Grace is [[God]]'s [[love]] poured out on undeserving humanity. The doctrine about grace teaches us that although all people have fallen short of the glory of God and have [[sin]]ned and turned away from God, God loves us still. Nothing we do can restore us to a right relationship with God. It is only through faith in [[Jesus Christ]], in his death and resurrection that we can return to God. This gift of restoration of right relationship with God is called grace.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Bible]]===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Biblewithlight.jpg|thumb|An open Bible.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Bible is the divinely inspired and authoritative word of God, comprised of 66 books, 39 in the [[Old Testament]] and 27 in the [[New Testament]]. Written by human authors under the guidance of the [[Holy Spirit]] ([[2 Timothy 3:16]] and [[2 Peter 1:21]]), it is without error in its original manuscripts and is the authority in all matters of faith and life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Bible tells the grand story of redemption: creation, fall, promise, fulfillment, and new creation. The Old Testament points forward to the coming of the Messiah through God’s covenant relationship with Israel. The New Testament reveals Jesus Christ as the fulfillment of those promises and details the birth and growth of the early Church.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Bible includes various genres including historical narrative, poetry, wisdom literature, prophecy, gospel, and epistle. It calls readers not only to knowledge but also to faith, obedience and worship. The Bible is the standard by which all doctrine and experience must be tested.&lt;br /&gt;
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===[[Church]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A [[church building]] is a building used in [[Christian]] [[worship]]. The term church also refers to the combined Christian community of believers. Thus the Church is the community of all who have been redeemed through faith in Jesus Christ. It is described in Scripture as the body of Christ ([[1 Corinthians 12:27]]), the bride of Christ ([[Ephesians 5]]:25–27), and the temple of the Holy Spirit ([[1 Peter 2:5]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The church is called to gather for worship, preaching of the word, the celebration of the sacraments (or ordinances) of baptism and the Lord’s Supper, and to be a light to the nations ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20).&lt;br /&gt;
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====[[Church history]] and [[Denominations]]====&lt;br /&gt;
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While Christians are united spiritually in one body, the visible church is expressed in a multitude of local congregations and denominations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the [[church]] was formed, major events and conflict, often over matters of [[doctrine]] have resulted in significant rifts that resulted in the formation of these denominations. One of the most notable debates in the Christian church has been the debate about [[salvation]] (being saved) by faith alone (belief in Jesus and nothing else) or through faith and good works (belief in Jesus ''and'' performing good deeds). This debate was the key issue in the [[Reformation]] of the sixteenth century and lead to the split of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] with the formation of [[Protestant]] churches such as the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Church]].&lt;br /&gt;
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Among the largest traditions are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism—including Reformed, Anglican, Baptist, Pentecostal, and non-denominational churches.&lt;br /&gt;
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===[[Christian literature, art, music and media]]===&lt;br /&gt;
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Throughout church history, people have devoted themselves to great works of literature and art for God's glory and honour. Today, a [[:Category:Media_Workers|number of Christians]] are creating works of art in a variety of media, music and visual mediums.&lt;br /&gt;
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====[[Christian music]]====&lt;br /&gt;
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Since Christians have met together, they have sung to God and about God. Early Jewish Christians probably sung [[psalms]]. In later centuries, monophonic [[Gregorian chants]] were widely sung. During and following the Protestant [[Reformation]], hundreds of [[hymns]] were written by men like [[Martin Luther]] and [[Charles Wesley]]. In recent decades, [[Contemporary Christian Music]], Christian music in rock style, has become increasingly popular. Today, a [[:Category:Music|number of Christians]] are creating music in a variety of genres.&lt;br /&gt;
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====[[Christian movies]]====&lt;br /&gt;
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Some of the most well-known movies have strong [[Christian]] themes. One of the earliest Christian movies was [[The Ten Commandments (movie)|The Ten Commandments]] by [[Cecil B. DeMill]]. In 2004, [[The Passion of the Christ]], describing the night of [[Jesus]]' death was a film that made a world-wide impact. In 2005, the movie [[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]] was being released based on the famous book by [[C.S. Lewis]]. Today, a [[:Category:Film|number of Christians]] are producing films in a variety of genres.&lt;br /&gt;
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====[[Christianity and the Internet]]====&lt;br /&gt;
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Since the beginning of the world wide web, Christians have been involved in creating websites dedicated to different aspects of [[Christianity]]. Some of the most important ones have been sites containing the [[Bible]] in different versions like [[BibleGateway]] ([http://www.biblegateway.com biblegateway.com]). Today, a [[:Category:Media_Workers|number of Christians]] are creating web sites, applications and social networking resources.&lt;br /&gt;
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===[[Religious clothing and symbols]]===&lt;br /&gt;
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There are no requirements in [[Christianity]] about what we should wear, although, in many denominations there are special uniforms for those involved in the organisation and running of the denomination. Many Christians also wear symbols of their faith, such as a cross or [[crucifix]]. In many countries with predominant [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Roman Catholic]] populations, people may erect a [[shrine]] or symbol of an aspect of their faith that is important to them. In the [[Reformation]], there was a backlash against these symbols which were often seen as [[idol]]s.&lt;br /&gt;
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===[[Christian doctrine and debates]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Doctrine means a set of beliefs or teaching. Various [[Creeds]] and catechisms have been written as statements of the beliefs of different Christians. Today there are still considerable differences in understanding on major themes in Christianity like [[justification]], [[salvation]] and [[grace]].&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians believe in one God who is yet three persons as described above. They also believe that [[Jesus]] was both a man and both God, and that he bore the [[sin]]s of mankind on the cross and was resurrected three days later.&lt;br /&gt;
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Christianity is primarily are religion of [[love]]. It is about God's love for us, and our response. We are asked to respond by loving God with our whole hearts, and loving our neighbours, including our enemies, as ourselves.&lt;br /&gt;
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However, the Bible also makes clear that the every person has rebelled against God and sins. In the [[Romans|Book of Romans]] it says that &amp;quot;all have sinned&amp;quot;. Later however, the author goes on to tell us that we can be forgiven and appear without sin before God, and that this is through the faith in [[Jesus]] and his death and resurrection.&lt;br /&gt;
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===The Christian Life===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Christian life is one of ongoing discipleship, growing in holiness, love, and obedience through the work of the Holy Spirit. Believers are called to love God with all their heart, soul, mind, and strength, and to love their neighbours as themselves ([[Matthew 22]]:37–39).&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians are also called to engage in mission, proclaiming the gospel to every nation ([[Acts 1:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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This calling is not only the task of clergy or missionaries but the calling of every follower of Jesus. As salt and light ([[Matthew 5]]:13–16), Christians are to reflect God’s character in every sphere of life, including work, family, politics, and the arts.&lt;br /&gt;
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===The [[Persecuted Church]], [[Mission]] and [[Places|Christianity around the world]]===&lt;br /&gt;
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The world's 5 inhabited continents contain more than 8 billion people. The population is increasing rapidly, and it doubled between 1960 and 2000. There are almost 300 independent states and almost 100 of these have significant restrictions on religious belief. Christianity remains the largest religion globally, with over 2.3 billion adherents. This means that 32% of the world's population call themselves Christian, whereas 21% call themselves [[Muslim]] (1.3 billion people), 15% are [[non-religious]] (1 billion) and 13% are [[Hindu]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians are found on every continent, with rapid growth occurring in Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia. By contrast, many traditionally Christian nations in Europe and North America are experiencing secularization. [(Pew Research Centre (2012).&lt;br /&gt;
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==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''[[C.S. Lewis]]''&lt;br /&gt;
: I believe in Christianity as I believe that the sun has risen: not only because I see it, but because by it I see everything else.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]&lt;br /&gt;
: My parents would always tell me that I should not hate the white man, but that it was my duty as a [[Christian]] to love all.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.askchristians.org AskChristians.org] - Discuss today's toughest topics with those who hold the same beliefs but not necessarily the same ideas!&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity Wikipedia - Christianity]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity BBC Religion &amp;amp; Ethics - Christianity]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.thinkapologetics.com ThinkApologetics.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Religion_and_Spirituality/Faiths_and_Practices/Christianity Yahoo Directory on Christianity]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03712a.htm CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christianity]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://christianity.about.com/ It's all About Christianity] &lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.christianforumsite.com/ ChristianForumSite.com] - Post &amp;amp; discuss Christian topics - Bible studies, entertainment, prayer, testimonies, publications and news&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.crosssearch.com/ www.crosssearch.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.believerscafe.com more than 35,000 free Christian webpages]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/christian-resources.html Not Just Bibles A Guide to Christian Resources on the Internet]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.iclnet.org/ The Internet Christian Library]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.crosswalk.com/ crosswalk.com]  &lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.ccel.org ccel.org Public Domain Christian Repository]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-home.html Project Wittenberg - Home to works by and about Martin Luther and other Lutherans]&lt;br /&gt;
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{{returnto}} [[Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Religions]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Church_history&amp;diff=1116513</id>
		<title>Church history</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Church_history&amp;diff=1116513"/>
		<updated>2026-10-16T09:16:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Article transferred and merged from https://exploringtheology.com/bible/doku.php?id=church_history&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
  topic_name = Church history&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Spread of Christianity in Europe to AD 600.jpg|thumb|center|Spread of [[Christianity]] to 325 AD (dark blue) and 600 AD (light blue).]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  subtopics = [[Timeline of church history]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Major events and movements in church history]] - [[Councils]], [[Great Schism]], [[Crusades]], [[Inquisition]], [[Reformation]], [[Vatican I]], [[Revivalism]], [[Vatican II]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Denominations]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Famous Christians]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ancient Israel and Judah]], [[Biblical Places Index]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Church History (G.G.)]] |&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The church is the body of believers in Jesus Christ. From its beginning, it has been marked by periods of faithfulness and failure, persecution and power, decline and renewal. At times the church has courageously proclaimed the gospel with clarity and conviction. At other times it has compromised biblical truth, accommodated cultural pressures, or confused spiritual authority with political power.&lt;br /&gt;
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Yet throughout history, God has preserved a people for himself. Despite human weakness and institutional failure, the gospel has continued to advance. Again and again, renewal has come not through innovation or coercion, but through a return to the Word of God, faithful preaching of Christ, and dependence upon the work of the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Early Church ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Beginnings: Jerusalem and the Apostles ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christianity began among a small group of Jews who believed that Jesus was the promised Messiah foretold in the Old Testament. Jesus was crucified under the Roman governor Pontius Pilate around AD 30 and, according to apostolic witness, raised bodily from the dead. After his resurrection and ascension, Jesus commissioned his apostles to bear witness &amp;quot;in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Acts 2]] records the day of Pentecost, when the [[Holy Spirit]] was poured out and [[Simon Peter]] publicly proclaimed Jesus as Lord and Christ. About 3,000 Jews believed and were baptised. The early church devoted itself to the apostles' teaching, fellowship, prayer, and the breaking of bread. From the outset, the church was Word-centred, communal, and devoted to prayer.&lt;br /&gt;
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Initially, Christianity was regarded as a Jewish sect. This changed decisively with the conversion of Gentiles. [[Acts 10]] records the conversion of Cornelius, a Roman centurion, demonstrating that salvation in Christ was not dependent on adherence to the Mosaic Law. This principle was formally affirmed at the [[Jerusalem Council]] ([[Acts 15]]), which rejected the requirement that Gentile converts must become Jews. This decision preserved the gospel of grace and prevented Christianity from becoming an ethnic religion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Expansion: From Jerusalem to Rome ===&lt;br /&gt;
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By the mid–first century, Christian communities existed across Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, and North Africa. This expansion occurred primarily through missionary activity, personal networks, urban centres, and the infrastructure of the Roman Empire, particularly its roads and the common language of Greek.&lt;br /&gt;
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The apostle Paul played a central role, undertaking multiple missionary journeys and establishing churches in major cities such as [[Corinth]], [[Ephesus]], [[Philippi]], and [[Thessalonica]]. His letters, written to address doctrinal and moral issues in these churches, form a significant portion of the [[New Testament]].&lt;br /&gt;
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Rome gradually became an important centre of Christianity, not because of apostolic decree, but because of its political importance and large population. By the end of the first century, Christianity had spread throughout most major urban centres of the empire, though it remained a minority movement.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Worship, Community, Scripture and Teaching ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Early Christians typically met in private homes rather than dedicated church buildings. Worship centred on prayer, singing of psalms and hymns, reading of Scripture, teaching, and the practice of baptism and the Lord's Supper. These practices reflected continuity with Jewish worship while expressing faith in Christ as the fulfilment of God's promises.&lt;br /&gt;
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Christian community life was marked by mutual care, generosity, and moral distinctiveness. Believers were expected to live transformed lives, renouncing idolatry, sexual immorality, and violence. This countercultural ethic attracted some but also provoked hostility. The early church's vitality flowed from faithfulness to Christ and obedience to his word.&lt;br /&gt;
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Authority in the early church rested on the teaching of the apostles, who were eyewitnesses of the risen Christ. Their teaching was transmitted orally and in written form, and the church gradually recognised certain writings as Scripture - those that bore apostolic authority and faithfully testified to Christ. By the late second century, the core of the New Testament canon was widely acknowledged. &lt;br /&gt;
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=== Persecution and Martyrdom ===&lt;br /&gt;
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For roughly the next 250 years, Christians faced intermittent persecution. Their refusal to worship the emperor or Roman gods was viewed as atheism and political disloyalty. Persecution varied widely by time and place, but could be severe.&lt;br /&gt;
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Notable persecutions occurred under [[Nero]] (after the fire of Rome in AD 64), [[Domitian]] (AD 81–96), [[Trajan|person:Trajan]] and the Antonine emperors (2nd century), [[Decius]] (AD 249–251), [[Valerian]] (AD 257–260), and most severely under [[Diocletian]] and [[Galerius]] (AD 303–311).&lt;br /&gt;
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Many Christians chose death (martyrdom) rather than deny Christ. The first recorded Christian martyr was [[Stephen|person:Stephen]] ([[Acts 7]]). Others, such as [[Ignatius|person:Ignatius]] of Antioch and [[Polycarp]] of Smyrna, left powerful testimonies emphasising loyalty to Christ above earthly life.&lt;br /&gt;
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Despite persecution, the church continued to grow, often strengthened by the witness of faithful suffering.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Growth Beyond the Roman World ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christianity was not confined to the Roman Empire. [[Armenia]] became the first officially Christian nation in AD 301. Christianity reached [[Ethiopia]] by the 4th century, forming a continuous Christian tradition that survives today.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the East, [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac-speaking churches]] spread Christianity along trade routes into [[Persia]], Central Asia, and even [[China|place:China]]. Tradition also holds that the apostle Thomas brought the gospel to southern [[India]], where [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christian]] communities developed.&lt;br /&gt;
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== From Persecuted Sect to Imperial Church ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Legalisation and State Religion ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early fourth century, Christianity was a widespread but still often vulnerable minority - poised for a dramatic change when imperial policy shifted. This shift came in February AD 313, when the emperors [[Constantine|person:Constantine]] and Licinius issued the [[Edict of Milan]], granting legal toleration to Christianity. This ended official persecution and restored confiscated property.&lt;br /&gt;
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By AD 380, under Emperor [[Theodosius I]], Nicene Christianity was declared the official religion of the Roman Empire. Pagan worship was increasingly restricted, and by AD 391 formally suppressed. Christianity moved rapidly from marginal status to a position of cultural dominance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This shift brought protection and opportunity, but also introduced new dangers. A persecuted church became a powerful institution, raising questions about the relationship between faith and coercion, and between spiritual authority and political power.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Church and Empire ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Imperial favour transformed the church's social position. Bishops gained influence, churches received wealth, and Christianity shaped law and public morality. Large basilicas replaced house churches, and Christian leaders increasingly interacted with imperial authorities.&lt;br /&gt;
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While this alliance helped suppress heresy and promote orthodoxy, it also risked compromising the gospel. Coercion replaced persuasion, and nominal Christianity expanded rapidly. As the church's strength lies not in state power but in faithfulness to Christ, this [[Constantinian Shift|Constantinian settlement]] (with its closer ties between church and state) remains one of the most debated turning points in church history.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Councils, Creeds, and Controversies ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Doctrinal disputes arose early, particularly concerning the nature of Christ and the Trinity. To resolve these and preserve apostolic teaching, the church convened Ecumenical Councils.&lt;br /&gt;
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Key councils included:&lt;br /&gt;
* Nicaea (AD 325): affirmed Christ's full divinity against [[Arianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Constantinople (AD 381): clarified the doctrine of the Trinity&lt;br /&gt;
* Ephesus (AD 431): rejected [[Nestorianism]] and affirmed Mary as Theotokos (God-bearer)&lt;br /&gt;
* Chalcedon (AD 451): defined Christ as one person with two natures, fully God and fully man&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These councils did not invent doctrine but sought to defend biblical truth against distortion.&lt;br /&gt;
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After Chalcedon, the Oriental Orthodox churches (such as the Coptic, Armenian and Syriac churches) separated from the wider church over Christological disagreements.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Rise of Monasticism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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From the 3rd century onward, some Christians withdrew from society to pursue lives of prayer, discipline, and devotion. Monasticism emerged partly as a response to the church’s growing worldliness after imperial favour.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the West, Benedict of Nursia (6th century) provided a balanced model of communal monastic life centred on prayer, work, and obedience. Monasteries preserved Scripture, educated clergy, and became centres of mission and reform. While monasticism produced genuine spiritual devotion, it also raised theological questions about asceticism and the nature of Christian vocation.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Authority, Governance, and the Growth of Church Power ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As Christianity became institutionalised, structures of authority developed. Bishops gained increasing influence, regional synods governed doctrine and discipline, and Rome gradually asserted primacy (a leading or pre-eminent status among bishops) in the West. Claims of apostolic succession were used to reinforce continuity and authority.&lt;br /&gt;
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Over time, the accumulation of power, wealth, and legal authority reshaped the church's role in society. While order and stability were gained, the risk of corruption increased. This tension between spiritual calling and institutional power would shape church history for centuries and ultimately contribute to later reform movements.&lt;br /&gt;
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== The Expansion and Division of Christianity in the Early Middle Ages ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Competing Centres of Christianity ===&lt;br /&gt;
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From the second century onward, Christian communities were increasingly organised under bishops, who exercised pastoral oversight and guarded doctrinal teaching. While early bishops were broadly regarded as equals, those in major cities gained greater prominence because of their political importance, apostolic associations, and size.&lt;br /&gt;
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By late antiquity, five principal centres - Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem - were widely recognised as leading sees (cities governed by bishops). These later became known as the [[Patriarchates|patriarchates]].&lt;br /&gt;
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In the West, the [[Bishop of Rome|bishops of Rome]] increasingly claimed primacy (a leading or pre-eminent status among bishops), appealing to apostolic succession and to traditions linking [[Simon Peter]] and [[Paul|person:Paul]] with Rome. By the fifth century, figures such as [[Leo I|person:Leo I]] (bishop of Rome, AD 440–461) articulated strong claims for Roman leadership, arguing that Peter's authority continued uniquely through the Roman see. During this period the title [[Pope|pope]] (&amp;quot;father&amp;quot;) gradually became reserved in the West for the bishop of Rome.&lt;br /&gt;
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Eastern churches acknowledged Rome's honour and historical importance but resisted claims of universal jurisdiction, instead maintaining a [[Conciliar model|conciliar model]] in which major decisions were made collectively by bishops meeting in councils.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Theological and Cultural Differences ====&lt;br /&gt;
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As Christianity spread across the Mediterranean world, linguistic, political, and cultural differences deepened between East and West. Greek remained dominant in the Eastern churches, compared with Latin in the West. These languages shaped worship, church administration and even theology.&lt;br /&gt;
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Political realities also contributed to divergence. The Eastern church developed within the continuing structures of the Byzantine Empire, whereas the Western church increasingly filled a vacuum of authority after the collapse of imperial rule in Western Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
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Different theological emphases emerged as well. Eastern theologians tended to express doctrine using philosophical categories drawn from Greek thought, while Western writers often approached theology in more legal or pastoral terms. Over centuries, these differences fostered misunderstanding and suspicion, even where shared creeds remained in place.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Developing Doctrine and Practice ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Across both East and West, Christian belief and worship continued to develop after the apostolic era. Practices surrounding the sacraments became more formalised, prayers for the dead became common, and devotion to martyrs and saints increased. The church calendar expanded with the widespread celebration of feasts such as Christmas and Easter.&lt;br /&gt;
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Marian devotion grew alongside reflection on Christ's incarnation, while beliefs about purification after death were increasingly articulated in Western theology and later expressed in the doctrine of purgatory.&lt;br /&gt;
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Some of these developments represent significant post-apostolic elaborations. While some arose from sincere attempts to honour Christ and care for believers, others moved beyond the patterns established in the New Testament and would later provoke reforming movements that sought to recover the authority and sufficiency of Scripture.&lt;br /&gt;
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As these patterns of belief and practice matured, Christianity also continued to take root in new regions on the edges of the former empire.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Christianity Comes to Britain ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christianity reached Britain during the Roman period, likely by the early third century. By the early fourth century, organised Christian communities existed, and British bishops participated in continental church councils. &lt;br /&gt;
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After the Roman withdrawal (traditionally dated around AD 410), Christianity weakened in much of lowland southern and eastern Britain. Roman towns and administrative networks declined, and the organised church structures that depended on them were disrupted. At the same time, large numbers of pagan Anglo-Saxon settlers (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) established themselves particularly in the east and south, and as these communities grew in dominance Christianity declined in the regions they controlled. &lt;br /&gt;
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Christianity persisted more strongly in the Celtic regions - Wales, western Britain, Ireland, and parts of Scotland - partly because these areas were less thoroughly absorbed into Anglo-Saxon settlement and retained stronger continuity of local leadership.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ireland is especially significant. Ireland was not incorporated into the Roman Empire in the same way as Britain, yet Christianity reached it through contact with Roman Britain and trade networks. By the early fifth century there were already Irish believers in Christ and in AD 431 Pope Celestine I sent Palladius as a bishop to minister to them. The major expansion of Irish Christianity then occurred with Patrick's missionary work in the fifth century. Over the sixth century, Irish monasticism became a driving force in evangelism and education, producing missionary movements that influenced Scotland and northern England.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the late sixth century, Pope Gregory I sent the monk Augustine to evangelise the Anglo-Saxons. Augustine arrived in Kent in AD 597 and won the support of King Æthelberht, which helped establish Roman-aligned Christianity in southern England. The English church then developed through multiple streams: Roman mission from Canterbury and Irish-influenced mission from Iona into Northumbria. The merging of these traditions (Roman and Celtic) was gradual and practical as well as theological — shaped by kings, bishops, monasteries, and the need for shared church order.&lt;br /&gt;
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A major milestone was the Synod of Whitby (AD 664), held in Northumbria. The central dispute was competing church customs, especially the calculation of Easter and the monastic tonsure (monastic shaving of the head), between the Roman practice and the practice used by the Ionan monasteries. King Oswiu decided in favour of the Roman calculation, which aligned Northumbria more closely with the wider Latin West. This accelerated a longer process by which English Christianity became more united in practice and more closely connected to Rome and continental European Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Christianity Among the Germanic Peoples ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As Roman authority weakened in Western Europe, migrating Germanic peoples encountered Christianity through contact with Roman populations and missionaries. In the fourth century, the missionary Ulfilas translated much of the Bible into Gothic and evangelised the Goths, many of whom adopted Arianism before later embracing Nicene orthodoxy.&lt;br /&gt;
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From the sixth to eighth centuries, missionaries were central to spreading orthodox Christianity across northern Europe. Columbanus established monasteries in Gaul and Italy in the sixth and seventh centuries; and Boniface (sometimes called the &amp;quot;Apostle to the Germans&amp;quot;) preached in the early eighth century and reorganised church structures in present-day Germany.&lt;br /&gt;
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These missions frequently worked alongside emerging Christian rulers, binding ecclesiastical growth to political consolidation.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Islam and the Eastern Churches ===&lt;br /&gt;
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In the seventh century, [[Religion:Islam|religion:Islam]] emerged under Muhammad (AD 570–632) in the Arabian Peninsula. Within decades, Muslim armies conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa, and later parts of Spain — regions that had previously been strong centres of Christian life.&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians living under Islamic rule were generally permitted to continue worship as protected minorities, though subject to legal restrictions and special taxes. Over time, Christian populations in many of these regions declined, reshaping the balance of Christianity and weakening the Eastern churches that had once dominated the Mediterranean world.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Mission to the Slavs ===&lt;br /&gt;
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In the ninth century, the Byzantine emperor and patriarch sent the brothers Cyril and Methodius to evangelise the Slavic peoples (AD 863). They devised a written alphabet for Slavic languages and translated Scripture and liturgical texts, enabling worship in the vernacular.&lt;br /&gt;
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Their mission laid the foundations for Christianity across Eastern Europe and later in Rus, regions that became closely aligned with Byzantine Christianity and the Eastern Orthodox tradition.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Great Schism (AD 1054) ===&lt;br /&gt;
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By the eleventh century, centuries of tension between Eastern and Western Christianity culminated in a formal rupture. In AD 1054, papal representatives and the patriarch of Constantinople exchanged mutual excommunications - symbolising, though not instantly creating, a lasting division.&lt;br /&gt;
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One major theological issue concerned the [[Filioque clause]], added in the West to the Nicene Creed, which taught that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father ''and the Son''. The East rejected this addition, insisting that the Father alone is the single source within the Trinity.&lt;br /&gt;
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Other disputes involved papal authority, clerical marriage, liturgical customs, and jurisdictional rivalries between Rome and Constantinople.&lt;br /&gt;
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The result was the emergence of two enduring communions: the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox churches in the East.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the centuries that followed, Western Christianity developed within Latin Europe, while Eastern Christianity continued under Byzantine, and later Ottoman, pressure.&lt;br /&gt;
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== The Later Medieval Church in Western Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Foundations of Western Christendom ===&lt;br /&gt;
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After the collapse of Roman authority and the political fragmentation of the early Middle Ages, amid the growing separation between Eastern and Western Christianity, new political structures slowly emerged in Western Europe in which Christian identity became central to rulership. Kings increasingly presented themselves as defenders of the church, patrons of monasteries, and promoters of Christian law and morality. These relationships developed within a feudal system of landholding and loyalty, in which local lords, knights, and peasants were bound together by obligations of protection, service, and tribute, shaping how both political power and church influence operated at the local level.&lt;br /&gt;
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A decisive moment came in AD 800 when Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish ruler [[Charlemagne]] as &amp;quot;Emperor of the Romans&amp;quot; in Rome. This act symbolised the revival of imperial authority in the West and forged a powerful alliance between the papacy and the Frankish monarchy. Charlemagne governed a vast territory stretching across much of modern France, Germany, and northern Italy, and promoted church reform, clerical education, and missionary work among pagan peoples.&lt;br /&gt;
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His reign inaugurated what later became known as the [[Holy Roman Empire]] - a loose and evolving political entity in which emperors claimed Christian responsibility for protecting the church, while popes asserted spiritual authority over rulers. This uneasy partnership between crown and altar shaped medieval Europe for centuries and lay behind later conflicts such as the Investiture Controversy.&lt;br /&gt;
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Charlemagne also sponsored educational renewal known as the [[Carolingian Renaissance]], encouraging literacy among clergy, standardising biblical texts, and strengthening ecclesiastical administration. These efforts helped preserve Christian learning through the early Middle Ages and reinforced the close connection between Christianity and political power in Western Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
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Within this emerging Christian order, ordinary believers lived out their faith through parish worship, local customs, and the rhythms of the church calendar.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Daily Christian Life and Politics ===&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Parish Life and Popular Devotion ====&lt;br /&gt;
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For most medieval Christians, faith was expressed through local parish life, seasonal festivals, saints' days, pilgrimages, and participation in the sacraments. Pilgrimage sites such as Canterbury, Rome, Jerusalem, and Santiago de Compostela drew travellers seeking healing, forgiveness, or spiritual renewal. Relics - physical remains or objects associated with saints - were widely venerated and believed to convey divine blessing.&lt;br /&gt;
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This devotional culture fostered intense religious commitment, but it also encouraged practices that sometimes obscured the sufficiency of Christ's saving work and shifted trust toward objects, locations, or intermediaries. Late medieval preaching increasingly focused on fear of judgment and the afterlife, which shaped popular piety and contributed to later calls for reform.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Kings, Bishops, and Competing Authority ====&lt;br /&gt;
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Medieval Christianity was also deeply intertwined with political authority. Kings and emperors often appointed bishops, endowed monasteries, and relied on church officials for administration. Popes in turn claimed spiritual authority over rulers, producing recurring conflicts over jurisdiction and leadership.&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the most famous disputes was the [[Investiture Controversy]] (11th–12th centuries), which pitted Pope Gregory VII against Emperor Henry IV over whether secular rulers could appoint bishops. Such struggles revealed competing visions of authority: imperial oversight versus papal supremacy. These tensions profoundly shaped European politics and contributed to the growing institutional power of the papacy.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Crusades and Conflict ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Between 1095 and 1291, Western Christian armies launched a series of crusades in response to appeals from Byzantium, whose emperors were struggling to resist the advance of Muslim Turkish powers into Anatolia, territories that had long been part of the Christian Eastern Roman Empire. Western leaders also sought to secure access to sacred sites in the eastern Mediterranean, especially [[Jerusalem|place:Jerusalem]], which had now been under Muslim rule for centuries.&lt;br /&gt;
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Crusading armies captured Jerusalem in 1099 and established short-lived Crusader states along the eastern Mediterranean coast, but these territories were gradually retaken by Muslim forces over the following two centuries. The crusades involved complex religious, political, and economic motives and resulted in immense violence, suffering, and long-lasting hostility between Christians and Muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
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Later, in 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, ending the Byzantine Empire and profoundly weakening Eastern Orthodox political power. The fall of Constantinople reshaped Christian–Muslim relations across the eastern Mediterranean and shifted much of Orthodox Christianity's political and cultural centre of gravity toward Slavic and eastern European lands, especially Russia.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Universities, Scholasticism and Theology ===&lt;br /&gt;
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From the twelfth century onward, cathedral schools developed into universities across Europe, including Paris, Oxford, Bologna, and Padua. These institutions trained clergy and administrators and became centres for theological and legal study.&lt;br /&gt;
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Scholasticism was the dominant intellectual method of the era, seeking to reconcile Christian doctrine with classical philosophy, especially Aristotle, through careful definition, disputation, and logical analysis. While this systematising impulse clarified many doctrines, speculation sometimes displaced Scripture's central role in shaping Christian belief.&lt;br /&gt;
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Major figures shaped medieval theology. [[Anselm|Anselm of Canterbury]] explored the rational coherence of faith and articulated influential views on Christ's atonement. [[Thomas Aquinas|person:Thomas Aquinas]] synthesised Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine in his ''Summa Theologiae'', producing one of the most enduring theological systems in Western Christianity. [[Peter Lombard|Peter Lombard's]] ''Sentences'' became a standard theological textbook. These thinkers demonstrate genuine devotion but also the growing tendency to rely on philosophical systems and ecclesiastical authority alongside Scripture, developments that would later be challenged by reformers.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Monastic Reform and Renewal ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Monasticism remained a major force in medieval Christianity. Benedictine monasteries dominated early medieval Europe, providing education, hospitality, and missionary outreach. The Cluniac reform movement (10th–11th centuries) emphasised liturgical splendour and independence from secular lords but eventually became associated with great wealth. The Cistercians arose in the twelfth century as a reaction against perceived excess, promoting simplicity, manual labour, and rural isolation. Under leaders such as [[Bernard of Clairvaux|person:Bernard of Clairvaux]], they expanded rapidly and exercised enormous spiritual influence.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the thirteenth century, new &amp;quot;mendicant&amp;quot; orders emerged that rejected landed wealth and focused on preaching and urban ministry. [[Francis of Assisi|person:Francis of Assisi]] founded the Franciscans, emphasising poverty and imitation of Christ, while [[Dominic Guzman|person:Dominic Guzman]] established the Dominicans to combat heresy through educated preaching. These friars worked closely with universities and revitalised pastoral care.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Dissent and the Inquisition ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Throughout the Middle Ages, dissenting groups arose who criticised clerical wealth and emphasised Scripture and preaching. The Waldensians, founded in the twelfth century by [[Peter Waldo]], advocated poverty and vernacular Bible teaching and were condemned by church authorities.&lt;br /&gt;
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In response to perceived threats to doctrinal unity, the medieval Inquisition developed as a system of investigation and prosecution for heresy. While procedures varied widely by time and region, inquisitorial courts could involve imprisonment and, in cooperation with secular authorities, capital punishment. Such coercive enforcement of belief represents a tragic departure from the New Testament pattern of persuasion rather than compulsion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Plague, Mortality, and Medieval Spirituality ===&lt;br /&gt;
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In the mid-fourteenth century, Europe was devastated by the [[Black Death]], a pandemic of bubonic plague that arrived in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third to one-half of the continent's population within a few years. Entire villages vanished, clergy died in large numbers, and social and economic life was profoundly disrupted.&lt;br /&gt;
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The catastrophe deeply shaped medieval Christian thought and practice. Many interpreted the plague as divine judgment calling for repentance, leading to heightened concern with confession, penance, indulgences, and preparation for death. Movements such as the [[Flagellants]] - groups who publicly whipped themselves in acts of penitence - reflected widespread fear and religious intensity.&lt;br /&gt;
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Artistic and devotional culture increasingly focused on mortality, judgment, and the fragility of life, themes captured in images such as the Danse Macabre (“Dance of Death”). At the same time, the inability of clergy and institutions to prevent or explain the disaster weakened confidence in church leadership for some, contributing to long-term pressures for reform.&lt;br /&gt;
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The demographic shock also reshaped Europe's economy and social order, indirectly altering relations between church, state, and society in ways that would influence the later Reformation.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Decline and Corruption ===&lt;br /&gt;
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By the late Middle Ages, many observers believed the Western church was in serious need of reform. Abuses such as simony (the buying of church offices), pluralism, absentee bishops, and the sale of indulgences damaged moral credibility.&lt;br /&gt;
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The papacy itself was weakened during the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377), when a succession of popes resided in the French city of Avignon rather than in Rome, often under strong influence from the French crown. This relocation damaged the papacy's reputation for independence and fuelled criticism across Europe. The crisis deepened in the Great Western Schism (1378–1417), when rival popes in Rome and Avignon - and later a third claimant - each asserted legitimate authority, dividing Christian allegiance and severely undermining confidence in papal leadership.&lt;br /&gt;
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Reform-minded critics such as [[John Wycliffe]] in [[England]] and [[Jan Hus]] in [[Bohemia]] called for a return to biblical authority and moral renewal. Though condemned in their own lifetimes, their ideas foreshadowed later Reformation movements that would profoundly reshape Western Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
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== The Reformation ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Causes and Background ===&lt;br /&gt;
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By the late Middle Ages, many Christians believed the Western church was in urgent need of reform. Abuses such as the sale of indulgences (promising reductions of punishment in purgatory) provoked widespread outrage. Moral failures among clergy, political entanglements, and the concentration of wealth in ecclesiastical institutions further weakened trust.&lt;br /&gt;
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Intellectual currents also prepared the way. Renaissance humanists encouraged renewed study of Scripture in its original languages, while the invention of the printing press allowed reforming ideas to spread rapidly. The deepest issue was the growing gap between church practice and the authority of Scripture. In this context, Luther's protest became the flashpoint.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Martin Luther and the German Reformation ===&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1517, the Augustinian monk [[Martin Luther]] circulated his [[95 Theses]], protesting the sale of indulgences and challenging papal authority over forgiveness of sins. What began as an academic dispute quickly escalated into a Europe-wide movement.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the [[Diet of Worms]] (1521) - an imperial assembly of the Holy Roman Empire convened to examine his teaching - Luther was ordered to retract his writings. He refused unless persuaded by Scripture, declaring that his conscience was bound to the Word of God. Declared an outlaw by imperial decree, Luther was nonetheless protected by sympathetic German princes, most notably Frederick the Wise of Saxony.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the years that followed, many territorial rulers adopted his reforms, reorganising church life within their lands, appointing Lutheran clergy, revising worship, and dissolving monasteries. As civic authorities supported these changes, entire regions shifted from Roman Catholic to Lutheran practice. Lutheran churches soon became established across much of Germany and Scandinavia, especially in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Swiss and Reformed Traditions ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Parallel reform movements arose in Switzerland. [[Ulrich Zwingli]] led reform in [[Zurich]], emphasising Scripture as the supreme authority and rejecting practices lacking biblical warrant. [[John Calvin]] later consolidated this Reformed movement in [[Geneva]], producing influential theological works and training pastors who carried Reformed ideas across Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
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Scotland became part of this Reformed stream through the leadership of [[John Knox]], a former Catholic priest influenced by Calvin. Knox helped establish a Presbyterian system of church government, which replaced the traditional episcopal model (where bishops and priests exercised authority over local churches) with a structure governed by elected elders and regional church assemblies.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The English Reformation ===&lt;br /&gt;
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In England, reform unfolded through a complex mixture of political and theological forces. Henry VIII's break with Rome in the 1530s arose partly from his desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and secure a male heir, but it was also shaped by wider struggles over royal authority and papal jurisdiction. Parliament's legislation made the English monarch the supreme governor of the church in England, creating an independent national church even while many traditional beliefs and practices initially remained.&lt;br /&gt;
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Under Edward VI, Protestant reforms accelerated under the guidance of Archbishop [[Thomas Cranmer]], who reshaped worship and doctrine through the [[Book of Common Prayer]] and promoted Reformation theology influenced by continental reformers. Although Mary I briefly restored Roman Catholicism, Elizabeth I later established a lasting religious settlement that defined the Church of England’s identity.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion (finalised in 1571) articulated the theological character of English Protestantism, affirming the authority of Scripture and justification by faith while retaining episcopal governance and historic liturgical forms. This distinctive settlement laid the foundations for what would later become the worldwide Anglican Communion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Radical Reformation and Anabaptists ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Alongside magisterial (state-supported) reform movements - those backed by city councils or territorial rulers -arose more radical groups collectively known as Anabaptists. They were active especially in the Low Countries (roughly modern-day Netherlands and Belgium) and in various German territories. Anabaptists rejected infant baptism, arguing that baptism should follow a personal profession of faith, and therefore practised what they called &amp;quot;believer's baptism.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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They also insisted that church membership must be voluntary rather than determined by citizenship, promoted a disciplined Christian lifestyle, and often taught that the church should remain separate from government control. Many adopted pacifism, refusing military service or oath-taking. Because these convictions challenged both Roman Catholic authorities and Protestant state churches, Anabaptists were harshly persecuted by all sides. Nevertheless, some communities - most notably the Mennonites - endured and later spread across Europe and eventually to North America.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Reformation in France ===&lt;br /&gt;
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In France, Reformed Protestantism gained significant support, especially among urban elites and segments of the nobility. French Protestants became known as Huguenots and at their height in the sixteenth century may have comprised around one-sixth of the population.&lt;br /&gt;
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Their growth provoked fierce opposition, culminating in decades of civil conflict known as the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598). One of the most notorious episodes was the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572), when thousands of Huguenots were killed in Paris and other cities.&lt;br /&gt;
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A fragile peace followed with the Edict of Nantes (1598), which granted limited legal protection and freedom of worship in certain locations. This toleration was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV through the Edict of Fontainebleau, which outlawed Protestant worship and unleashed renewed persecution. Hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled France, forming refugee communities across Europe, South Africa, and North America, where they made lasting economic and cultural contributions.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Protestant Theology and Practice ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Despite internal diversity, Protestant churches shared several defining convictions: that Scripture alone is the final authority in matters of faith; that sinners are justified by grace through faith in Christ alone; and that every believer has direct access to God without the mediation of a sacrificial priesthood.&lt;br /&gt;
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Worship was reshaped around preaching and congregational participation, while vernacular Bible translation became central to church life. These emphases represented a recovery of apostolic teaching long obscured by later traditions.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Catholic Response and the Council of Trent ===&lt;br /&gt;
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In response to Protestant challenges, the Roman Catholic Church launched its own program of renewal often called the Counter-Reformation. The Council of Trent (1545–1563) clarified Catholic doctrine on Scripture, justification, and the sacraments, rejected Protestant positions, and instituted disciplinary reforms for clergy.&lt;br /&gt;
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New religious orders such as the Jesuits became energetic defenders of Catholic teaching and leaders in education and global mission.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Wars of Religion and Settlement ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The century following the Reformation saw prolonged conflict between Catholic and Protestant states, culminating in the devastating Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Although the fighting centred on the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire, the struggle drew in most major European powers and became both a religious and a political contest for influence.&lt;br /&gt;
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The war began in Bohemia when Protestant nobles rebelled against their Catholic king, Ferdinand II, who was also the Holy Roman Emperor. When imperial armies - troops raised by the emperor to enforce his authority and restore Catholic control - were sent to suppress the revolt, neighbouring states became involved. Catholic forces were led chiefly by the Habsburg emperors and their Spanish allies, while Protestant rulers in Germany received support from Denmark and later Sweden. Catholic France eventually joined the war against the Habsburgs as well, not for religious reasons but to prevent Habsburg dominance in Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
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Fighting was relentless and destructive. While some battles were large and decisive, much of the suffering came from long campaigns of marching armies, sieges of fortified towns, and bands of mercenary soldiers who seized food and shelter from civilians. Disease and famine often killed more people than combat. In some central European regions, population losses were catastrophic.&lt;br /&gt;
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The conflict finally ended with the [[Peace of Westphalia]] in 1648, a series of treaties negotiated at the German cities of Münster and Osnabrück. Representatives of the Holy Roman Emperor, German princes, Spain, France, Sweden, and other European states participated in the talks. The agreements confirmed legal recognition for Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed churches within the empire and reaffirmed the principle that territorial rulers could determine their realm's official religion. They also reshaped Europe's political balance by weakening imperial authority and strengthening independent states.&lt;br /&gt;
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Although Westphalia brought an end to large-scale religious warfare in central Europe, the confessional divisions created by the Reformation remained firmly embedded in European society and politics for generations.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Religion and State ====&lt;br /&gt;
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The wars of religion and settlement exposed a central assumption of the age: that religious unity was necessary for political stability. Throughout most of medieval and early modern Europe, religion was not regarded as a private matter of personal choice. Communities were normally expected to follow the faith of their ruler, and dissent was seen not merely as theological error but as a threat to social order and political stability.&lt;br /&gt;
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This principle, often summarised later by the phrase cuius regio, eius religio (&amp;quot;whose realm, his religion&amp;quot;), meant that entire populations might shift confessional allegiance when a prince converted or imposed reform. Both Catholic and Protestant governments enforced religious conformity through law, education, and, at times, coercion.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Peace of Westphalia did not establish modern freedom of conscience, but it did formalise a limited form of confessional coexistence between states and territories. Only gradually in later centuries, through political change, philosophical reflection, and painful experience of religious violence, would ideas of broader religious toleration and individual liberty begin to emerge.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Global Expansion and Renewal ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Christianity Comes to the Americas ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christianity arrived in the Americas with European exploration and colonisation from the late 15th century onward. Following Christopher Columbus's voyages beginning in 1492, Spanish and Portuguese powers established colonies throughout Central and South America, bringing Roman Catholicism with them. Missionary orders such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits sought to convert Indigenous peoples, often working closely with colonial authorities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In many regions, Catholic belief blended with pre-existing religious practices, producing distinctive forms of popular religion. The veneration of Mary and the saints became especially prominent in Latin America and remains so today.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In North America, Christianity arrived primarily through British and later European settlement. Anglicanism became established in many colonies, while Puritans, Baptists, Quakers, and Presbyterians formed communities seeking greater religious freedom. The emphasis on Bible reading, preaching, and congregational life strongly shaped American Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Revival and Evangelical Expansion ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The 18th and early 19th centuries were marked by major revival movements, particularly in Britain and North America. The First Great Awakening (1730s–1740s), associated with figures such as John Wesley, Charles Wesley, and George Whitefield, emphasised personal conversion, heartfelt faith, and the authority of Scripture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Second Great Awakening (1790s–1830s) further fuelled evangelical growth, church planting, and missionary zeal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These revivals led to the formation and expansion of Protestant denominations and voluntary societies focused on evangelism, education, and social reform. Evangelical Christians were prominent in campaigns against slavery, particularly in Britain and the United States.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Modern Missionary Movement ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From the late 18th century onward, Protestant Christians increasingly believed it was their responsibility to take the gospel to the whole world. [[William Carey]], often called the father of the modern missionary movement, travelled to India in 1793, encouraging Bible translation and indigenous church leadership.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Missionaries were sent throughout Africa, India, China, and Southeast Asia. While conversions in Asia were initially fewer than in Africa, Christian schools, hospitals, and Bible translation work had a lasting impact. In China, missionaries such as [[Hudson Taylor]] (China Inland Mission, founded 1865) sought to spread Christianity beyond treaty ports into the interior.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Africa, Christianity spread rapidly during the 19th century, often alongside European colonisation but increasingly through indigenous leadership. African Christian movements began to take root that would later grow independently of European control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== New Movements and Organisations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This period also saw the emergence of new Christian organisations and denominations. Methodism grew rapidly in Britain and America. [[William Booth]] founded the [[Salvation Army]] in 1865, combining evangelism with practical care for the poor. The [[Gideons]], founded in 1899, began distributing Bibles worldwide, reinforcing the central place of Scripture in evangelical Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the end of the 19th century, Christianity had become a truly global religion, no longer confined to Europe, and increasingly expressed in diverse cultures across the world.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Twentieth Century and Beyond ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Modern Pentecostalism began around 1900, with key events including the [[Azusa Street Revival]] (1906). Emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit spread rapidly worldwide. Since the 1960s, charismatic renewal has influenced Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Persecution and Growth ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians suffered under communist regimes in Eastern Europe, China, and elsewhere. With the fall of communism (1989–1991), many churches re-emerged.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Meanwhile, Christianity has grown dramatically in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Today the majority of Christians live in this region, known as the Global South.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Division and Debate in the West ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Western Christianity has faced increasing secularisation. Many Protestant denominations have divided over biblical authority, sexuality, and theology. Liberal churches have often declined, while evangelical and Pentecostal churches have continued to grow.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ecumenism and Vatican II ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) introduced significant reforms within Roman Catholicism, including worship in the vernacular (the language spoken by the general population as opposed to Latin) and greater access to Scripture, while maintaining core Catholic doctrines.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Last 50 Years and Signs of Renewal ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Over the past five decades, Christianity has shifted decisively away from Europe toward the Global South. indigenous churches, missionary movements from Africa and Asia, and explosive Pentecostal growth have reshaped global Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time, there are growing signs of spiritual hunger in the Western world. Bible-centred churches, church planting movements, renewed interest in historic Christian belief, and a rise in conversions among younger generations suggest the beginnings of a fresh awakening.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Quotes ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Justin Martyr]], ''Dialogue with Trypho,'' chapter CXVII.  In ANF1, that is, [https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01 Roberts A, Donaldson J and Coxe AC (1885) ''Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol 1'', at Christian Classics Ethereal Library.]  [c 160 AD.]  [ANF1 footnote:  &amp;quot;Note this testimony to the ... Church in the second century....&amp;quot;]&lt;br /&gt;
: For there is not one single race of men, whether barbarians, or Greeks, or whatever they may be called, nomads, or vagrants, or herdsmen living in tents, among whom prayers and giving of thanks are not offered through the name of the crucified Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://reformedword.org/Church_History ReformedWord - Church History]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.allaboutreligion.org/church-history.htm AllAboutReligion.Org - Church History]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity Wikipedia - History of Christianity]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Category:Church history]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Videos]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pages with YouTube content]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116512</id>
		<title>Baptism</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116512"/>
		<updated>2026-10-15T12:17:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: /* Naaman and the Jordan */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''This article is about water baptism. See also:'' [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] and the Koine Greek article on βάπτισμα.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism is the practice of washing with water in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, commanded by Jesus as part of making disciples of all nations ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). Throughout the New Testament, baptism is closely associated with repentance, faith in Jesus Christ, the forgiveness and cleansing of sin, receiving new life, and becoming part of the people of God. In the book of Acts, those who receive the gospel are repeatedly baptised as an early and public expression of their new faith (for example, [[Acts 2]]:37–41; [[Acts 8]]:26–40; [[Acts 10]]:44–48).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The meaning of baptism is expressed particularly strongly through the death and resurrection of Jesus. Paul's letters describe believers as being baptised into Christ's death, buried with him through baptism, and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6]]:3–11). Baptism therefore portrays the transformation at the heart of the Christian gospel: the old life under sin gives way to a new life lived for God through Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The imagery behind baptism reaches back through the biblical story. Water is repeatedly associated with cleansing, judgement, rescue and new life. The Flood, Israel's passage through the Red Sea, the Old Testament promises that God would wash his people clean and give them a new heart and Spirit, the baptism of repentance preached by John the Baptist, and the baptism of Jesus all contribute to the New Testament understanding of Christian baptism. The New Testament itself explicitly connects baptism with both the Flood ([[1 Peter 3:21]]) and Israel's passage through the sea ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have agreed from the earliest centuries that baptism occupies an important place in Christian discipleship, but have differed over its precise meaning and practice. Major questions include whether baptism should be given to infants or to those who personally profess faith in Christ, whether it should normally be performed by immersion or may also be performed by pouring or sprinkling, and whether baptism itself is a means through which God grants regeneration and forgiveness or is an outward sign of a saving work already accomplished through faith. These differences have produced several major traditions of baptism within Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At its centre, however, baptism belongs to the biblical story of salvation. It points to God's cleansing of sin, the believer's union with the death and resurrection of Jesus, the gift of new life, and a public identification with Christ and his people. As the gospel moved from Jerusalem into the nations in Acts, baptism repeatedly accompanied the response to the message of Jesus, fulfilling his command to make disciples and baptise them &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Water, cleansing and salvation in the Old Testament ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christian baptism first appeared in the New Testament with John the Baptist, but the imagery associated with baptism had deep roots in the Old Testament. Water was associated with cleansing and purification, while several major events in Israel's history involved God's people passing through water as he rescued them from judgement or slavery. The prophets also used the imagery of washing with water when describing God's promise to cleanse his people from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Washing and cleansing ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washing with water formed an important part of the ritual life of Israel. The Law of Moses required washing following various forms of ritual uncleanness (for example, [[Leviticus 14]]–[[Leviticus 15]]). When Aaron and his sons were consecrated as priests, Moses washed them with water ([[Leviticus 8:6]]). These washings concerned ritual purification rather than Christian baptism, but they established a familiar association between water, cleansing and approaching a holy God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Old Testament also used the language of washing to describe the deeper problem of sin. David prayed after his sin with Bathsheba: &amp;quot;Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin.&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later in the same psalm he prayed, &amp;quot;Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:7]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Isaiah similarly called the people of Judah to &amp;quot;wash yourselves; make yourselves clean&amp;quot; and turn away from evil ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water therefore became a natural image for something that human beings needed at a deeper level: cleansing from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This imagery became particularly significant in the prophets' promises of future restoration. Through Ezekiel, God promised: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passage brings together several themes that later appear prominently in the New Testament: cleansing, a new heart and the gift of God's Spirit. Zechariah similarly looked forward to a day when &amp;quot;a fountain shall be opened&amp;quot; for the house of David and Jerusalem &amp;quot;to cleanse them from sin and uncleanness&amp;quot; ([[Zechariah 13:1]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Flood ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water in the Old Testament could represent judgement as well as cleansing. In the account of Noah, the Flood brought God's judgement upon a world filled with violence and evil, while Noah and his family were carried safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The connection with baptism is made explicitly in the New Testament. Peter described the eight members of Noah's family as being &amp;quot;brought safely through water&amp;quot; and then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you...&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Peter immediately qualified this as &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; The Flood therefore provides part of the biblical background for understanding baptism: the same waters that represented judgement also marked the deliverance of those whom God rescued.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Exodus through the sea ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Exodus provides an even more important background. Israel had been enslaved in Egypt, but God rescued his people and led them through the Red Sea. They passed through the water and emerged free from their former slavery, while the Egyptian army pursuing them was overwhelmed ([[Exodus 14]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul explicitly interpreted this event using the language of baptism: &amp;quot;our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Exodus therefore contributes an important pattern to the biblical theology of baptism: slavery, passage through water, rescue, and a new life lived as God's people. This pattern anticipates Paul's description of Christian baptism in [[Romans 6]], where those who had been enslaved to sin are described as dying and being buried with Christ before rising with him to a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Naaman and the Jordan ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another Old Testament account provides an interesting parallel, although the New Testament does not explicitly connect it with baptism. Naaman, the commander of the Syrian army, suffered from leprosy and travelled to Israel seeking healing. Elisha instructed him to wash seven times in the Jordan River. Naaman initially resisted, but eventually obeyed: &amp;quot;So he went down and dipped himself seven times in the Jordan... and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child, and he was clean.&amp;quot; ([[2 Kings 5:14]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Naaman's washing should not simply be identified with Christian baptism. Nevertheless, the account brings together several themes that later surround baptism: going down into water, cleansing, obedience to God's word and the beginning of a transformed allegiance to the God of Israel (2 Kings 5:15–18). The fact that this occurred in the Jordan is also striking in light of the river's later role in the ministry of John the Baptist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Taken together, these Old Testament themes form an important background to Christian baptism. Water could cleanse what was unclean, mark God's judgement and rescue, and portray the deeper cleansing from sin that only God could accomplish. The prophets looked forward to a time when God would cleanse his people, give them new hearts and place his Spirit within them. These themes come together more fully as the New Testament story begins with John baptising in the Jordan and announcing the coming of one who would baptise with the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== John the Baptist — preparing Israel ==&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament story of baptism began with John the Baptist. John appeared in the wilderness of Judea shortly before the beginning of Jesus' public ministry, calling the people of Israel to repentance and announcing that the kingdom of heaven was near ([[Matthew 3]]:1–6). Those who responded came to him at the Jordan River, confessed their sins and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism drew upon the Old Testament themes of cleansing and preparation for God's coming salvation, but it also pointed beyond itself. John understood his ministry as preparing Israel for the coming Messiah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== A baptism of repentance ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Mark introduced John's ministry by describing him as &amp;quot;proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:4]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Matthew similarly recorded John's message as: &amp;quot;Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism was therefore closely associated with repentance. Those who came to him were acknowledging their sin and their need to turn back to God. John challenged those who treated the outward act as sufficient in itself. When Pharisees and Sadducees came to his baptism, he told them to &amp;quot;bear fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:7–10). The physical washing was to be accompanied by a genuine change of heart and life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's ministry was directed particularly towards Israel. His call to repentance challenged the assumption that physical descent from Abraham was sufficient to place someone in a right relationship with God. &amp;quot;Do not presume to say to yourselves, 'We have Abraham as our father,'&amp;quot; he warned, because &amp;quot;God is able from these stones to raise up children for Abraham&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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As the Messiah approached, Israel itself needed to repent and prepare for the coming of its king.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Preparing the way of the Lord ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Gospels understood John's ministry in light of the Old Testament prophets. Matthew, Mark and Luke identified him with the voice described in Isaiah: &amp;quot;The voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:3]], quoting [[Isaiah 40]]:3–5)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original passage in Isaiah announced God's coming to rescue and restore his people. By applying these words to John, the Gospels present his ministry as preparation for God's promised salvation. John stood in the wilderness calling Israel to repentance because the Lord was coming.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The location at the Jordan is therefore significant within the larger biblical story. Centuries earlier, Israel had crossed the Jordan to enter the land God had promised them ([[Joshua 3]]–[[Joshua 4]]). Now Israelites were again coming to the Jordan, confessing their sins and passing through its waters as John prepared them for the arrival of the Messiah. The Gospels do not explicitly identify John's baptism with Israel's earlier crossing of the Jordan, so this connection should not be pressed too far, but the setting places John's ministry within a landscape already closely associated with Israel's story.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Water and the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John the Baptist also emphasised that his baptism was preparatory. He baptised with water, but someone far greater was coming: &amp;quot;I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:11–12)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The contrast is important for understanding Christian baptism. John's ministry involved water and repentance, but he pointed towards a greater work that would be accomplished by Jesus. Jesus would give the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This promise develops throughout the New Testament. After his resurrection, Jesus reminded his disciples that &amp;quot;John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:5]]). At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit was poured out upon the disciples ([[Acts 2]]:1–4), and as the gospel subsequently spread, water baptism and the gift of the Holy Spirit repeatedly appeared together within the story of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism therefore stood at an important turning point in the biblical story. The Old Testament had promised cleansing, a new heart and God's Spirit; John called Israel to repentance and washed those who responded in the Jordan; and at the same time he announced that the greater one was about to come. The next major baptism recorded in the Gospels was consequently very different from all those before it: Jesus himself came to John to be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The baptism of Jesus ==&lt;br /&gt;
The baptism of Jesus marked the beginning of his public ministry and is recorded in all three Synoptic Gospels ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17; [[Mark 1]]:9–11; [[Luke 3]]:21–22). Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River and presented himself to John for baptism. This created an immediate difficulty: John's baptism was associated with repentance and the confession of sin, yet the New Testament presents Jesus as without sin ([[Hebrews 4:15]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that John himself recognised the apparent problem. He initially tried to prevent Jesus from being baptised, saying, &amp;quot;I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?&amp;quot; Jesus replied: &amp;quot;Let it be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:15]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus was therefore not baptised because he needed forgiveness. His baptism instead identified him with the people he had come to save and formed part of his obedient fulfilment of the mission given to him by the Father. The precise meaning of &amp;quot;fulfill all righteousness&amp;quot; has been interpreted in different ways, but within Matthew it fits the larger picture of Jesus faithfully accomplishing God's purposes.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Father, Son and Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Immediately after Jesus was baptised, the narrative turned from the water to a remarkable revelation of his identity: &amp;quot;And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him; and behold, a voice from heaven said, 'This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:16–17)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All three persons of the Trinity are present in the scene. The '''Son''' was baptised, the '''Holy Spirit''' descended upon him, and the '''Father''' spoke from heaven. The baptism of Jesus therefore provides one of the clearest narrative pictures in the New Testament of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit acting distinctly yet together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Father's declaration also draws upon the Old Testament. &amp;quot;You are my Son&amp;quot; recalls the royal language of [[Psalm 2:7]], while &amp;quot;with whom I am well pleased&amp;quot; echoes God's description of his chosen servant in [[Isaiah 42:1]]. Jesus is presented as God's beloved Son and the servant upon whom God's Spirit rests.&lt;br /&gt;
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This Trinitarian revelation at Jesus' baptism also anticipates his later command concerning Christian baptism. After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his disciples to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The Father, Son and Spirit who were revealed together at Jesus' baptism therefore appear again in the baptism commanded for his disciples.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Jesus as the faithful Israel ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The place of Jesus' baptism within the Gospel narrative also connects it with the larger story of Israel. This is particularly clear in Matthew. Earlier, Jesus had been taken into Egypt and subsequently brought out of Egypt, which Matthew interpreted through Hosea's words, &amp;quot;Out of Egypt I called my son&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 2:15]], quoting [[Hosea 11:1]]). In Hosea, the &amp;quot;son&amp;quot; was originally Israel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus then passed through the waters of baptism ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17) and immediately entered the wilderness, where he fasted and was tested for forty days ([[Matthew 4]]:1–11). The sequence resembles the experience of Israel: God brought Israel out of Egypt, led the people through the waters of the Red Sea, and then tested them in the wilderness for forty years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The parallels become stronger during Jesus' temptation because each of his responses to Satan came from Deuteronomy, looking back to Israel's wilderness experience ([[Deuteronomy 8:3]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:16]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:13]]). Where Israel repeatedly failed to trust and obey God in the wilderness, Jesus remained faithful. Matthew therefore presents Jesus as reliving important elements of Israel's story while succeeding where Israel had failed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This pattern gives Jesus' baptism a place within the broader biblical story of salvation. Israel passed through water before entering its wilderness testing; Jesus was baptised before entering his. His baptism marked the beginning of the ministry in which the beloved Son, empowered by the Holy Spirit, faithfully carried out the Father's purpose.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Jesus commands his disciples to baptise ==&lt;br /&gt;
During his earthly ministry, Jesus' disciples baptised people who responded to his message, although the Gospel of John specifically notes that Jesus himself did not perform the baptisms ([[John 4]]:1–2). After his death and resurrection, however, Jesus explicitly commanded baptism as part of the mission he gave to his followers.&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that the risen Jesus met his disciples in Galilee and declared that all authority in heaven and on earth had been given to him. He then gave them the command that has become known as the [[Great Commission]]: &amp;quot;Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28]]:19–20)&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has its place within the larger task of making disciples. Jesus' command joins together going to the nations, baptising those who become disciples, and teaching them to live according to everything he had commanded.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and discipleship ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Great Commission establishes baptism as an expected part of Christian discipleship. Baptism was not subsequently introduced by the apostles as a later Christian custom; it was commanded by Jesus himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This pattern becomes visible throughout the book of Acts. As the apostles proclaimed Jesus, those who received the gospel were baptised. At Pentecost, Peter told those who responded to his message to repent and be baptised ([[Acts 2]]:37–41). Philip baptised new believers in Samaria ([[Acts 8:12]]) and later baptised the Ethiopian eunuch ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Paul was baptised following his encounter with Jesus ([[Acts 9]]:17–19), Cornelius and the other Gentiles with him were baptised ([[Acts 10]]:44–48), and the Philippian jailer and his household were baptised after hearing the word of the Lord ([[Acts 16]]:25–34).&lt;br /&gt;
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The close relationship between conversion and baptism in Acts reflects the command of Jesus. Baptism is an outward and identifiable beginning to the life of discipleship: a person who has turned to Christ is baptised and begins a life of learning to obey him.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism of all nations ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples '''&amp;quot;of all nations.&amp;quot;''' Baptism therefore belongs to the expansion of God's people beyond Israel. The mission that began with a small group of Jewish disciples was to extend throughout the world.&lt;br /&gt;
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This development becomes one of the central narratives of Acts. Jesus told the apostles that they would be his witnesses &amp;quot;in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:8]]). The subsequent baptisms in Acts follow this outward movement of the gospel. Jews were baptised in Jerusalem at Pentecost, Samaritans were baptised through the ministry of Philip, an Ethiopian was baptised on the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, and Gentiles were baptised in the household of Cornelius. Baptism repeatedly marked the inclusion of new people as the gospel crossed geographical, ethnic and social boundaries.&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius became particularly important because it demonstrated that Gentiles were received by God through faith in Jesus without first becoming Jews. When the Holy Spirit fell upon Cornelius and the other Gentiles who had heard Peter's message, Peter asked: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The command to baptise all nations was therefore worked out visibly in the life of the early Church.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ====&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded that his disciples be baptised &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The singular word '''&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;''' is followed by the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, placing all three together within the baptismal identity of the Christian disciple.&lt;br /&gt;
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This language recalls the baptism of Jesus himself. At the Jordan, the Son was baptised, the Spirit descended upon him, and the Father spoke from heaven ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17). At the end of Matthew's Gospel, the risen Son commanded that his own disciples be baptised in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Trinitarian formula subsequently became deeply embedded in Christian baptism. The [[Didache]], an early Christian work probably written around the late first or early second century, instructed Christians to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1). Later Christian creeds also closely associated baptism with Trinitarian faith. The [[Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] (AD 381), for example, confesses faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit and declares, &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Baptism in Acts ==&lt;br /&gt;
The book of Acts records how the command of Jesus to make disciples and baptise them began to be carried out by the early Church. Baptism repeatedly followed the proclamation of the gospel and the response of faith and repentance. As the gospel spread from Jerusalem into Judea, Samaria and the wider Gentile world, baptism marked the beginning of a person's new life as a follower of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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The accounts in Acts are particularly important for understanding baptism because they show baptism within the narrative of Christian conversion rather than simply explaining its theology. Although the circumstances varied, a recurring pattern can be seen: the gospel was proclaimed, people believed and repented, and they were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pentecost ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The first large-scale Christian baptisms occurred at Pentecost. After Peter proclaimed the death and resurrection of Jesus, his hearers were &amp;quot;cut to the heart&amp;quot; and asked the apostles what they should do. Peter replied: &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Luke then records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized,&amp;quot; with about three thousand people being added that day ([[Acts 2]]:37–41).&lt;br /&gt;
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Several themes that remain associated with baptism throughout the New Testament appear together in this account: repentance, faith in the proclaimed message about Jesus, forgiveness of sins, baptism, the Holy Spirit, and incorporation into the community of believers. Those who were baptised subsequently devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching, fellowship, the breaking of bread and prayer ([[Acts 2]]:42–47). Baptism therefore stood at the beginning of an ongoing life of Christian discipleship.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Samaria and the Ethiopian eunuch ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As the gospel moved beyond Jerusalem, Philip proclaimed Christ in Samaria. Luke records that &amp;quot;when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]]). The sequence is explicit: they heard the gospel, believed it, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Soon afterwards, Philip encountered an Ethiopian eunuch travelling home from Jerusalem ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Beginning with [[Isaiah 53]], Philip explained the good news about Jesus to him. As they travelled, they came to water and the eunuch asked to be baptised. Philip and the eunuch went down into the water, Philip baptised him, and the eunuch continued his journey rejoicing.&lt;br /&gt;
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The account provides one of the clearest narrative examples of baptism accompanying an individual's response to the gospel. The initiative to be baptised came immediately after the Ethiopian had heard the message about Jesus. Baptism was therefore treated as a natural and immediate response to receiving the gospel rather than as something to be postponed until a later stage of Christian maturity.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The baptism of Paul ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul himself was baptised soon after his encounter with the risen Jesus on the road to Damascus. After Ananias came to him, Paul regained his sight, arose and was baptised ([[Acts 9]]:17–19).&lt;br /&gt;
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When Paul later recounted these events in Jerusalem, he remembered Ananias saying: &amp;quot;And now why do you wait? Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The language strongly associates baptism with cleansing from sin, continuing the biblical imagery of washing developed throughout the Old Testament. At the same time, the phrase &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot; places baptism within Paul's response of faith to Jesus. The relationship between baptism, faith and the forgiveness of sins would later become an important subject of Christian theological discussion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the first Gentile believers ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius and his household in [[Acts 10]] was a major turning point in the expansion of the early Church. Cornelius was a Roman centurion and a Gentile who feared God. After being directed by God to send for Peter, Cornelius gathered his relatives and close friends to hear Peter's message.&lt;br /&gt;
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While Peter was still speaking about forgiveness through faith in Jesus, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who were listening. The Jewish believers who had accompanied Peter were astonished because the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out upon Gentiles. Peter responded: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:47]])&lt;br /&gt;
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He then commanded them to be baptised in the name of Jesus Christ ([[Acts 10:48]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The order of events is significant. Cornelius and those with him heard the gospel, received the Holy Spirit, and were then baptised with water. Their reception of the Spirit demonstrated that God had already accepted these Gentile believers, and their subsequent baptism publicly recognised their inclusion among the people of God.&lt;br /&gt;
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When Peter later defended his actions before Jewish Christians in Jerusalem, he pointed to the gift of the Holy Spirit as God's own testimony that the Gentiles had received the same salvation as Jewish believers ([[Acts 11]]:1–18). Baptism therefore became part of one of the great developments in the biblical story: the people of God were being gathered from all nations through faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Lydia and the Philippian jailer ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Acts also records the baptism of entire households, passages which later became important in discussions about infant baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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In Philippi, Lydia listened as Paul proclaimed the gospel, and &amp;quot;the Lord opened her heart to pay attention to what was said by Paul.&amp;quot; Luke then records that &amp;quot;she was baptized, and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:13–15).&lt;br /&gt;
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Later in the same chapter, a Philippian jailer asked Paul and Silas, &amp;quot;Sirs, what must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; They answered: &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:31]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas then spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to the jailer and everyone in his house, after which he and his family were baptised immediately ([[Acts 16]]:32–34). Luke subsequently describes the jailer as rejoicing with his entire household that he had believed in God.&lt;br /&gt;
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These household baptisms have been interpreted differently within Christian traditions. Christians who practise infant baptism have seen them as consistent with the inclusion of believers' children within the covenant community, while advocates of believer's baptism emphasise the repeated association between hearing the word, believing and baptism. The accounts themselves do not state the ages of every member of these households and therefore do not establish whether infants were present.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism as the gospel spread ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Further examples continued as Paul's missionary work expanded. Crispus, the ruler of the synagogue in Corinth, believed in the Lord together with his household, and &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). At Ephesus, a group who had previously received John's baptism heard about Jesus and &amp;quot;were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Acts 19]]:1–7).&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken together, the accounts in Acts show how closely baptism accompanied the initial response to the gospel. Baptism was not normally presented as a distant stage reached after years of Christian discipleship. People heard the message about Jesus, responded in repentance and faith, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the same time, Acts does not present a rigid sequence in which every element of conversion always occurred in precisely the same order. At Pentecost, repentance and baptism were associated with the promised gift of the Holy Spirit ([[Acts 2]]:37–41); in Samaria, believers were baptised before receiving the Spirit ([[Acts 8]]:12–17); and in the household of Cornelius, the Holy Spirit was received before water baptism ([[Acts 10]]:44–48). The consistent centre of these accounts is Jesus himself: the gospel was proclaimed, people responded to him, and baptism marked their identification with the new community of those who belonged to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== What baptism means ==&lt;br /&gt;
The narratives of the Gospels and Acts show baptism accompanying repentance, faith and the beginning of Christian discipleship. The New Testament letters develop the meaning of baptism more fully. Baptism is associated with cleansing from sin, union with Christ in his death and resurrection, new life, and incorporation into the people of God. These themes are closely connected: the person who belongs to Christ has died to the old life under sin and has been raised to live a new life as part of Christ's people.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cleansing and forgiveness ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The association between water and cleansing reaches back into the Old Testament, where David prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51:2]]) and Ezekiel described God's promise to sprinkle his people with clean water, give them a new heart and place his Spirit within them ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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This imagery continued in the earliest Christian preaching. At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; for the forgiveness of their sins ([[Acts 2:38]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Ananias similarly told Paul: &amp;quot;Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore visibly portrays the cleansing that lies at the heart of the gospel. Sin leaves human beings guilty and unclean before God; forgiveness makes them clean. The physical washing with water provides an outward expression of this spiritual reality.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament does not, however, separate this cleansing from repentance and faith in Christ. In [[Acts 22:16]], washing is accompanied by &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot;, while Peter taught that everyone who believes in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins through his name ([[Acts 10:43]]). Baptism, repentance, faith and forgiveness are consequently closely associated in the New Testament accounts of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== United with Christ in his death and resurrection ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the fullest explanations of baptism occurs in [[Romans 6]]:1–11. Paul was responding to the suggestion that God's grace might provide an excuse to continue living in sin. His answer was that the Christian's relationship with sin had fundamentally changed: &amp;quot;Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:3]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul continued: &amp;quot;We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore portrays the Christian as participating in the story of Jesus. Jesus died, was buried and rose again; the believer's old life dies, is buried with Christ, and gives way to a new life lived for God.&lt;br /&gt;
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For Paul, this is more than imagery about a ceremony in the past. It describes the believer's present identity. Those who belong to Christ are to consider themselves &amp;quot;dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:11]]). Baptism therefore points both backwards to what Christ accomplished in his death and resurrection and forwards to the transformed life of the person who now belongs to him.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used similar language in Colossians: &amp;quot;having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God, who raised him from the dead.&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Here baptism, union with Christ and faith are brought together explicitly. The believer is buried and raised with Christ &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; in the power of God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== A new life ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Because baptism represents death and resurrection with Christ, it also represents a decisive change of allegiance and way of life. The person emerging from the water is called to live differently from the person who entered it.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul developed this implication throughout Romans 6. The believer's &amp;quot;old self&amp;quot; was crucified with Christ so that he or she would no longer be enslaved to sin ([[Romans 6]]:5–7). Christians are therefore to present themselves to God &amp;quot;as those who have been brought from death to life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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This helps explain the close association between repentance and baptism seen earlier in the New Testament. John's baptism called for &amp;quot;fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:8]]), and Peter's call at Pentecost began with &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Baptism represents a turning from the old life and the beginning of a new life under the lordship of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Putting on Christ ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used another image for baptism in his letter to the Galatians: &amp;quot;for in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through faith. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27)&lt;br /&gt;
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To be baptised into Christ is described as '''putting on Christ'''. The believer's identity is now found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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The surrounding passage also places baptism within the creation of a new community. Paul continued: &amp;quot;There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3:28]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has both a personal and a communal dimension. It identifies an individual with Christ, but in doing so it also identifies that person with everyone else who belongs to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptised into one body ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The same idea appears in Paul's first letter to the Corinthians: &amp;quot;For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—Jews or Greeks, slaves or free—and all were made to drink of one Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 12:13]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul's emphasis in [[1 Corinthians 12]] is the unity and diversity of the Church as the body of Christ. Christians have different gifts and functions, but they belong to the same body and share the same Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism is therefore not simply a private event between an individual and God. It publicly identifies the believer with Jesus and with the community of those who belong to him. This helps explain why baptism appears so prominently at the beginning of Christian life in Acts: those who were baptised were entering a new life in which they belonged to Christ and joined the community gathered around him.&lt;br /&gt;
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These different images together provide a rich New Testament understanding of baptism. Washing portrays cleansing from sin; burial and resurrection portray union with the death and resurrection of Jesus; new life portrays the transformation that follows; and putting on Christ and entering one body portray a new identity among the people of God. Baptism brings these realities together in a visible act centred upon Jesus Christ and the salvation found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Does baptism save? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the strongest statements about baptism in the New Testament associate it directly with forgiveness, cleansing and salvation. At Pentecost, Peter told his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized... for the forgiveness of your sins&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Ananias told Paul to &amp;quot;be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]]). Most strikingly, Peter wrote that &amp;quot;baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These passages have contributed to a longstanding disagreement among Christians about the relationship between baptism and salvation. Some Christian traditions understand baptism as a means through which God actually grants regeneration and forgiveness, while others understand baptism as the outward expression of the salvation that God grants through repentance and faith. The disagreement is therefore not over whether baptism is important - the New Testament clearly gives it considerable importance - but over the relationship between the physical act of baptism and the saving work of God that it represents.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== &amp;quot;Baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the clearest passages to address this question occurs in [[1 Peter 3]]:18–22. Peter connected Christian baptism with the Flood, when Noah and his family &amp;quot;were brought safely through water.&amp;quot; He then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken alone, this statement might appear to teach that the physical application of water brings about salvation. Peter, however, immediately explained what he meant: &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Peter therefore distinguishes Christian baptism from an ordinary physical washing. Its saving significance rests ultimately upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ and is associated with an appeal to God. As with the Flood itself, the water forms part of a larger picture of judgement and rescue in which salvation comes from God.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism, repentance and faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The close association between baptism and salvation is particularly visible in Acts because baptism normally occurred immediately after conversion. Peter did not tell the crowd at Pentecost to believe and then consider baptism at some later stage; he called them to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Those who received his message were baptised that day ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The same narratives, however, repeatedly identify repentance and faith in Jesus as central to receiving salvation. Peter later proclaimed concerning Jesus: &amp;quot;everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:43]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas answered the Philippian jailer's question, &amp;quot;What must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; with the instruction, &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:30–34). Paul similarly teaches that a person is justified by faith ([[Romans 5:1]]) and that salvation is received by confessing Jesus as Lord and believing that God raised him from the dead ([[Romans 10]]:9–13).&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism should therefore not be isolated from the conversion of which it formed a visible part. In the New Testament, repentance, faith, confession of Jesus, baptism, forgiveness, the Holy Spirit and entrance into the Christian community frequently occur together as different aspects of a person's response to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the gift of the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The conversion of Cornelius provides particularly important evidence for understanding the relationship between water baptism and salvation. Peter proclaimed to Cornelius and his household that &amp;quot;everyone who believes&amp;quot; in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins ([[Acts 10:43]]). While Peter was still speaking, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who heard the message ([[Acts 10]]:44–46).&lt;br /&gt;
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Only after they had received the Holy Spirit did Peter command them to be baptised: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The sequence is significant because God had already given the Gentiles the Holy Spirit before their water baptism. When Peter later explained what had happened, he described God as having given them &amp;quot;the same gift&amp;quot; that he had given the Jewish believers and concluded that God had &amp;quot;granted repentance that leads to life&amp;quot; ([[Acts 11]]:15–18).&lt;br /&gt;
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The account therefore makes it difficult to regard the physical application of baptismal water as the moment without which regeneration cannot occur. Cornelius and those with him had responded to the gospel and received God's Spirit before they entered the water. Yet their baptism remained important and was commanded immediately.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and grace ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The wider teaching of the New Testament places salvation firmly in the grace of God received through faith. Paul writes: &amp;quot;For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God.&amp;quot; ([[Ephesians 2]]:8–9)&lt;br /&gt;
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This does not make baptism unnecessary. Jesus commanded baptism ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20), and the apostles consistently baptised those who responded to the gospel. Rather, it places baptism within the response of faith to God's saving work instead of treating the physical act as a human work that earns salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
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This distinction can also be seen in Paul's discussion of baptism in Colossians. Believers are described as having been buried with Christ in baptism and raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). The power that gives new life belongs to God, the same God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Different Christian understandings ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians have interpreted these passages in several ways. Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions understand baptism as a [[Sacrament]] through which God communicates saving grace. Lutheran theology similarly teaches that baptism is a means of grace and is connected with forgiveness and regeneration. Reformed traditions generally describe baptism as a covenantal sign and seal of God's promises, although they differ from Roman Catholic and Lutheran understandings of baptismal regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptists and many other evangelical Christians understand baptism primarily as the God-commanded outward expression of repentance and faith. On this understanding, baptism portrays realities that God has already brought about through faith: sins have been forgiven, the believer has been united with Christ, the old life has ended, and a new life has begun. Baptism does not cause these realities through the action of the water, but visibly declares them.&lt;br /&gt;
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This understanding fits particularly well with the pattern seen in Cornelius and with the New Testament's repeated teaching that salvation is received through faith. At the same time, the strength of the New Testament's baptismal language should be retained. Baptism is not presented as an insignificant or optional symbol. Jesus commanded it, the apostles practised it, and the New Testament closely associates it with conversion, cleansing, union with Christ and entrance into the Christian life.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism can therefore be understood as the God-commanded outward expression of an inward transformation. The believer is saved by God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ, and baptism publicly portrays that salvation: sin has been washed away, the old life has died with Christ, and a new life has begun through his resurrection.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Who should be baptised? ==&lt;br /&gt;
One of the major disagreements among Christians concerns who should receive baptism. ''Believer's baptism'', sometimes called ''credobaptism'', teaches that baptism should follow an individual's personal repentance and faith in Jesus Christ. ''Infant baptism'', or ''paedobaptism'', teaches that the children of Christian believers may also be baptised as members of the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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Both traditions appeal to Scripture. The case for believer's baptism rests particularly upon the repeated New Testament pattern in which people heard the gospel, believed or repented, and were then baptised. The case for infant baptism rests particularly upon continuity between the Old and New Testament people of God, the relationship between circumcision and baptism, and the baptism of households in Acts.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The most straightforward examples of baptism in the New Testament involved people who personally responded to God's message. John called people to repentance before baptising them ([[Matthew 3]]:1–10). At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]), and Luke records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The pattern continued as the gospel spread. In Samaria, people were baptised when they believed Philip's preaching: &amp;quot;But when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The Ethiopian eunuch heard Philip explain the good news about Jesus and then requested baptism ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). At Corinth, &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). These accounts repeatedly place baptism after hearing and responding to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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The theological descriptions of baptism also connect it closely with personal faith and repentance. Paul describes those who were buried with Christ in baptism as also being raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Similarly, Galatians describes Christians as children of God &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; immediately before describing them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Christ&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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For this reason, Baptists and many other evangelical churches understand baptism as an act for those who personally confess faith in Jesus. A person raised within a Christian family may therefore participate fully in the life of the church as a child but is baptised when he or she is able personally to profess repentance and faith in Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Infant baptism and the covenant ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians who practise infant baptism agree that adults coming to Christianity should be baptised following faith. Their disagreement concerns the children of believers. Infant baptism traditions understand these children as belonging in a particular sense to the covenant community and therefore as appropriate recipients of baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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The argument draws heavily upon the Old Testament pattern of God's covenant dealings with families. When God established his covenant with Abraham, circumcision was given as the covenant sign and was administered to male children at eight days old ([[Genesis 17]]:9–14). A child received the sign of belonging to God's covenant people before being old enough personally to profess faith.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament continues to describe Christians using language associated with Abraham and his covenant. Those who belong to Christ are described as Abraham's offspring and heirs according to promise ([[Galatians 3:29]]). Peter's declaration at Pentecost that &amp;quot;the promise is for you and for your children&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:39]]) has consequently been important within infant Baptist theology.&lt;br /&gt;
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From this perspective, the inclusion of children within God's covenant people did not simply disappear with the coming of Christ. Baptism is therefore understood as the New Testament covenant sign that may appropriately be given to the children of believers, with the expectation that they will later personally embrace the faith into which they have been raised.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Circumcision and baptism ====&lt;br /&gt;
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An important passage in this discussion is [[Colossians 2]]:11–12, where Paul placed circumcision and baptism alongside one another: &amp;quot;In him also you were circumcised with a circumcision made without hands... having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Infant baptism theology has often understood this passage as supporting continuity between circumcision and baptism: circumcision marked membership in the Old Covenant community, while baptism marks membership in the New Covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Advocates of believer's baptism interpret the passage differently. Paul specifically describes a '''&amp;quot;circumcision made without hands&amp;quot;''', suggesting an inward spiritual transformation rather than simply replacing one physical covenant sign with another. He also describes those who were buried and raised with Christ in baptism as being raised '''&amp;quot;through faith.&amp;quot;''' On this reading, the passage connects baptism with the spiritual circumcision experienced by believers rather than establishing baptism as a direct replacement for infant circumcision.&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage therefore provides a genuine connection between the imagery of circumcision and baptism, but Christians disagree over what that connection implies concerning the baptism of infants.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Household baptisms ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Several passages in Acts record the baptism of households rather than simply individuals. Lydia was baptised &amp;quot;and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:15]]). The Philippian jailer &amp;quot;was baptized at once, he and all his family&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:33]]). Paul also recalled baptising the household of Stephanas ([[1 Corinthians 1:16]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These accounts have played an important role in the case for infant baptism. A household in the ancient world could include children and dependants - the household language fits naturally with the inclusion of children within the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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The passages do not, however, explicitly mention infants. In the account of the Philippian jailer, Paul and Silas spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to everyone in his house ([[Acts 16:32]]), and the household subsequently rejoiced in connection with belief in God ([[Acts 16:34]]). Elsewhere, Paul describes the household of Stephanas as having &amp;quot;devoted themselves to the service of the saints&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 16:15]]). Advocates of believer's baptism therefore understand these passages as entirely consistent with households in which those capable of hearing and believing the gospel were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ultimately, the household accounts do not tell us the ages of every person who was baptised. They therefore provide evidence that baptism could involve whole households, but do not by themselves establish whether infants were included.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Children and the people of God ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus' welcome of children also forms part of the wider discussion. When people brought children to him, the disciples attempted to stop them, but Jesus said: &amp;quot;Let the children come to me; do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of God.&amp;quot; ([[Mark 10]]:13–16)&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage does not concern baptism, and Jesus did not baptise the children. It nevertheless demonstrates that children have a genuine place within the community surrounding Jesus and should not be regarded as spiritually unimportant.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul similarly addressed children directly as members of Christian congregations ([[Ephesians 6]]:1–3; [[Colossians 3]]:20) and described the children of even one Christian parent as &amp;quot;holy&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 7:14]]). Such passages may support the inclusion of believers' children within the visible covenant community. However, this does not necessarily mean that infants or children should be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The central point of disagreement ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament never explicitly records an infant being baptised. Its detailed accounts of baptism repeatedly connect baptism with hearing the gospel, repentance and faith. This provides the principal biblical basis for the practice of believer's baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the same time, the New Testament never directly states that the children of believers must be excluded from baptism. Christians who practise infant baptism understand the continuity of God's covenant promises, the place of believers' children within the people of God, the connection between circumcision and baptism, and the household baptisms as together providing a theological basis for the practice.&lt;br /&gt;
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The disagreement therefore reflects a larger question about the relationship between the Old and New Covenants and the nature of the visible Church. The repeated New Testament pattern however provides a clear guide: the gospel is heard, the individual responds in repentance and faith, and baptism follows as the public expression of belonging to Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== How should baptism be performed? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have also differed over how water should be applied in baptism. Baptism may be performed by immersion, in which the person is lowered into water; pouring, in which water is poured over the person; or sprinkling. Baptists and many other evangelical churches normally practise immersion, while other Christian traditions commonly use pouring or sprinkling.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The meaning of the word baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The English words &amp;quot;baptise&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot; come from the Greek words '''βαπτίζω''' (''baptizō'', &amp;quot;to baptise&amp;quot;) and '''βάπτισμα''' (''baptisma'', &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot;). See the [[Koine Greek]] articles on βαπτίζω and βάπτισμα.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb ''baptizō'' can refer to dipping or immersing something in water, but its use in the New Testament and other ancient Greek writings is broader than simply describing a particular method of applying water. Related words are also used for ritual washings. Mark, for example, refers to Jewish practices involving the &amp;quot;washing&amp;quot; of cups, pots and other objects ([[Mark 7]]:3–4).&lt;br /&gt;
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The meaning of the Greek word therefore supports an association between baptism and washing or immersion, but the method of Christian baptism should not be determined from the word's etymology alone.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism by immersion ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Several New Testament accounts fit naturally with baptism by immersion. John baptised people in the Jordan River ([[Mark 1]]:4–5), and the Gospel of John records that John was baptising at Aenon &amp;quot;because water was plentiful there&amp;quot; ([[John 3:23]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch provides another example. After coming to some water, the eunuch asked Philip, &amp;quot;See, here is water! What prevents me from being baptized?&amp;quot; Luke then records: &amp;quot;they both went down into the water, Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And when they came up out of the water...&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8]]:36–39)&lt;br /&gt;
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The description is consistent with immersion, although going down into and coming up out of the water does not by itself establish exactly how Philip applied the water.&lt;br /&gt;
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The strongest argument for immersion comes from the meaning baptism is given in Paul's letters. In [[Romans 6]]:3–4, Paul describes baptism as being buried with Christ and then rising to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; Similarly, believers are described as having been &amp;quot;buried with him in baptism&amp;quot; and raised with him through faith ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Immersion provides a particularly clear physical picture of this movement from death and burial to resurrection and new life.&lt;br /&gt;
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For these reasons, Baptists and Eastern Orthodox Christians generally practise full immersion, regarding it as a form of baptism that closely reflects both the New Testament examples and its symbolism.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pouring and sprinkling ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Other Christians do not understand the New Testament as requiring immersion. Water had long been used for purification in different ways within the biblical story, including both washing and sprinkling. Ezekiel's promise of spiritual cleansing, for example, used the language: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36:25]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament does not give detailed instructions concerning the amount of water required for baptism or explicitly state that baptism is invalid unless the entire body is submerged. Churches that practise pouring or sprinkling therefore understand the water itself, rather than the quantity or precise method of its application, as the essential outward sign.&lt;br /&gt;
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Early Christian practice also shows some flexibility. The ''[[Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century, preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot; or running water but allowed other water to be used. If sufficient water was unavailable, it instructed: &amp;quot;pour water three times on the head in the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7)&lt;br /&gt;
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This provides early evidence that Christians regarded pouring as an acceptable alternative when immersion or baptism in a larger body of water was impractical.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The significance of the water ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament places considerably more emphasis on the meaning of baptism than upon the precise amount of water used. Baptism portrays cleansing from sin, death and resurrection with Christ, and the beginning of a new life. It is performed in obedience to Jesus and in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Baptism through church history ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was an established part of Christian life from the beginning of the Church. The book of Acts records new believers being baptised throughout the expansion of the gospel, and early Christian writings outside the New Testament show that the practice continued in the generations that followed. These writings also provide evidence of developing practices and theological interpretations concerning baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Didache ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the earliest Christian descriptions of how baptism was performed occurs in the ''[[Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century. Its instructions closely followed the Trinitarian language of the Great Commission: &amp;quot;Baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Didache'' preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot;, or running, water. If this was unavailable, other water could be used, and if there was insufficient water for immersion, water could be poured three times over the person's head (''Didache'' 7.1–3). It also instructed the person being baptised and the person performing the baptism to fast beforehand if possible (''Didache'' 7.4).&lt;br /&gt;
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The account shows that baptism was already treated as an important and deliberate act of Christian discipleship, while some flexibility existed concerning how the water was applied.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and preparation for faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
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By the second and third centuries, surviving Christian writings provide increasingly detailed descriptions of baptism. Converts were commonly instructed in the Christian faith before being baptised, particularly as Christianity expanded among people who had previously followed pagan religions.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Justin Martyr|person:Justin Martyr]], writing in Rome around AD 150, described people who had become convinced of Christian teaching and had undertaken to live accordingly. They prayed and fasted before being brought to water and baptised &amp;quot;in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''[[First Apology]]'' 61). Justin closely associated baptism with repentance, forgiveness and the beginning of a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
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By the early third century, Tertullian wrote an entire work on the subject, ''[[On Baptism]]''. He regarded baptism as closely connected with forgiveness and salvation, while also emphasising the seriousness of the commitment being made.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The emergence of infant baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The precise origins of infant baptism are difficult to establish. The New Testament records the baptism of households but never explicitly states that an infant was baptised. Early post-New Testament evidence is also less clear than the evidence for the baptism of converts.&lt;br /&gt;
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By the early third century, however, infant baptism was certainly being practised. Tertullian discussed the practice and argued that baptism of young children should normally be delayed (''On Baptism'' 18). His objection is important historically because it demonstrates that the baptism of children was already occurring, even though he did not favour it.&lt;br /&gt;
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Around the same period, Hippolytus' ''[[Apostolic Tradition]]'' describes children being baptised, with parents or other relatives answering on behalf of children who were unable to answer for themselves (''Apostolic Tradition'' 21). The exact authorship and development of this text are debated, but it provides evidence for the baptism of children in the early Christian centuries.&lt;br /&gt;
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Infant baptism subsequently became increasingly widespread. By the fourth and fifth centuries, it was well established within the Church and became closely connected with the developing doctrine of original sin. [[Augustine|person:Augustine]] of Hippo strongly defended infant baptism and understood it as necessary because infants, like all human beings, shared in the sin of Adam and required the grace given through baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and the creeds ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As Christian doctrine was expressed more formally in the early creeds, baptism remained closely associated with the Church's confession of faith. The [[Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of AD 381 declares: &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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The creed places this confession within its wider profession of faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. This reflects the Trinitarian baptism commanded by Jesus in [[Matthew 28:19]] and practised by Christians from the earliest period.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism was therefore closely connected with both Christian identity and Christian belief. To be baptised was to identify publicly with Jesus Christ and with the community that confessed the Christian faith.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Reformation and believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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During the Protestant [[Reformation]] of the sixteenth century, the major Reformers rejected many medieval teachings and practices but retained infant baptism. Martin Luther affirmed baptism as a means of grace through which God offers forgiveness and salvation. The Reformed tradition associated baptism particularly with God's covenant promises and understood infant baptism in continuity with the circumcision of children under the Old Covenant.&lt;br /&gt;
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More radical reformers challenged this. The [[Anabaptists]] argued that the New Testament pattern was baptism following personal repentance and faith. In 1525, members of the emerging Swiss Brethren baptised one another upon professions of faith, rejecting their earlier infant baptisms as invalid. Their opponents consequently called them &amp;quot;Anabaptists&amp;quot;, meaning &amp;quot;rebaptisers&amp;quot;, although the Anabaptists themselves did not regard the baptism of a professing believer as a second baptism because they did not consider their infant baptisms to have been true Christian baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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The later [[Baptist]] movement similarly taught believer's baptism, although Baptists emerged historically from the English Separatist movement rather than simply being a continuation of the continental Anabaptists. Baptists came to practise baptism by full immersion and understood it as an act of obedience following personal faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Conclusion ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism draws together themes that run throughout the biblical story. Water is associated with judgement and rescue, washing and cleansing, death and new life. These themes developed throughout the Old Testament and came together in the death and resurrection of Jesus and the new life he gives to those who trust in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the Flood, God judged a world corrupted by sin while Noah and his family were brought safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]). Peter explicitly connects their rescue through water with Christian baptism ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21). Baptism therefore carries an image of passing through judgement into salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the Exodus, Israel had been enslaved in Egypt until God rescued his people. They passed through the Red Sea, left their slavery behind and began a new life as God's people ([[Exodus 14]]). Paul describes them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2). The pattern of slavery, water, freedom and new life anticipates the New Testament description of believers being freed from slavery to sin and raised to a new life in Christ ([[Romans 6]]:1–14).&lt;br /&gt;
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The prophets used the imagery of water to describe the deeper cleansing that God's people needed. David had prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51]]:1–7), and Isaiah called Israel to wash and make themselves clean ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18). Ezekiel looked forward to a greater work of God: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
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The promise brings together cleansing, a new heart and the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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When John the Baptist appeared at the Jordan, he called Israel to repentance and baptised those who confessed their sins ([[Matthew 3]]:1–12). Yet John pointed beyond his own baptism with water to Jesus: &amp;quot;He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus himself was baptised, passed through the waters of the Jordan and then entered the wilderness for forty days ([[Matthew 3]]:13–[[Matthew 4]]:11). In doing so, he retraced important parts of Israel's story. Yet where Israel had repeatedly failed to trust and obey God, Jesus remained faithful. At his baptism, the Spirit descended upon him and the Father declared him to be his beloved Son.&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus ultimately accomplished the salvation towards which these earlier events pointed through his death and resurrection. The New Testament therefore explains Christian baptism in terms of being united with him. The believer is buried with Christ through baptism and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]]). The movement through the water portrays the movement from the old life to the new: death gives way to life, slavery to freedom, uncleanness to cleansing, and judgement to salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
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After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his followers to make disciples of all nations and baptise them in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). As the gospel subsequently moved from Jerusalem to the nations, those who responded in repentance and faith were baptised. Jews, Samaritans and Gentiles were brought together as one people belonging to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has its fullest meaning within the whole story of God's salvation. It looks back to the biblical images of water, cleansing and rescue and ultimately to the death and resurrection of Jesus. It portrays the believer's sins being washed away, the old life dying with Christ and a new life beginning through him. It also looks forward to a life of following Jesus as part of his people, empowered by the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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The water itself is simple, but what it represents is profound: God rescues, God cleanses, God gives new life, and God calls those he has saved to follow Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
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==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism Wikipedia - Baptism]&lt;br /&gt;
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{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116511</id>
		<title>Baptism</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116511"/>
		<updated>2026-10-15T12:17:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: /* The meaning of the word baptism */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''This article is about water baptism. See also:'' [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] and the Koine Greek article on βάπτισμα.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism is the practice of washing with water in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, commanded by Jesus as part of making disciples of all nations ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). Throughout the New Testament, baptism is closely associated with repentance, faith in Jesus Christ, the forgiveness and cleansing of sin, receiving new life, and becoming part of the people of God. In the book of Acts, those who receive the gospel are repeatedly baptised as an early and public expression of their new faith (for example, [[Acts 2]]:37–41; [[Acts 8]]:26–40; [[Acts 10]]:44–48).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The meaning of baptism is expressed particularly strongly through the death and resurrection of Jesus. Paul's letters describe believers as being baptised into Christ's death, buried with him through baptism, and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6]]:3–11). Baptism therefore portrays the transformation at the heart of the Christian gospel: the old life under sin gives way to a new life lived for God through Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The imagery behind baptism reaches back through the biblical story. Water is repeatedly associated with cleansing, judgement, rescue and new life. The Flood, Israel's passage through the Red Sea, the Old Testament promises that God would wash his people clean and give them a new heart and Spirit, the baptism of repentance preached by John the Baptist, and the baptism of Jesus all contribute to the New Testament understanding of Christian baptism. The New Testament itself explicitly connects baptism with both the Flood ([[1 Peter 3:21]]) and Israel's passage through the sea ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have agreed from the earliest centuries that baptism occupies an important place in Christian discipleship, but have differed over its precise meaning and practice. Major questions include whether baptism should be given to infants or to those who personally profess faith in Christ, whether it should normally be performed by immersion or may also be performed by pouring or sprinkling, and whether baptism itself is a means through which God grants regeneration and forgiveness or is an outward sign of a saving work already accomplished through faith. These differences have produced several major traditions of baptism within Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At its centre, however, baptism belongs to the biblical story of salvation. It points to God's cleansing of sin, the believer's union with the death and resurrection of Jesus, the gift of new life, and a public identification with Christ and his people. As the gospel moved from Jerusalem into the nations in Acts, baptism repeatedly accompanied the response to the message of Jesus, fulfilling his command to make disciples and baptise them &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Water, cleansing and salvation in the Old Testament ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christian baptism first appeared in the New Testament with John the Baptist, but the imagery associated with baptism had deep roots in the Old Testament. Water was associated with cleansing and purification, while several major events in Israel's history involved God's people passing through water as he rescued them from judgement or slavery. The prophets also used the imagery of washing with water when describing God's promise to cleanse his people from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Washing and cleansing ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Washing with water formed an important part of the ritual life of Israel. The Law of Moses required washing following various forms of ritual uncleanness (for example, [[Leviticus 14]]–[[Leviticus 15]]). When Aaron and his sons were consecrated as priests, Moses washed them with water ([[Leviticus 8:6]]). These washings concerned ritual purification rather than Christian baptism, but they established a familiar association between water, cleansing and approaching a holy God.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Old Testament also used the language of washing to describe the deeper problem of sin. David prayed after his sin with Bathsheba: &amp;quot;Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin.&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Later in the same psalm he prayed, &amp;quot;Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:7]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Isaiah similarly called the people of Judah to &amp;quot;wash yourselves; make yourselves clean&amp;quot; and turn away from evil ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18).&lt;br /&gt;
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Water therefore became a natural image for something that human beings needed at a deeper level: cleansing from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
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This imagery became particularly significant in the prophets' promises of future restoration. Through Ezekiel, God promised: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage brings together several themes that later appear prominently in the New Testament: cleansing, a new heart and the gift of God's Spirit. Zechariah similarly looked forward to a day when &amp;quot;a fountain shall be opened&amp;quot; for the house of David and Jerusalem &amp;quot;to cleanse them from sin and uncleanness&amp;quot; ([[Zechariah 13:1]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Flood ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Water in the Old Testament could represent judgement as well as cleansing. In the account of Noah, the Flood brought God's judgement upon a world filled with violence and evil, while Noah and his family were carried safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The connection with baptism is made explicitly in the New Testament. Peter described the eight members of Noah's family as being &amp;quot;brought safely through water&amp;quot; and then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you...&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21)&lt;br /&gt;
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Peter immediately qualified this as &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; The Flood therefore provides part of the biblical background for understanding baptism: the same waters that represented judgement also marked the deliverance of those whom God rescued.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Exodus through the sea ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Exodus provides an even more important background. Israel had been enslaved in Egypt, but God rescued his people and led them through the Red Sea. They passed through the water and emerged free from their former slavery, while the Egyptian army pursuing them was overwhelmed ([[Exodus 14]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul explicitly interpreted this event using the language of baptism: &amp;quot;our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
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The Exodus therefore contributes an important pattern to the biblical theology of baptism: slavery, passage through water, rescue, and a new life lived as God's people. This pattern anticipates Paul's description of Christian baptism in [[Romans 6]], where those who had been enslaved to sin are described as dying and being buried with Christ before rising with him to a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Naaman and the Jordan ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Another Old Testament account provides an interesting parallel, although the New Testament does not explicitly connect it with baptism. Naaman, the commander of the Syrian army, suffered from leprosy and travelled to Israel seeking healing. Elisha instructed him to wash seven times in the Jordan River. Naaman initially resisted, but eventually obeyed: &amp;quot;So he went down and dipped himself seven times in the Jordan... and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child, and he was clean.&amp;quot; ([[2 Kings 5:14]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Naaman's washing should not simply be identified with Christian baptism. Nevertheless, the account brings together several themes that later surround baptism: going down into water, cleansing, obedience to God's word and the beginning of a transformed allegiance to the God of Israel ([[2 Kings 5]]:15–18). The fact that this occurred in the Jordan is also striking in light of the river's later role in the ministry of John the Baptist.&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken together, these Old Testament themes form an important background to Christian baptism. Water could cleanse what was unclean, mark God's judgement and rescue, and portray the deeper cleansing from sin that only God could accomplish. The prophets looked forward to a time when God would cleanse his people, give them new hearts and place his Spirit within them. These themes come together more fully as the New Testament story begins with John baptising in the Jordan and announcing the coming of one who would baptise with the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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== John the Baptist — preparing Israel ==&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament story of baptism began with John the Baptist. John appeared in the wilderness of Judea shortly before the beginning of Jesus' public ministry, calling the people of Israel to repentance and announcing that the kingdom of heaven was near ([[Matthew 3]]:1–6). Those who responded came to him at the Jordan River, confessed their sins and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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John's baptism drew upon the Old Testament themes of cleansing and preparation for God's coming salvation, but it also pointed beyond itself. John understood his ministry as preparing Israel for the coming Messiah.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== A baptism of repentance ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Mark introduced John's ministry by describing him as &amp;quot;proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:4]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew similarly recorded John's message as: &amp;quot;Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
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John's baptism was therefore closely associated with repentance. Those who came to him were acknowledging their sin and their need to turn back to God. John challenged those who treated the outward act as sufficient in itself. When Pharisees and Sadducees came to his baptism, he told them to &amp;quot;bear fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:7–10). The physical washing was to be accompanied by a genuine change of heart and life.&lt;br /&gt;
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John's ministry was directed particularly towards Israel. His call to repentance challenged the assumption that physical descent from Abraham was sufficient to place someone in a right relationship with God. &amp;quot;Do not presume to say to yourselves, 'We have Abraham as our father,'&amp;quot; he warned, because &amp;quot;God is able from these stones to raise up children for Abraham&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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As the Messiah approached, Israel itself needed to repent and prepare for the coming of its king.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Preparing the way of the Lord ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Gospels understood John's ministry in light of the Old Testament prophets. Matthew, Mark and Luke identified him with the voice described in Isaiah: &amp;quot;The voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:3]], quoting [[Isaiah 40]]:3–5)&lt;br /&gt;
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The original passage in Isaiah announced God's coming to rescue and restore his people. By applying these words to John, the Gospels present his ministry as preparation for God's promised salvation. John stood in the wilderness calling Israel to repentance because the Lord was coming.&lt;br /&gt;
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The location at the Jordan is therefore significant within the larger biblical story. Centuries earlier, Israel had crossed the Jordan to enter the land God had promised them ([[Joshua 3]]–[[Joshua 4]]). Now Israelites were again coming to the Jordan, confessing their sins and passing through its waters as John prepared them for the arrival of the Messiah. The Gospels do not explicitly identify John's baptism with Israel's earlier crossing of the Jordan, so this connection should not be pressed too far, but the setting places John's ministry within a landscape already closely associated with Israel's story.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Water and the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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John the Baptist also emphasised that his baptism was preparatory. He baptised with water, but someone far greater was coming: &amp;quot;I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:11–12)&lt;br /&gt;
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The contrast is important for understanding Christian baptism. John's ministry involved water and repentance, but he pointed towards a greater work that would be accomplished by Jesus. Jesus would give the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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This promise develops throughout the New Testament. After his resurrection, Jesus reminded his disciples that &amp;quot;John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:5]]). At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit was poured out upon the disciples ([[Acts 2]]:1–4), and as the gospel subsequently spread, water baptism and the gift of the Holy Spirit repeatedly appeared together within the story of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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John's baptism therefore stood at an important turning point in the biblical story. The Old Testament had promised cleansing, a new heart and God's Spirit; John called Israel to repentance and washed those who responded in the Jordan; and at the same time he announced that the greater one was about to come. The next major baptism recorded in the Gospels was consequently very different from all those before it: Jesus himself came to John to be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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== The baptism of Jesus ==&lt;br /&gt;
The baptism of Jesus marked the beginning of his public ministry and is recorded in all three Synoptic Gospels ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17; [[Mark 1]]:9–11; [[Luke 3]]:21–22). Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River and presented himself to John for baptism. This created an immediate difficulty: John's baptism was associated with repentance and the confession of sin, yet the New Testament presents Jesus as without sin ([[Hebrews 4:15]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that John himself recognised the apparent problem. He initially tried to prevent Jesus from being baptised, saying, &amp;quot;I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?&amp;quot; Jesus replied: &amp;quot;Let it be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:15]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus was therefore not baptised because he needed forgiveness. His baptism instead identified him with the people he had come to save and formed part of his obedient fulfilment of the mission given to him by the Father. The precise meaning of &amp;quot;fulfill all righteousness&amp;quot; has been interpreted in different ways, but within Matthew it fits the larger picture of Jesus faithfully accomplishing God's purposes.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Father, Son and Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Immediately after Jesus was baptised, the narrative turned from the water to a remarkable revelation of his identity: &amp;quot;And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him; and behold, a voice from heaven said, 'This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:16–17)&lt;br /&gt;
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All three persons of the Trinity are present in the scene. The '''Son''' was baptised, the '''Holy Spirit''' descended upon him, and the '''Father''' spoke from heaven. The baptism of Jesus therefore provides one of the clearest narrative pictures in the New Testament of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit acting distinctly yet together.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Father's declaration also draws upon the Old Testament. &amp;quot;You are my Son&amp;quot; recalls the royal language of [[Psalm 2:7]], while &amp;quot;with whom I am well pleased&amp;quot; echoes God's description of his chosen servant in [[Isaiah 42:1]]. Jesus is presented as God's beloved Son and the servant upon whom God's Spirit rests.&lt;br /&gt;
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This Trinitarian revelation at Jesus' baptism also anticipates his later command concerning Christian baptism. After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his disciples to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The Father, Son and Spirit who were revealed together at Jesus' baptism therefore appear again in the baptism commanded for his disciples.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Jesus as the faithful Israel ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The place of Jesus' baptism within the Gospel narrative also connects it with the larger story of Israel. This is particularly clear in Matthew. Earlier, Jesus had been taken into Egypt and subsequently brought out of Egypt, which Matthew interpreted through Hosea's words, &amp;quot;Out of Egypt I called my son&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 2:15]], quoting [[Hosea 11:1]]). In Hosea, the &amp;quot;son&amp;quot; was originally Israel.&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus then passed through the waters of baptism ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17) and immediately entered the wilderness, where he fasted and was tested for forty days ([[Matthew 4]]:1–11). The sequence resembles the experience of Israel: God brought Israel out of Egypt, led the people through the waters of the Red Sea, and then tested them in the wilderness for forty years.&lt;br /&gt;
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The parallels become stronger during Jesus' temptation because each of his responses to Satan came from Deuteronomy, looking back to Israel's wilderness experience ([[Deuteronomy 8:3]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:16]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:13]]). Where Israel repeatedly failed to trust and obey God in the wilderness, Jesus remained faithful. Matthew therefore presents Jesus as reliving important elements of Israel's story while succeeding where Israel had failed.&lt;br /&gt;
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This pattern gives Jesus' baptism a place within the broader biblical story of salvation. Israel passed through water before entering its wilderness testing; Jesus was baptised before entering his. His baptism marked the beginning of the ministry in which the beloved Son, empowered by the Holy Spirit, faithfully carried out the Father's purpose.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Jesus commands his disciples to baptise ==&lt;br /&gt;
During his earthly ministry, Jesus' disciples baptised people who responded to his message, although the Gospel of John specifically notes that Jesus himself did not perform the baptisms ([[John 4]]:1–2). After his death and resurrection, however, Jesus explicitly commanded baptism as part of the mission he gave to his followers.&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that the risen Jesus met his disciples in Galilee and declared that all authority in heaven and on earth had been given to him. He then gave them the command that has become known as the [[Great Commission]]: &amp;quot;Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28]]:19–20)&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has its place within the larger task of making disciples. Jesus' command joins together going to the nations, baptising those who become disciples, and teaching them to live according to everything he had commanded.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and discipleship ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Great Commission establishes baptism as an expected part of Christian discipleship. Baptism was not subsequently introduced by the apostles as a later Christian custom; it was commanded by Jesus himself.&lt;br /&gt;
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This pattern becomes visible throughout the book of Acts. As the apostles proclaimed Jesus, those who received the gospel were baptised. At Pentecost, Peter told those who responded to his message to repent and be baptised ([[Acts 2]]:37–41). Philip baptised new believers in Samaria ([[Acts 8:12]]) and later baptised the Ethiopian eunuch ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Paul was baptised following his encounter with Jesus ([[Acts 9]]:17–19), Cornelius and the other Gentiles with him were baptised ([[Acts 10]]:44–48), and the Philippian jailer and his household were baptised after hearing the word of the Lord ([[Acts 16]]:25–34).&lt;br /&gt;
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The close relationship between conversion and baptism in Acts reflects the command of Jesus. Baptism is an outward and identifiable beginning to the life of discipleship: a person who has turned to Christ is baptised and begins a life of learning to obey him.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism of all nations ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples '''&amp;quot;of all nations.&amp;quot;''' Baptism therefore belongs to the expansion of God's people beyond Israel. The mission that began with a small group of Jewish disciples was to extend throughout the world.&lt;br /&gt;
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This development becomes one of the central narratives of Acts. Jesus told the apostles that they would be his witnesses &amp;quot;in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:8]]). The subsequent baptisms in Acts follow this outward movement of the gospel. Jews were baptised in Jerusalem at Pentecost, Samaritans were baptised through the ministry of Philip, an Ethiopian was baptised on the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, and Gentiles were baptised in the household of Cornelius. Baptism repeatedly marked the inclusion of new people as the gospel crossed geographical, ethnic and social boundaries.&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius became particularly important because it demonstrated that Gentiles were received by God through faith in Jesus without first becoming Jews. When the Holy Spirit fell upon Cornelius and the other Gentiles who had heard Peter's message, Peter asked: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The command to baptise all nations was therefore worked out visibly in the life of the early Church.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ====&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded that his disciples be baptised &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The singular word '''&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;''' is followed by the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, placing all three together within the baptismal identity of the Christian disciple.&lt;br /&gt;
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This language recalls the baptism of Jesus himself. At the Jordan, the Son was baptised, the Spirit descended upon him, and the Father spoke from heaven ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17). At the end of Matthew's Gospel, the risen Son commanded that his own disciples be baptised in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Trinitarian formula subsequently became deeply embedded in Christian baptism. The [[Didache]], an early Christian work probably written around the late first or early second century, instructed Christians to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1). Later Christian creeds also closely associated baptism with Trinitarian faith. The [[Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] (AD 381), for example, confesses faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit and declares, &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Baptism in Acts ==&lt;br /&gt;
The book of Acts records how the command of Jesus to make disciples and baptise them began to be carried out by the early Church. Baptism repeatedly followed the proclamation of the gospel and the response of faith and repentance. As the gospel spread from Jerusalem into Judea, Samaria and the wider Gentile world, baptism marked the beginning of a person's new life as a follower of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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The accounts in Acts are particularly important for understanding baptism because they show baptism within the narrative of Christian conversion rather than simply explaining its theology. Although the circumstances varied, a recurring pattern can be seen: the gospel was proclaimed, people believed and repented, and they were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pentecost ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The first large-scale Christian baptisms occurred at Pentecost. After Peter proclaimed the death and resurrection of Jesus, his hearers were &amp;quot;cut to the heart&amp;quot; and asked the apostles what they should do. Peter replied: &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Luke then records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized,&amp;quot; with about three thousand people being added that day ([[Acts 2]]:37–41).&lt;br /&gt;
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Several themes that remain associated with baptism throughout the New Testament appear together in this account: repentance, faith in the proclaimed message about Jesus, forgiveness of sins, baptism, the Holy Spirit, and incorporation into the community of believers. Those who were baptised subsequently devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching, fellowship, the breaking of bread and prayer ([[Acts 2]]:42–47). Baptism therefore stood at the beginning of an ongoing life of Christian discipleship.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Samaria and the Ethiopian eunuch ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As the gospel moved beyond Jerusalem, Philip proclaimed Christ in Samaria. Luke records that &amp;quot;when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]]). The sequence is explicit: they heard the gospel, believed it, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Soon afterwards, Philip encountered an Ethiopian eunuch travelling home from Jerusalem ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Beginning with [[Isaiah 53]], Philip explained the good news about Jesus to him. As they travelled, they came to water and the eunuch asked to be baptised. Philip and the eunuch went down into the water, Philip baptised him, and the eunuch continued his journey rejoicing.&lt;br /&gt;
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The account provides one of the clearest narrative examples of baptism accompanying an individual's response to the gospel. The initiative to be baptised came immediately after the Ethiopian had heard the message about Jesus. Baptism was therefore treated as a natural and immediate response to receiving the gospel rather than as something to be postponed until a later stage of Christian maturity.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The baptism of Paul ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul himself was baptised soon after his encounter with the risen Jesus on the road to Damascus. After Ananias came to him, Paul regained his sight, arose and was baptised ([[Acts 9]]:17–19).&lt;br /&gt;
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When Paul later recounted these events in Jerusalem, he remembered Ananias saying: &amp;quot;And now why do you wait? Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The language strongly associates baptism with cleansing from sin, continuing the biblical imagery of washing developed throughout the Old Testament. At the same time, the phrase &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot; places baptism within Paul's response of faith to Jesus. The relationship between baptism, faith and the forgiveness of sins would later become an important subject of Christian theological discussion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the first Gentile believers ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius and his household in [[Acts 10]] was a major turning point in the expansion of the early Church. Cornelius was a Roman centurion and a Gentile who feared God. After being directed by God to send for Peter, Cornelius gathered his relatives and close friends to hear Peter's message.&lt;br /&gt;
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While Peter was still speaking about forgiveness through faith in Jesus, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who were listening. The Jewish believers who had accompanied Peter were astonished because the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out upon Gentiles. Peter responded: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:47]])&lt;br /&gt;
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He then commanded them to be baptised in the name of Jesus Christ ([[Acts 10:48]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The order of events is significant. Cornelius and those with him heard the gospel, received the Holy Spirit, and were then baptised with water. Their reception of the Spirit demonstrated that God had already accepted these Gentile believers, and their subsequent baptism publicly recognised their inclusion among the people of God.&lt;br /&gt;
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When Peter later defended his actions before Jewish Christians in Jerusalem, he pointed to the gift of the Holy Spirit as God's own testimony that the Gentiles had received the same salvation as Jewish believers ([[Acts 11]]:1–18). Baptism therefore became part of one of the great developments in the biblical story: the people of God were being gathered from all nations through faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Lydia and the Philippian jailer ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Acts also records the baptism of entire households, passages which later became important in discussions about infant baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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In Philippi, Lydia listened as Paul proclaimed the gospel, and &amp;quot;the Lord opened her heart to pay attention to what was said by Paul.&amp;quot; Luke then records that &amp;quot;she was baptized, and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:13–15).&lt;br /&gt;
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Later in the same chapter, a Philippian jailer asked Paul and Silas, &amp;quot;Sirs, what must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; They answered: &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:31]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas then spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to the jailer and everyone in his house, after which he and his family were baptised immediately ([[Acts 16]]:32–34). Luke subsequently describes the jailer as rejoicing with his entire household that he had believed in God.&lt;br /&gt;
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These household baptisms have been interpreted differently within Christian traditions. Christians who practise infant baptism have seen them as consistent with the inclusion of believers' children within the covenant community, while advocates of believer's baptism emphasise the repeated association between hearing the word, believing and baptism. The accounts themselves do not state the ages of every member of these households and therefore do not establish whether infants were present.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism as the gospel spread ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Further examples continued as Paul's missionary work expanded. Crispus, the ruler of the synagogue in Corinth, believed in the Lord together with his household, and &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). At Ephesus, a group who had previously received John's baptism heard about Jesus and &amp;quot;were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Acts 19]]:1–7).&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken together, the accounts in Acts show how closely baptism accompanied the initial response to the gospel. Baptism was not normally presented as a distant stage reached after years of Christian discipleship. People heard the message about Jesus, responded in repentance and faith, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the same time, Acts does not present a rigid sequence in which every element of conversion always occurred in precisely the same order. At Pentecost, repentance and baptism were associated with the promised gift of the Holy Spirit ([[Acts 2]]:37–41); in Samaria, believers were baptised before receiving the Spirit ([[Acts 8]]:12–17); and in the household of Cornelius, the Holy Spirit was received before water baptism ([[Acts 10]]:44–48). The consistent centre of these accounts is Jesus himself: the gospel was proclaimed, people responded to him, and baptism marked their identification with the new community of those who belonged to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== What baptism means ==&lt;br /&gt;
The narratives of the Gospels and Acts show baptism accompanying repentance, faith and the beginning of Christian discipleship. The New Testament letters develop the meaning of baptism more fully. Baptism is associated with cleansing from sin, union with Christ in his death and resurrection, new life, and incorporation into the people of God. These themes are closely connected: the person who belongs to Christ has died to the old life under sin and has been raised to live a new life as part of Christ's people.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cleansing and forgiveness ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The association between water and cleansing reaches back into the Old Testament, where David prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51:2]]) and Ezekiel described God's promise to sprinkle his people with clean water, give them a new heart and place his Spirit within them ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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This imagery continued in the earliest Christian preaching. At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; for the forgiveness of their sins ([[Acts 2:38]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Ananias similarly told Paul: &amp;quot;Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore visibly portrays the cleansing that lies at the heart of the gospel. Sin leaves human beings guilty and unclean before God; forgiveness makes them clean. The physical washing with water provides an outward expression of this spiritual reality.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament does not, however, separate this cleansing from repentance and faith in Christ. In [[Acts 22:16]], washing is accompanied by &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot;, while Peter taught that everyone who believes in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins through his name ([[Acts 10:43]]). Baptism, repentance, faith and forgiveness are consequently closely associated in the New Testament accounts of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== United with Christ in his death and resurrection ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the fullest explanations of baptism occurs in [[Romans 6]]:1–11. Paul was responding to the suggestion that God's grace might provide an excuse to continue living in sin. His answer was that the Christian's relationship with sin had fundamentally changed: &amp;quot;Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:3]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul continued: &amp;quot;We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore portrays the Christian as participating in the story of Jesus. Jesus died, was buried and rose again; the believer's old life dies, is buried with Christ, and gives way to a new life lived for God.&lt;br /&gt;
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For Paul, this is more than imagery about a ceremony in the past. It describes the believer's present identity. Those who belong to Christ are to consider themselves &amp;quot;dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:11]]). Baptism therefore points both backwards to what Christ accomplished in his death and resurrection and forwards to the transformed life of the person who now belongs to him.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used similar language in Colossians: &amp;quot;having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God, who raised him from the dead.&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Here baptism, union with Christ and faith are brought together explicitly. The believer is buried and raised with Christ &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; in the power of God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== A new life ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Because baptism represents death and resurrection with Christ, it also represents a decisive change of allegiance and way of life. The person emerging from the water is called to live differently from the person who entered it.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul developed this implication throughout Romans 6. The believer's &amp;quot;old self&amp;quot; was crucified with Christ so that he or she would no longer be enslaved to sin ([[Romans 6]]:5–7). Christians are therefore to present themselves to God &amp;quot;as those who have been brought from death to life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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This helps explain the close association between repentance and baptism seen earlier in the New Testament. John's baptism called for &amp;quot;fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:8]]), and Peter's call at Pentecost began with &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Baptism represents a turning from the old life and the beginning of a new life under the lordship of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Putting on Christ ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used another image for baptism in his letter to the Galatians: &amp;quot;for in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through faith. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27)&lt;br /&gt;
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To be baptised into Christ is described as '''putting on Christ'''. The believer's identity is now found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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The surrounding passage also places baptism within the creation of a new community. Paul continued: &amp;quot;There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3:28]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has both a personal and a communal dimension. It identifies an individual with Christ, but in doing so it also identifies that person with everyone else who belongs to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptised into one body ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The same idea appears in Paul's first letter to the Corinthians: &amp;quot;For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—Jews or Greeks, slaves or free—and all were made to drink of one Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 12:13]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul's emphasis in [[1 Corinthians 12]] is the unity and diversity of the Church as the body of Christ. Christians have different gifts and functions, but they belong to the same body and share the same Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism is therefore not simply a private event between an individual and God. It publicly identifies the believer with Jesus and with the community of those who belong to him. This helps explain why baptism appears so prominently at the beginning of Christian life in Acts: those who were baptised were entering a new life in which they belonged to Christ and joined the community gathered around him.&lt;br /&gt;
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These different images together provide a rich New Testament understanding of baptism. Washing portrays cleansing from sin; burial and resurrection portray union with the death and resurrection of Jesus; new life portrays the transformation that follows; and putting on Christ and entering one body portray a new identity among the people of God. Baptism brings these realities together in a visible act centred upon Jesus Christ and the salvation found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Does baptism save? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the strongest statements about baptism in the New Testament associate it directly with forgiveness, cleansing and salvation. At Pentecost, Peter told his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized... for the forgiveness of your sins&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Ananias told Paul to &amp;quot;be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]]). Most strikingly, Peter wrote that &amp;quot;baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These passages have contributed to a longstanding disagreement among Christians about the relationship between baptism and salvation. Some Christian traditions understand baptism as a means through which God actually grants regeneration and forgiveness, while others understand baptism as the outward expression of the salvation that God grants through repentance and faith. The disagreement is therefore not over whether baptism is important - the New Testament clearly gives it considerable importance - but over the relationship between the physical act of baptism and the saving work of God that it represents.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== &amp;quot;Baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the clearest passages to address this question occurs in [[1 Peter 3]]:18–22. Peter connected Christian baptism with the Flood, when Noah and his family &amp;quot;were brought safely through water.&amp;quot; He then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken alone, this statement might appear to teach that the physical application of water brings about salvation. Peter, however, immediately explained what he meant: &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Peter therefore distinguishes Christian baptism from an ordinary physical washing. Its saving significance rests ultimately upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ and is associated with an appeal to God. As with the Flood itself, the water forms part of a larger picture of judgement and rescue in which salvation comes from God.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism, repentance and faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The close association between baptism and salvation is particularly visible in Acts because baptism normally occurred immediately after conversion. Peter did not tell the crowd at Pentecost to believe and then consider baptism at some later stage; he called them to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Those who received his message were baptised that day ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The same narratives, however, repeatedly identify repentance and faith in Jesus as central to receiving salvation. Peter later proclaimed concerning Jesus: &amp;quot;everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:43]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas answered the Philippian jailer's question, &amp;quot;What must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; with the instruction, &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:30–34). Paul similarly teaches that a person is justified by faith ([[Romans 5:1]]) and that salvation is received by confessing Jesus as Lord and believing that God raised him from the dead ([[Romans 10]]:9–13).&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism should therefore not be isolated from the conversion of which it formed a visible part. In the New Testament, repentance, faith, confession of Jesus, baptism, forgiveness, the Holy Spirit and entrance into the Christian community frequently occur together as different aspects of a person's response to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the gift of the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The conversion of Cornelius provides particularly important evidence for understanding the relationship between water baptism and salvation. Peter proclaimed to Cornelius and his household that &amp;quot;everyone who believes&amp;quot; in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins ([[Acts 10:43]]). While Peter was still speaking, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who heard the message ([[Acts 10]]:44–46).&lt;br /&gt;
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Only after they had received the Holy Spirit did Peter command them to be baptised: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The sequence is significant because God had already given the Gentiles the Holy Spirit before their water baptism. When Peter later explained what had happened, he described God as having given them &amp;quot;the same gift&amp;quot; that he had given the Jewish believers and concluded that God had &amp;quot;granted repentance that leads to life&amp;quot; ([[Acts 11]]:15–18).&lt;br /&gt;
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The account therefore makes it difficult to regard the physical application of baptismal water as the moment without which regeneration cannot occur. Cornelius and those with him had responded to the gospel and received God's Spirit before they entered the water. Yet their baptism remained important and was commanded immediately.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and grace ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The wider teaching of the New Testament places salvation firmly in the grace of God received through faith. Paul writes: &amp;quot;For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God.&amp;quot; ([[Ephesians 2]]:8–9)&lt;br /&gt;
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This does not make baptism unnecessary. Jesus commanded baptism ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20), and the apostles consistently baptised those who responded to the gospel. Rather, it places baptism within the response of faith to God's saving work instead of treating the physical act as a human work that earns salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
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This distinction can also be seen in Paul's discussion of baptism in Colossians. Believers are described as having been buried with Christ in baptism and raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). The power that gives new life belongs to God, the same God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Different Christian understandings ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians have interpreted these passages in several ways. Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions understand baptism as a [[Sacrament]] through which God communicates saving grace. Lutheran theology similarly teaches that baptism is a means of grace and is connected with forgiveness and regeneration. Reformed traditions generally describe baptism as a covenantal sign and seal of God's promises, although they differ from Roman Catholic and Lutheran understandings of baptismal regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptists and many other evangelical Christians understand baptism primarily as the God-commanded outward expression of repentance and faith. On this understanding, baptism portrays realities that God has already brought about through faith: sins have been forgiven, the believer has been united with Christ, the old life has ended, and a new life has begun. Baptism does not cause these realities through the action of the water, but visibly declares them.&lt;br /&gt;
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This understanding fits particularly well with the pattern seen in Cornelius and with the New Testament's repeated teaching that salvation is received through faith. At the same time, the strength of the New Testament's baptismal language should be retained. Baptism is not presented as an insignificant or optional symbol. Jesus commanded it, the apostles practised it, and the New Testament closely associates it with conversion, cleansing, union with Christ and entrance into the Christian life.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism can therefore be understood as the God-commanded outward expression of an inward transformation. The believer is saved by God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ, and baptism publicly portrays that salvation: sin has been washed away, the old life has died with Christ, and a new life has begun through his resurrection.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Who should be baptised? ==&lt;br /&gt;
One of the major disagreements among Christians concerns who should receive baptism. ''Believer's baptism'', sometimes called ''credobaptism'', teaches that baptism should follow an individual's personal repentance and faith in Jesus Christ. ''Infant baptism'', or ''paedobaptism'', teaches that the children of Christian believers may also be baptised as members of the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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Both traditions appeal to Scripture. The case for believer's baptism rests particularly upon the repeated New Testament pattern in which people heard the gospel, believed or repented, and were then baptised. The case for infant baptism rests particularly upon continuity between the Old and New Testament people of God, the relationship between circumcision and baptism, and the baptism of households in Acts.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The most straightforward examples of baptism in the New Testament involved people who personally responded to God's message. John called people to repentance before baptising them ([[Matthew 3]]:1–10). At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]), and Luke records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The pattern continued as the gospel spread. In Samaria, people were baptised when they believed Philip's preaching: &amp;quot;But when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The Ethiopian eunuch heard Philip explain the good news about Jesus and then requested baptism ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). At Corinth, &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). These accounts repeatedly place baptism after hearing and responding to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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The theological descriptions of baptism also connect it closely with personal faith and repentance. Paul describes those who were buried with Christ in baptism as also being raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Similarly, Galatians describes Christians as children of God &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; immediately before describing them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Christ&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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For this reason, Baptists and many other evangelical churches understand baptism as an act for those who personally confess faith in Jesus. A person raised within a Christian family may therefore participate fully in the life of the church as a child but is baptised when he or she is able personally to profess repentance and faith in Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Infant baptism and the covenant ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians who practise infant baptism agree that adults coming to Christianity should be baptised following faith. Their disagreement concerns the children of believers. Infant baptism traditions understand these children as belonging in a particular sense to the covenant community and therefore as appropriate recipients of baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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The argument draws heavily upon the Old Testament pattern of God's covenant dealings with families. When God established his covenant with Abraham, circumcision was given as the covenant sign and was administered to male children at eight days old ([[Genesis 17]]:9–14). A child received the sign of belonging to God's covenant people before being old enough personally to profess faith.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament continues to describe Christians using language associated with Abraham and his covenant. Those who belong to Christ are described as Abraham's offspring and heirs according to promise ([[Galatians 3:29]]). Peter's declaration at Pentecost that &amp;quot;the promise is for you and for your children&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:39]]) has consequently been important within infant Baptist theology.&lt;br /&gt;
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From this perspective, the inclusion of children within God's covenant people did not simply disappear with the coming of Christ. Baptism is therefore understood as the New Testament covenant sign that may appropriately be given to the children of believers, with the expectation that they will later personally embrace the faith into which they have been raised.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Circumcision and baptism ====&lt;br /&gt;
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An important passage in this discussion is [[Colossians 2]]:11–12, where Paul placed circumcision and baptism alongside one another: &amp;quot;In him also you were circumcised with a circumcision made without hands... having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Infant baptism theology has often understood this passage as supporting continuity between circumcision and baptism: circumcision marked membership in the Old Covenant community, while baptism marks membership in the New Covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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Advocates of believer's baptism interpret the passage differently. Paul specifically describes a '''&amp;quot;circumcision made without hands&amp;quot;''', suggesting an inward spiritual transformation rather than simply replacing one physical covenant sign with another. He also describes those who were buried and raised with Christ in baptism as being raised '''&amp;quot;through faith.&amp;quot;''' On this reading, the passage connects baptism with the spiritual circumcision experienced by believers rather than establishing baptism as a direct replacement for infant circumcision.&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage therefore provides a genuine connection between the imagery of circumcision and baptism, but Christians disagree over what that connection implies concerning the baptism of infants.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Household baptisms ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Several passages in Acts record the baptism of households rather than simply individuals. Lydia was baptised &amp;quot;and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:15]]). The Philippian jailer &amp;quot;was baptized at once, he and all his family&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:33]]). Paul also recalled baptising the household of Stephanas ([[1 Corinthians 1:16]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These accounts have played an important role in the case for infant baptism. A household in the ancient world could include children and dependants - the household language fits naturally with the inclusion of children within the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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The passages do not, however, explicitly mention infants. In the account of the Philippian jailer, Paul and Silas spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to everyone in his house ([[Acts 16:32]]), and the household subsequently rejoiced in connection with belief in God ([[Acts 16:34]]). Elsewhere, Paul describes the household of Stephanas as having &amp;quot;devoted themselves to the service of the saints&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 16:15]]). Advocates of believer's baptism therefore understand these passages as entirely consistent with households in which those capable of hearing and believing the gospel were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ultimately, the household accounts do not tell us the ages of every person who was baptised. They therefore provide evidence that baptism could involve whole households, but do not by themselves establish whether infants were included.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Children and the people of God ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus' welcome of children also forms part of the wider discussion. When people brought children to him, the disciples attempted to stop them, but Jesus said: &amp;quot;Let the children come to me; do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of God.&amp;quot; ([[Mark 10]]:13–16)&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage does not concern baptism, and Jesus did not baptise the children. It nevertheless demonstrates that children have a genuine place within the community surrounding Jesus and should not be regarded as spiritually unimportant.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul similarly addressed children directly as members of Christian congregations ([[Ephesians 6]]:1–3; [[Colossians 3]]:20) and described the children of even one Christian parent as &amp;quot;holy&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 7:14]]). Such passages may support the inclusion of believers' children within the visible covenant community. However, this does not necessarily mean that infants or children should be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The central point of disagreement ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament never explicitly records an infant being baptised. Its detailed accounts of baptism repeatedly connect baptism with hearing the gospel, repentance and faith. This provides the principal biblical basis for the practice of believer's baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the same time, the New Testament never directly states that the children of believers must be excluded from baptism. Christians who practise infant baptism understand the continuity of God's covenant promises, the place of believers' children within the people of God, the connection between circumcision and baptism, and the household baptisms as together providing a theological basis for the practice.&lt;br /&gt;
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The disagreement therefore reflects a larger question about the relationship between the Old and New Covenants and the nature of the visible Church. The repeated New Testament pattern however provides a clear guide: the gospel is heard, the individual responds in repentance and faith, and baptism follows as the public expression of belonging to Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== How should baptism be performed? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have also differed over how water should be applied in baptism. Baptism may be performed by immersion, in which the person is lowered into water; pouring, in which water is poured over the person; or sprinkling. Baptists and many other evangelical churches normally practise immersion, while other Christian traditions commonly use pouring or sprinkling.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The meaning of the word baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The English words &amp;quot;baptise&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot; come from the Greek words '''βαπτίζω''' (''baptizō'', &amp;quot;to baptise&amp;quot;) and '''βάπτισμα''' (''baptisma'', &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot;). See the [[Koine Greek]] articles on βαπτίζω and βάπτισμα.&lt;br /&gt;
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The verb ''baptizō'' can refer to dipping or immersing something in water, but its use in the New Testament and other ancient Greek writings is broader than simply describing a particular method of applying water. Related words are also used for ritual washings. Mark, for example, refers to Jewish practices involving the &amp;quot;washing&amp;quot; of cups, pots and other objects ([[Mark 7]]:3–4).&lt;br /&gt;
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The meaning of the Greek word therefore supports an association between baptism and washing or immersion, but the method of Christian baptism should not be determined from the word's etymology alone.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism by immersion ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Several New Testament accounts fit naturally with baptism by immersion. John baptised people in the Jordan River ([[Mark 1]]:4–5), and the Gospel of John records that John was baptising at Aenon &amp;quot;because water was plentiful there&amp;quot; ([[John 3:23]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch provides another example. After coming to some water, the eunuch asked Philip, &amp;quot;See, here is water! What prevents me from being baptized?&amp;quot; Luke then records: &amp;quot;they both went down into the water, Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And when they came up out of the water...&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8]]:36–39)&lt;br /&gt;
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The description is consistent with immersion, although going down into and coming up out of the water does not by itself establish exactly how Philip applied the water.&lt;br /&gt;
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The strongest argument for immersion comes from the meaning baptism is given in Paul's letters. In [[Romans 6]]:3–4, Paul describes baptism as being buried with Christ and then rising to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; Similarly, believers are described as having been &amp;quot;buried with him in baptism&amp;quot; and raised with him through faith ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Immersion provides a particularly clear physical picture of this movement from death and burial to resurrection and new life.&lt;br /&gt;
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For these reasons, Baptists and Eastern Orthodox Christians generally practise full immersion, regarding it as a form of baptism that closely reflects both the New Testament examples and its symbolism.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pouring and sprinkling ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Other Christians do not understand the New Testament as requiring immersion. Water had long been used for purification in different ways within the biblical story, including both washing and sprinkling. Ezekiel's promise of spiritual cleansing, for example, used the language: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36:25]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament does not give detailed instructions concerning the amount of water required for baptism or explicitly state that baptism is invalid unless the entire body is submerged. Churches that practise pouring or sprinkling therefore understand the water itself, rather than the quantity or precise method of its application, as the essential outward sign.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Early Christian practice also shows some flexibility. The ''[[Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century, preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot; or running water but allowed other water to be used. If sufficient water was unavailable, it instructed: &amp;quot;pour water three times on the head in the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This provides early evidence that Christians regarded pouring as an acceptable alternative when immersion or baptism in a larger body of water was impractical.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The significance of the water ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament places considerably more emphasis on the meaning of baptism than upon the precise amount of water used. Baptism portrays cleansing from sin, death and resurrection with Christ, and the beginning of a new life. It is performed in obedience to Jesus and in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Baptism through church history ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was an established part of Christian life from the beginning of the Church. The book of Acts records new believers being baptised throughout the expansion of the gospel, and early Christian writings outside the New Testament show that the practice continued in the generations that followed. These writings also provide evidence of developing practices and theological interpretations concerning baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Didache ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the earliest Christian descriptions of how baptism was performed occurs in the ''[[Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century. Its instructions closely followed the Trinitarian language of the Great Commission: &amp;quot;Baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Didache'' preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot;, or running, water. If this was unavailable, other water could be used, and if there was insufficient water for immersion, water could be poured three times over the person's head (''Didache'' 7.1–3). It also instructed the person being baptised and the person performing the baptism to fast beforehand if possible (''Didache'' 7.4).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The account shows that baptism was already treated as an important and deliberate act of Christian discipleship, while some flexibility existed concerning how the water was applied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and preparation for faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the second and third centuries, surviving Christian writings provide increasingly detailed descriptions of baptism. Converts were commonly instructed in the Christian faith before being baptised, particularly as Christianity expanded among people who had previously followed pagan religions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Justin Martyr|person:Justin Martyr]], writing in Rome around AD 150, described people who had become convinced of Christian teaching and had undertaken to live accordingly. They prayed and fasted before being brought to water and baptised &amp;quot;in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''[[First Apology]]'' 61). Justin closely associated baptism with repentance, forgiveness and the beginning of a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early third century, Tertullian wrote an entire work on the subject, ''[[On Baptism]]''. He regarded baptism as closely connected with forgiveness and salvation, while also emphasising the seriousness of the commitment being made.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The emergence of infant baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The precise origins of infant baptism are difficult to establish. The New Testament records the baptism of households but never explicitly states that an infant was baptised. Early post-New Testament evidence is also less clear than the evidence for the baptism of converts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early third century, however, infant baptism was certainly being practised. Tertullian discussed the practice and argued that baptism of young children should normally be delayed (''On Baptism'' 18). His objection is important historically because it demonstrates that the baptism of children was already occurring, even though he did not favour it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Around the same period, Hippolytus' ''[[Apostolic Tradition]]'' describes children being baptised, with parents or other relatives answering on behalf of children who were unable to answer for themselves (''Apostolic Tradition'' 21). The exact authorship and development of this text are debated, but it provides evidence for the baptism of children in the early Christian centuries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infant baptism subsequently became increasingly widespread. By the fourth and fifth centuries, it was well established within the Church and became closely connected with the developing doctrine of original sin. [[Augustine|person:Augustine]] of Hippo strongly defended infant baptism and understood it as necessary because infants, like all human beings, shared in the sin of Adam and required the grace given through baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and the creeds ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As Christian doctrine was expressed more formally in the early creeds, baptism remained closely associated with the Church's confession of faith. The [[Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of AD 381 declares: &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The creed places this confession within its wider profession of faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. This reflects the Trinitarian baptism commanded by Jesus in [[Matthew 28:19]] and practised by Christians from the earliest period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was therefore closely connected with both Christian identity and Christian belief. To be baptised was to identify publicly with Jesus Christ and with the community that confessed the Christian faith.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Reformation and believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the Protestant [[Reformation]] of the sixteenth century, the major Reformers rejected many medieval teachings and practices but retained infant baptism. Martin Luther affirmed baptism as a means of grace through which God offers forgiveness and salvation. The Reformed tradition associated baptism particularly with God's covenant promises and understood infant baptism in continuity with the circumcision of children under the Old Covenant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More radical reformers challenged this. The [[Anabaptists]] argued that the New Testament pattern was baptism following personal repentance and faith. In 1525, members of the emerging Swiss Brethren baptised one another upon professions of faith, rejecting their earlier infant baptisms as invalid. Their opponents consequently called them &amp;quot;Anabaptists&amp;quot;, meaning &amp;quot;rebaptisers&amp;quot;, although the Anabaptists themselves did not regard the baptism of a professing believer as a second baptism because they did not consider their infant baptisms to have been true Christian baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The later [[Baptist]] movement similarly taught believer's baptism, although Baptists emerged historically from the English Separatist movement rather than simply being a continuation of the continental Anabaptists. Baptists came to practise baptism by full immersion and understood it as an act of obedience following personal faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conclusion ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism draws together themes that run throughout the biblical story. Water is associated with judgement and rescue, washing and cleansing, death and new life. These themes developed throughout the Old Testament and came together in the death and resurrection of Jesus and the new life he gives to those who trust in him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Flood, God judged a world corrupted by sin while Noah and his family were brought safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]). Peter explicitly connects their rescue through water with Christian baptism ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21). Baptism therefore carries an image of passing through judgement into salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Exodus, Israel had been enslaved in Egypt until God rescued his people. They passed through the Red Sea, left their slavery behind and began a new life as God's people ([[Exodus 14]]). Paul describes them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2). The pattern of slavery, water, freedom and new life anticipates the New Testament description of believers being freed from slavery to sin and raised to a new life in Christ ([[Romans 6]]:1–14).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The prophets used the imagery of water to describe the deeper cleansing that God's people needed. David had prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51]]:1–7), and Isaiah called Israel to wash and make themselves clean ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18). Ezekiel looked forward to a greater work of God: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The promise brings together cleansing, a new heart and the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When John the Baptist appeared at the Jordan, he called Israel to repentance and baptised those who confessed their sins ([[Matthew 3]]:1–12). Yet John pointed beyond his own baptism with water to Jesus: &amp;quot;He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus himself was baptised, passed through the waters of the Jordan and then entered the wilderness for forty days ([[Matthew 3]]:13–[[Matthew 4]]:11). In doing so, he retraced important parts of Israel's story. Yet where Israel had repeatedly failed to trust and obey God, Jesus remained faithful. At his baptism, the Spirit descended upon him and the Father declared him to be his beloved Son.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus ultimately accomplished the salvation towards which these earlier events pointed through his death and resurrection. The New Testament therefore explains Christian baptism in terms of being united with him. The believer is buried with Christ through baptism and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]]). The movement through the water portrays the movement from the old life to the new: death gives way to life, slavery to freedom, uncleanness to cleansing, and judgement to salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his followers to make disciples of all nations and baptise them in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). As the gospel subsequently moved from Jerusalem to the nations, those who responded in repentance and faith were baptised. Jews, Samaritans and Gentiles were brought together as one people belonging to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism therefore has its fullest meaning within the whole story of God's salvation. It looks back to the biblical images of water, cleansing and rescue and ultimately to the death and resurrection of Jesus. It portrays the believer's sins being washed away, the old life dying with Christ and a new life beginning through him. It also looks forward to a life of following Jesus as part of his people, empowered by the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The water itself is simple, but what it represents is profound: God rescues, God cleanses, God gives new life, and God calls those he has saved to follow Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism Wikipedia - Baptism]&lt;br /&gt;
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{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116510</id>
		<title>Baptism</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116510"/>
		<updated>2026-10-15T12:16:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''This article is about water baptism. See also:'' [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] and the Koine Greek article on βάπτισμα.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism is the practice of washing with water in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, commanded by Jesus as part of making disciples of all nations ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). Throughout the New Testament, baptism is closely associated with repentance, faith in Jesus Christ, the forgiveness and cleansing of sin, receiving new life, and becoming part of the people of God. In the book of Acts, those who receive the gospel are repeatedly baptised as an early and public expression of their new faith (for example, [[Acts 2]]:37–41; [[Acts 8]]:26–40; [[Acts 10]]:44–48).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The meaning of baptism is expressed particularly strongly through the death and resurrection of Jesus. Paul's letters describe believers as being baptised into Christ's death, buried with him through baptism, and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6]]:3–11). Baptism therefore portrays the transformation at the heart of the Christian gospel: the old life under sin gives way to a new life lived for God through Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The imagery behind baptism reaches back through the biblical story. Water is repeatedly associated with cleansing, judgement, rescue and new life. The Flood, Israel's passage through the Red Sea, the Old Testament promises that God would wash his people clean and give them a new heart and Spirit, the baptism of repentance preached by John the Baptist, and the baptism of Jesus all contribute to the New Testament understanding of Christian baptism. The New Testament itself explicitly connects baptism with both the Flood ([[1 Peter 3:21]]) and Israel's passage through the sea ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have agreed from the earliest centuries that baptism occupies an important place in Christian discipleship, but have differed over its precise meaning and practice. Major questions include whether baptism should be given to infants or to those who personally profess faith in Christ, whether it should normally be performed by immersion or may also be performed by pouring or sprinkling, and whether baptism itself is a means through which God grants regeneration and forgiveness or is an outward sign of a saving work already accomplished through faith. These differences have produced several major traditions of baptism within Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At its centre, however, baptism belongs to the biblical story of salvation. It points to God's cleansing of sin, the believer's union with the death and resurrection of Jesus, the gift of new life, and a public identification with Christ and his people. As the gospel moved from Jerusalem into the nations in Acts, baptism repeatedly accompanied the response to the message of Jesus, fulfilling his command to make disciples and baptise them &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Water, cleansing and salvation in the Old Testament ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christian baptism first appeared in the New Testament with John the Baptist, but the imagery associated with baptism had deep roots in the Old Testament. Water was associated with cleansing and purification, while several major events in Israel's history involved God's people passing through water as he rescued them from judgement or slavery. The prophets also used the imagery of washing with water when describing God's promise to cleanse his people from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Washing and cleansing ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washing with water formed an important part of the ritual life of Israel. The Law of Moses required washing following various forms of ritual uncleanness (for example, [[Leviticus 14]]–[[Leviticus 15]]). When Aaron and his sons were consecrated as priests, Moses washed them with water ([[Leviticus 8:6]]). These washings concerned ritual purification rather than Christian baptism, but they established a familiar association between water, cleansing and approaching a holy God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Old Testament also used the language of washing to describe the deeper problem of sin. David prayed after his sin with Bathsheba: &amp;quot;Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin.&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later in the same psalm he prayed, &amp;quot;Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:7]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Isaiah similarly called the people of Judah to &amp;quot;wash yourselves; make yourselves clean&amp;quot; and turn away from evil ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water therefore became a natural image for something that human beings needed at a deeper level: cleansing from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This imagery became particularly significant in the prophets' promises of future restoration. Through Ezekiel, God promised: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passage brings together several themes that later appear prominently in the New Testament: cleansing, a new heart and the gift of God's Spirit. Zechariah similarly looked forward to a day when &amp;quot;a fountain shall be opened&amp;quot; for the house of David and Jerusalem &amp;quot;to cleanse them from sin and uncleanness&amp;quot; ([[Zechariah 13:1]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Flood ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water in the Old Testament could represent judgement as well as cleansing. In the account of Noah, the Flood brought God's judgement upon a world filled with violence and evil, while Noah and his family were carried safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The connection with baptism is made explicitly in the New Testament. Peter described the eight members of Noah's family as being &amp;quot;brought safely through water&amp;quot; and then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you...&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Peter immediately qualified this as &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; The Flood therefore provides part of the biblical background for understanding baptism: the same waters that represented judgement also marked the deliverance of those whom God rescued.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Exodus through the sea ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Exodus provides an even more important background. Israel had been enslaved in Egypt, but God rescued his people and led them through the Red Sea. They passed through the water and emerged free from their former slavery, while the Egyptian army pursuing them was overwhelmed ([[Exodus 14]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul explicitly interpreted this event using the language of baptism: &amp;quot;our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Exodus therefore contributes an important pattern to the biblical theology of baptism: slavery, passage through water, rescue, and a new life lived as God's people. This pattern anticipates Paul's description of Christian baptism in [[Romans 6]], where those who had been enslaved to sin are described as dying and being buried with Christ before rising with him to a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Naaman and the Jordan ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another Old Testament account provides an interesting parallel, although the New Testament does not explicitly connect it with baptism. Naaman, the commander of the Syrian army, suffered from leprosy and travelled to Israel seeking healing. Elisha instructed him to wash seven times in the Jordan River. Naaman initially resisted, but eventually obeyed: &amp;quot;So he went down and dipped himself seven times in the Jordan... and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child, and he was clean.&amp;quot; ([[2 Kings 5:14]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Naaman's washing should not simply be identified with Christian baptism. Nevertheless, the account brings together several themes that later surround baptism: going down into water, cleansing, obedience to God's word and the beginning of a transformed allegiance to the God of Israel ([[2 Kings 5]]:15–18). The fact that this occurred in the Jordan is also striking in light of the river's later role in the ministry of John the Baptist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Taken together, these Old Testament themes form an important background to Christian baptism. Water could cleanse what was unclean, mark God's judgement and rescue, and portray the deeper cleansing from sin that only God could accomplish. The prophets looked forward to a time when God would cleanse his people, give them new hearts and place his Spirit within them. These themes come together more fully as the New Testament story begins with John baptising in the Jordan and announcing the coming of one who would baptise with the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== John the Baptist — preparing Israel ==&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament story of baptism began with John the Baptist. John appeared in the wilderness of Judea shortly before the beginning of Jesus' public ministry, calling the people of Israel to repentance and announcing that the kingdom of heaven was near ([[Matthew 3]]:1–6). Those who responded came to him at the Jordan River, confessed their sins and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism drew upon the Old Testament themes of cleansing and preparation for God's coming salvation, but it also pointed beyond itself. John understood his ministry as preparing Israel for the coming Messiah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== A baptism of repentance ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mark introduced John's ministry by describing him as &amp;quot;proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:4]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Matthew similarly recorded John's message as: &amp;quot;Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism was therefore closely associated with repentance. Those who came to him were acknowledging their sin and their need to turn back to God. John challenged those who treated the outward act as sufficient in itself. When Pharisees and Sadducees came to his baptism, he told them to &amp;quot;bear fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:7–10). The physical washing was to be accompanied by a genuine change of heart and life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's ministry was directed particularly towards Israel. His call to repentance challenged the assumption that physical descent from Abraham was sufficient to place someone in a right relationship with God. &amp;quot;Do not presume to say to yourselves, 'We have Abraham as our father,'&amp;quot; he warned, because &amp;quot;God is able from these stones to raise up children for Abraham&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the Messiah approached, Israel itself needed to repent and prepare for the coming of its king.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Preparing the way of the Lord ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Gospels understood John's ministry in light of the Old Testament prophets. Matthew, Mark and Luke identified him with the voice described in Isaiah: &amp;quot;The voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:3]], quoting [[Isaiah 40]]:3–5)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original passage in Isaiah announced God's coming to rescue and restore his people. By applying these words to John, the Gospels present his ministry as preparation for God's promised salvation. John stood in the wilderness calling Israel to repentance because the Lord was coming.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The location at the Jordan is therefore significant within the larger biblical story. Centuries earlier, Israel had crossed the Jordan to enter the land God had promised them ([[Joshua 3]]–[[Joshua 4]]). Now Israelites were again coming to the Jordan, confessing their sins and passing through its waters as John prepared them for the arrival of the Messiah. The Gospels do not explicitly identify John's baptism with Israel's earlier crossing of the Jordan, so this connection should not be pressed too far, but the setting places John's ministry within a landscape already closely associated with Israel's story.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Water and the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John the Baptist also emphasised that his baptism was preparatory. He baptised with water, but someone far greater was coming: &amp;quot;I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:11–12)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The contrast is important for understanding Christian baptism. John's ministry involved water and repentance, but he pointed towards a greater work that would be accomplished by Jesus. Jesus would give the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This promise develops throughout the New Testament. After his resurrection, Jesus reminded his disciples that &amp;quot;John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:5]]). At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit was poured out upon the disciples ([[Acts 2]]:1–4), and as the gospel subsequently spread, water baptism and the gift of the Holy Spirit repeatedly appeared together within the story of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism therefore stood at an important turning point in the biblical story. The Old Testament had promised cleansing, a new heart and God's Spirit; John called Israel to repentance and washed those who responded in the Jordan; and at the same time he announced that the greater one was about to come. The next major baptism recorded in the Gospels was consequently very different from all those before it: Jesus himself came to John to be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The baptism of Jesus ==&lt;br /&gt;
The baptism of Jesus marked the beginning of his public ministry and is recorded in all three Synoptic Gospels ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17; [[Mark 1]]:9–11; [[Luke 3]]:21–22). Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River and presented himself to John for baptism. This created an immediate difficulty: John's baptism was associated with repentance and the confession of sin, yet the New Testament presents Jesus as without sin ([[Hebrews 4:15]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that John himself recognised the apparent problem. He initially tried to prevent Jesus from being baptised, saying, &amp;quot;I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?&amp;quot; Jesus replied: &amp;quot;Let it be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:15]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus was therefore not baptised because he needed forgiveness. His baptism instead identified him with the people he had come to save and formed part of his obedient fulfilment of the mission given to him by the Father. The precise meaning of &amp;quot;fulfill all righteousness&amp;quot; has been interpreted in different ways, but within Matthew it fits the larger picture of Jesus faithfully accomplishing God's purposes.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Father, Son and Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Immediately after Jesus was baptised, the narrative turned from the water to a remarkable revelation of his identity: &amp;quot;And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him; and behold, a voice from heaven said, 'This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:16–17)&lt;br /&gt;
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All three persons of the Trinity are present in the scene. The '''Son''' was baptised, the '''Holy Spirit''' descended upon him, and the '''Father''' spoke from heaven. The baptism of Jesus therefore provides one of the clearest narrative pictures in the New Testament of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit acting distinctly yet together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Father's declaration also draws upon the Old Testament. &amp;quot;You are my Son&amp;quot; recalls the royal language of [[Psalm 2:7]], while &amp;quot;with whom I am well pleased&amp;quot; echoes God's description of his chosen servant in [[Isaiah 42:1]]. Jesus is presented as God's beloved Son and the servant upon whom God's Spirit rests.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This Trinitarian revelation at Jesus' baptism also anticipates his later command concerning Christian baptism. After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his disciples to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The Father, Son and Spirit who were revealed together at Jesus' baptism therefore appear again in the baptism commanded for his disciples.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Jesus as the faithful Israel ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The place of Jesus' baptism within the Gospel narrative also connects it with the larger story of Israel. This is particularly clear in Matthew. Earlier, Jesus had been taken into Egypt and subsequently brought out of Egypt, which Matthew interpreted through Hosea's words, &amp;quot;Out of Egypt I called my son&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 2:15]], quoting [[Hosea 11:1]]). In Hosea, the &amp;quot;son&amp;quot; was originally Israel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus then passed through the waters of baptism ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17) and immediately entered the wilderness, where he fasted and was tested for forty days ([[Matthew 4]]:1–11). The sequence resembles the experience of Israel: God brought Israel out of Egypt, led the people through the waters of the Red Sea, and then tested them in the wilderness for forty years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The parallels become stronger during Jesus' temptation because each of his responses to Satan came from Deuteronomy, looking back to Israel's wilderness experience ([[Deuteronomy 8:3]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:16]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:13]]). Where Israel repeatedly failed to trust and obey God in the wilderness, Jesus remained faithful. Matthew therefore presents Jesus as reliving important elements of Israel's story while succeeding where Israel had failed.&lt;br /&gt;
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This pattern gives Jesus' baptism a place within the broader biblical story of salvation. Israel passed through water before entering its wilderness testing; Jesus was baptised before entering his. His baptism marked the beginning of the ministry in which the beloved Son, empowered by the Holy Spirit, faithfully carried out the Father's purpose.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Jesus commands his disciples to baptise ==&lt;br /&gt;
During his earthly ministry, Jesus' disciples baptised people who responded to his message, although the Gospel of John specifically notes that Jesus himself did not perform the baptisms ([[John 4]]:1–2). After his death and resurrection, however, Jesus explicitly commanded baptism as part of the mission he gave to his followers.&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that the risen Jesus met his disciples in Galilee and declared that all authority in heaven and on earth had been given to him. He then gave them the command that has become known as the [[Great Commission]]: &amp;quot;Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28]]:19–20)&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has its place within the larger task of making disciples. Jesus' command joins together going to the nations, baptising those who become disciples, and teaching them to live according to everything he had commanded.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and discipleship ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Great Commission establishes baptism as an expected part of Christian discipleship. Baptism was not subsequently introduced by the apostles as a later Christian custom; it was commanded by Jesus himself.&lt;br /&gt;
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This pattern becomes visible throughout the book of Acts. As the apostles proclaimed Jesus, those who received the gospel were baptised. At Pentecost, Peter told those who responded to his message to repent and be baptised ([[Acts 2]]:37–41). Philip baptised new believers in Samaria ([[Acts 8:12]]) and later baptised the Ethiopian eunuch ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Paul was baptised following his encounter with Jesus ([[Acts 9]]:17–19), Cornelius and the other Gentiles with him were baptised ([[Acts 10]]:44–48), and the Philippian jailer and his household were baptised after hearing the word of the Lord ([[Acts 16]]:25–34).&lt;br /&gt;
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The close relationship between conversion and baptism in Acts reflects the command of Jesus. Baptism is an outward and identifiable beginning to the life of discipleship: a person who has turned to Christ is baptised and begins a life of learning to obey him.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism of all nations ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples '''&amp;quot;of all nations.&amp;quot;''' Baptism therefore belongs to the expansion of God's people beyond Israel. The mission that began with a small group of Jewish disciples was to extend throughout the world.&lt;br /&gt;
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This development becomes one of the central narratives of Acts. Jesus told the apostles that they would be his witnesses &amp;quot;in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:8]]). The subsequent baptisms in Acts follow this outward movement of the gospel. Jews were baptised in Jerusalem at Pentecost, Samaritans were baptised through the ministry of Philip, an Ethiopian was baptised on the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, and Gentiles were baptised in the household of Cornelius. Baptism repeatedly marked the inclusion of new people as the gospel crossed geographical, ethnic and social boundaries.&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius became particularly important because it demonstrated that Gentiles were received by God through faith in Jesus without first becoming Jews. When the Holy Spirit fell upon Cornelius and the other Gentiles who had heard Peter's message, Peter asked: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The command to baptise all nations was therefore worked out visibly in the life of the early Church.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ====&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded that his disciples be baptised &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The singular word '''&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;''' is followed by the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, placing all three together within the baptismal identity of the Christian disciple.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This language recalls the baptism of Jesus himself. At the Jordan, the Son was baptised, the Spirit descended upon him, and the Father spoke from heaven ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17). At the end of Matthew's Gospel, the risen Son commanded that his own disciples be baptised in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Trinitarian formula subsequently became deeply embedded in Christian baptism. The [[Didache]], an early Christian work probably written around the late first or early second century, instructed Christians to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1). Later Christian creeds also closely associated baptism with Trinitarian faith. The [[Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] (AD 381), for example, confesses faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit and declares, &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Baptism in Acts ==&lt;br /&gt;
The book of Acts records how the command of Jesus to make disciples and baptise them began to be carried out by the early Church. Baptism repeatedly followed the proclamation of the gospel and the response of faith and repentance. As the gospel spread from Jerusalem into Judea, Samaria and the wider Gentile world, baptism marked the beginning of a person's new life as a follower of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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The accounts in Acts are particularly important for understanding baptism because they show baptism within the narrative of Christian conversion rather than simply explaining its theology. Although the circumstances varied, a recurring pattern can be seen: the gospel was proclaimed, people believed and repented, and they were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pentecost ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The first large-scale Christian baptisms occurred at Pentecost. After Peter proclaimed the death and resurrection of Jesus, his hearers were &amp;quot;cut to the heart&amp;quot; and asked the apostles what they should do. Peter replied: &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Luke then records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized,&amp;quot; with about three thousand people being added that day ([[Acts 2]]:37–41).&lt;br /&gt;
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Several themes that remain associated with baptism throughout the New Testament appear together in this account: repentance, faith in the proclaimed message about Jesus, forgiveness of sins, baptism, the Holy Spirit, and incorporation into the community of believers. Those who were baptised subsequently devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching, fellowship, the breaking of bread and prayer ([[Acts 2]]:42–47). Baptism therefore stood at the beginning of an ongoing life of Christian discipleship.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Samaria and the Ethiopian eunuch ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As the gospel moved beyond Jerusalem, Philip proclaimed Christ in Samaria. Luke records that &amp;quot;when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]]). The sequence is explicit: they heard the gospel, believed it, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Soon afterwards, Philip encountered an Ethiopian eunuch travelling home from Jerusalem ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Beginning with [[Isaiah 53]], Philip explained the good news about Jesus to him. As they travelled, they came to water and the eunuch asked to be baptised. Philip and the eunuch went down into the water, Philip baptised him, and the eunuch continued his journey rejoicing.&lt;br /&gt;
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The account provides one of the clearest narrative examples of baptism accompanying an individual's response to the gospel. The initiative to be baptised came immediately after the Ethiopian had heard the message about Jesus. Baptism was therefore treated as a natural and immediate response to receiving the gospel rather than as something to be postponed until a later stage of Christian maturity.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The baptism of Paul ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul himself was baptised soon after his encounter with the risen Jesus on the road to Damascus. After Ananias came to him, Paul regained his sight, arose and was baptised ([[Acts 9]]:17–19).&lt;br /&gt;
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When Paul later recounted these events in Jerusalem, he remembered Ananias saying: &amp;quot;And now why do you wait? Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The language strongly associates baptism with cleansing from sin, continuing the biblical imagery of washing developed throughout the Old Testament. At the same time, the phrase &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot; places baptism within Paul's response of faith to Jesus. The relationship between baptism, faith and the forgiveness of sins would later become an important subject of Christian theological discussion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the first Gentile believers ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius and his household in [[Acts 10]] was a major turning point in the expansion of the early Church. Cornelius was a Roman centurion and a Gentile who feared God. After being directed by God to send for Peter, Cornelius gathered his relatives and close friends to hear Peter's message.&lt;br /&gt;
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While Peter was still speaking about forgiveness through faith in Jesus, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who were listening. The Jewish believers who had accompanied Peter were astonished because the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out upon Gentiles. Peter responded: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:47]])&lt;br /&gt;
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He then commanded them to be baptised in the name of Jesus Christ ([[Acts 10:48]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The order of events is significant. Cornelius and those with him heard the gospel, received the Holy Spirit, and were then baptised with water. Their reception of the Spirit demonstrated that God had already accepted these Gentile believers, and their subsequent baptism publicly recognised their inclusion among the people of God.&lt;br /&gt;
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When Peter later defended his actions before Jewish Christians in Jerusalem, he pointed to the gift of the Holy Spirit as God's own testimony that the Gentiles had received the same salvation as Jewish believers ([[Acts 11]]:1–18). Baptism therefore became part of one of the great developments in the biblical story: the people of God were being gathered from all nations through faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Lydia and the Philippian jailer ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Acts also records the baptism of entire households, passages which later became important in discussions about infant baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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In Philippi, Lydia listened as Paul proclaimed the gospel, and &amp;quot;the Lord opened her heart to pay attention to what was said by Paul.&amp;quot; Luke then records that &amp;quot;she was baptized, and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:13–15).&lt;br /&gt;
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Later in the same chapter, a Philippian jailer asked Paul and Silas, &amp;quot;Sirs, what must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; They answered: &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:31]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas then spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to the jailer and everyone in his house, after which he and his family were baptised immediately ([[Acts 16]]:32–34). Luke subsequently describes the jailer as rejoicing with his entire household that he had believed in God.&lt;br /&gt;
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These household baptisms have been interpreted differently within Christian traditions. Christians who practise infant baptism have seen them as consistent with the inclusion of believers' children within the covenant community, while advocates of believer's baptism emphasise the repeated association between hearing the word, believing and baptism. The accounts themselves do not state the ages of every member of these households and therefore do not establish whether infants were present.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism as the gospel spread ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Further examples continued as Paul's missionary work expanded. Crispus, the ruler of the synagogue in Corinth, believed in the Lord together with his household, and &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). At Ephesus, a group who had previously received John's baptism heard about Jesus and &amp;quot;were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Acts 19]]:1–7).&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken together, the accounts in Acts show how closely baptism accompanied the initial response to the gospel. Baptism was not normally presented as a distant stage reached after years of Christian discipleship. People heard the message about Jesus, responded in repentance and faith, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the same time, Acts does not present a rigid sequence in which every element of conversion always occurred in precisely the same order. At Pentecost, repentance and baptism were associated with the promised gift of the Holy Spirit ([[Acts 2]]:37–41); in Samaria, believers were baptised before receiving the Spirit ([[Acts 8]]:12–17); and in the household of Cornelius, the Holy Spirit was received before water baptism ([[Acts 10]]:44–48). The consistent centre of these accounts is Jesus himself: the gospel was proclaimed, people responded to him, and baptism marked their identification with the new community of those who belonged to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== What baptism means ==&lt;br /&gt;
The narratives of the Gospels and Acts show baptism accompanying repentance, faith and the beginning of Christian discipleship. The New Testament letters develop the meaning of baptism more fully. Baptism is associated with cleansing from sin, union with Christ in his death and resurrection, new life, and incorporation into the people of God. These themes are closely connected: the person who belongs to Christ has died to the old life under sin and has been raised to live a new life as part of Christ's people.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cleansing and forgiveness ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The association between water and cleansing reaches back into the Old Testament, where David prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51:2]]) and Ezekiel described God's promise to sprinkle his people with clean water, give them a new heart and place his Spirit within them ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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This imagery continued in the earliest Christian preaching. At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; for the forgiveness of their sins ([[Acts 2:38]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Ananias similarly told Paul: &amp;quot;Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore visibly portrays the cleansing that lies at the heart of the gospel. Sin leaves human beings guilty and unclean before God; forgiveness makes them clean. The physical washing with water provides an outward expression of this spiritual reality.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament does not, however, separate this cleansing from repentance and faith in Christ. In [[Acts 22:16]], washing is accompanied by &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot;, while Peter taught that everyone who believes in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins through his name ([[Acts 10:43]]). Baptism, repentance, faith and forgiveness are consequently closely associated in the New Testament accounts of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== United with Christ in his death and resurrection ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the fullest explanations of baptism occurs in [[Romans 6]]:1–11. Paul was responding to the suggestion that God's grace might provide an excuse to continue living in sin. His answer was that the Christian's relationship with sin had fundamentally changed: &amp;quot;Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:3]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul continued: &amp;quot;We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore portrays the Christian as participating in the story of Jesus. Jesus died, was buried and rose again; the believer's old life dies, is buried with Christ, and gives way to a new life lived for God.&lt;br /&gt;
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For Paul, this is more than imagery about a ceremony in the past. It describes the believer's present identity. Those who belong to Christ are to consider themselves &amp;quot;dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:11]]). Baptism therefore points both backwards to what Christ accomplished in his death and resurrection and forwards to the transformed life of the person who now belongs to him.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used similar language in Colossians: &amp;quot;having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God, who raised him from the dead.&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Here baptism, union with Christ and faith are brought together explicitly. The believer is buried and raised with Christ &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; in the power of God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== A new life ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Because baptism represents death and resurrection with Christ, it also represents a decisive change of allegiance and way of life. The person emerging from the water is called to live differently from the person who entered it.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul developed this implication throughout Romans 6. The believer's &amp;quot;old self&amp;quot; was crucified with Christ so that he or she would no longer be enslaved to sin ([[Romans 6]]:5–7). Christians are therefore to present themselves to God &amp;quot;as those who have been brought from death to life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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This helps explain the close association between repentance and baptism seen earlier in the New Testament. John's baptism called for &amp;quot;fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:8]]), and Peter's call at Pentecost began with &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Baptism represents a turning from the old life and the beginning of a new life under the lordship of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Putting on Christ ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used another image for baptism in his letter to the Galatians: &amp;quot;for in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through faith. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27)&lt;br /&gt;
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To be baptised into Christ is described as '''putting on Christ'''. The believer's identity is now found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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The surrounding passage also places baptism within the creation of a new community. Paul continued: &amp;quot;There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3:28]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has both a personal and a communal dimension. It identifies an individual with Christ, but in doing so it also identifies that person with everyone else who belongs to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptised into one body ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The same idea appears in Paul's first letter to the Corinthians: &amp;quot;For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—Jews or Greeks, slaves or free—and all were made to drink of one Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 12:13]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul's emphasis in [[1 Corinthians 12]] is the unity and diversity of the Church as the body of Christ. Christians have different gifts and functions, but they belong to the same body and share the same Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism is therefore not simply a private event between an individual and God. It publicly identifies the believer with Jesus and with the community of those who belong to him. This helps explain why baptism appears so prominently at the beginning of Christian life in Acts: those who were baptised were entering a new life in which they belonged to Christ and joined the community gathered around him.&lt;br /&gt;
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These different images together provide a rich New Testament understanding of baptism. Washing portrays cleansing from sin; burial and resurrection portray union with the death and resurrection of Jesus; new life portrays the transformation that follows; and putting on Christ and entering one body portray a new identity among the people of God. Baptism brings these realities together in a visible act centred upon Jesus Christ and the salvation found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Does baptism save? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the strongest statements about baptism in the New Testament associate it directly with forgiveness, cleansing and salvation. At Pentecost, Peter told his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized... for the forgiveness of your sins&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Ananias told Paul to &amp;quot;be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]]). Most strikingly, Peter wrote that &amp;quot;baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These passages have contributed to a longstanding disagreement among Christians about the relationship between baptism and salvation. Some Christian traditions understand baptism as a means through which God actually grants regeneration and forgiveness, while others understand baptism as the outward expression of the salvation that God grants through repentance and faith. The disagreement is therefore not over whether baptism is important - the New Testament clearly gives it considerable importance - but over the relationship between the physical act of baptism and the saving work of God that it represents.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== &amp;quot;Baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the clearest passages to address this question occurs in [[1 Peter 3]]:18–22. Peter connected Christian baptism with the Flood, when Noah and his family &amp;quot;were brought safely through water.&amp;quot; He then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken alone, this statement might appear to teach that the physical application of water brings about salvation. Peter, however, immediately explained what he meant: &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Peter therefore distinguishes Christian baptism from an ordinary physical washing. Its saving significance rests ultimately upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ and is associated with an appeal to God. As with the Flood itself, the water forms part of a larger picture of judgement and rescue in which salvation comes from God.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism, repentance and faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The close association between baptism and salvation is particularly visible in Acts because baptism normally occurred immediately after conversion. Peter did not tell the crowd at Pentecost to believe and then consider baptism at some later stage; he called them to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Those who received his message were baptised that day ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The same narratives, however, repeatedly identify repentance and faith in Jesus as central to receiving salvation. Peter later proclaimed concerning Jesus: &amp;quot;everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:43]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas answered the Philippian jailer's question, &amp;quot;What must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; with the instruction, &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:30–34). Paul similarly teaches that a person is justified by faith ([[Romans 5:1]]) and that salvation is received by confessing Jesus as Lord and believing that God raised him from the dead ([[Romans 10]]:9–13).&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism should therefore not be isolated from the conversion of which it formed a visible part. In the New Testament, repentance, faith, confession of Jesus, baptism, forgiveness, the Holy Spirit and entrance into the Christian community frequently occur together as different aspects of a person's response to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the gift of the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The conversion of Cornelius provides particularly important evidence for understanding the relationship between water baptism and salvation. Peter proclaimed to Cornelius and his household that &amp;quot;everyone who believes&amp;quot; in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins ([[Acts 10:43]]). While Peter was still speaking, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who heard the message ([[Acts 10]]:44–46).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Only after they had received the Holy Spirit did Peter command them to be baptised: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sequence is significant because God had already given the Gentiles the Holy Spirit before their water baptism. When Peter later explained what had happened, he described God as having given them &amp;quot;the same gift&amp;quot; that he had given the Jewish believers and concluded that God had &amp;quot;granted repentance that leads to life&amp;quot; ([[Acts 11]]:15–18).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The account therefore makes it difficult to regard the physical application of baptismal water as the moment without which regeneration cannot occur. Cornelius and those with him had responded to the gospel and received God's Spirit before they entered the water. Yet their baptism remained important and was commanded immediately.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and grace ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wider teaching of the New Testament places salvation firmly in the grace of God received through faith. Paul writes: &amp;quot;For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God.&amp;quot; ([[Ephesians 2]]:8–9)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This does not make baptism unnecessary. Jesus commanded baptism ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20), and the apostles consistently baptised those who responded to the gospel. Rather, it places baptism within the response of faith to God's saving work instead of treating the physical act as a human work that earns salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This distinction can also be seen in Paul's discussion of baptism in Colossians. Believers are described as having been buried with Christ in baptism and raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). The power that gives new life belongs to God, the same God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Different Christian understandings ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have interpreted these passages in several ways. Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions understand baptism as a [[Sacrament]] through which God communicates saving grace. Lutheran theology similarly teaches that baptism is a means of grace and is connected with forgiveness and regeneration. Reformed traditions generally describe baptism as a covenantal sign and seal of God's promises, although they differ from Roman Catholic and Lutheran understandings of baptismal regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptists and many other evangelical Christians understand baptism primarily as the God-commanded outward expression of repentance and faith. On this understanding, baptism portrays realities that God has already brought about through faith: sins have been forgiven, the believer has been united with Christ, the old life has ended, and a new life has begun. Baptism does not cause these realities through the action of the water, but visibly declares them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This understanding fits particularly well with the pattern seen in Cornelius and with the New Testament's repeated teaching that salvation is received through faith. At the same time, the strength of the New Testament's baptismal language should be retained. Baptism is not presented as an insignificant or optional symbol. Jesus commanded it, the apostles practised it, and the New Testament closely associates it with conversion, cleansing, union with Christ and entrance into the Christian life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism can therefore be understood as the God-commanded outward expression of an inward transformation. The believer is saved by God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ, and baptism publicly portrays that salvation: sin has been washed away, the old life has died with Christ, and a new life has begun through his resurrection.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Who should be baptised? ==&lt;br /&gt;
One of the major disagreements among Christians concerns who should receive baptism. ''Believer's baptism'', sometimes called ''credobaptism'', teaches that baptism should follow an individual's personal repentance and faith in Jesus Christ. ''Infant baptism'', or ''paedobaptism'', teaches that the children of Christian believers may also be baptised as members of the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both traditions appeal to Scripture. The case for believer's baptism rests particularly upon the repeated New Testament pattern in which people heard the gospel, believed or repented, and were then baptised. The case for infant baptism rests particularly upon continuity between the Old and New Testament people of God, the relationship between circumcision and baptism, and the baptism of households in Acts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most straightforward examples of baptism in the New Testament involved people who personally responded to God's message. John called people to repentance before baptising them ([[Matthew 3]]:1–10). At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]), and Luke records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The pattern continued as the gospel spread. In Samaria, people were baptised when they believed Philip's preaching: &amp;quot;But when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ethiopian eunuch heard Philip explain the good news about Jesus and then requested baptism ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). At Corinth, &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). These accounts repeatedly place baptism after hearing and responding to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The theological descriptions of baptism also connect it closely with personal faith and repentance. Paul describes those who were buried with Christ in baptism as also being raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Similarly, Galatians describes Christians as children of God &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; immediately before describing them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Christ&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For this reason, Baptists and many other evangelical churches understand baptism as an act for those who personally confess faith in Jesus. A person raised within a Christian family may therefore participate fully in the life of the church as a child but is baptised when he or she is able personally to profess repentance and faith in Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Infant baptism and the covenant ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians who practise infant baptism agree that adults coming to Christianity should be baptised following faith. Their disagreement concerns the children of believers. Infant baptism traditions understand these children as belonging in a particular sense to the covenant community and therefore as appropriate recipients of baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The argument draws heavily upon the Old Testament pattern of God's covenant dealings with families. When God established his covenant with Abraham, circumcision was given as the covenant sign and was administered to male children at eight days old ([[Genesis 17]]:9–14). A child received the sign of belonging to God's covenant people before being old enough personally to profess faith.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament continues to describe Christians using language associated with Abraham and his covenant. Those who belong to Christ are described as Abraham's offspring and heirs according to promise ([[Galatians 3:29]]). Peter's declaration at Pentecost that &amp;quot;the promise is for you and for your children&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:39]]) has consequently been important within infant Baptist theology.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From this perspective, the inclusion of children within God's covenant people did not simply disappear with the coming of Christ. Baptism is therefore understood as the New Testament covenant sign that may appropriately be given to the children of believers, with the expectation that they will later personally embrace the faith into which they have been raised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Circumcision and baptism ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An important passage in this discussion is [[Colossians 2]]:11–12, where Paul placed circumcision and baptism alongside one another: &amp;quot;In him also you were circumcised with a circumcision made without hands... having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infant baptism theology has often understood this passage as supporting continuity between circumcision and baptism: circumcision marked membership in the Old Covenant community, while baptism marks membership in the New Covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Advocates of believer's baptism interpret the passage differently. Paul specifically describes a '''&amp;quot;circumcision made without hands&amp;quot;''', suggesting an inward spiritual transformation rather than simply replacing one physical covenant sign with another. He also describes those who were buried and raised with Christ in baptism as being raised '''&amp;quot;through faith.&amp;quot;''' On this reading, the passage connects baptism with the spiritual circumcision experienced by believers rather than establishing baptism as a direct replacement for infant circumcision.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passage therefore provides a genuine connection between the imagery of circumcision and baptism, but Christians disagree over what that connection implies concerning the baptism of infants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Household baptisms ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several passages in Acts record the baptism of households rather than simply individuals. Lydia was baptised &amp;quot;and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:15]]). The Philippian jailer &amp;quot;was baptized at once, he and all his family&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:33]]). Paul also recalled baptising the household of Stephanas ([[1 Corinthians 1:16]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These accounts have played an important role in the case for infant baptism. A household in the ancient world could include children and dependants - the household language fits naturally with the inclusion of children within the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passages do not, however, explicitly mention infants. In the account of the Philippian jailer, Paul and Silas spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to everyone in his house ([[Acts 16:32]]), and the household subsequently rejoiced in connection with belief in God ([[Acts 16:34]]). Elsewhere, Paul describes the household of Stephanas as having &amp;quot;devoted themselves to the service of the saints&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 16:15]]). Advocates of believer's baptism therefore understand these passages as entirely consistent with households in which those capable of hearing and believing the gospel were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ultimately, the household accounts do not tell us the ages of every person who was baptised. They therefore provide evidence that baptism could involve whole households, but do not by themselves establish whether infants were included.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Children and the people of God ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus' welcome of children also forms part of the wider discussion. When people brought children to him, the disciples attempted to stop them, but Jesus said: &amp;quot;Let the children come to me; do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of God.&amp;quot; ([[Mark 10]]:13–16)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passage does not concern baptism, and Jesus did not baptise the children. It nevertheless demonstrates that children have a genuine place within the community surrounding Jesus and should not be regarded as spiritually unimportant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul similarly addressed children directly as members of Christian congregations ([[Ephesians 6]]:1–3; [[Colossians 3]]:20) and described the children of even one Christian parent as &amp;quot;holy&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 7:14]]). Such passages may support the inclusion of believers' children within the visible covenant community. However, this does not necessarily mean that infants or children should be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The central point of disagreement ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament never explicitly records an infant being baptised. Its detailed accounts of baptism repeatedly connect baptism with hearing the gospel, repentance and faith. This provides the principal biblical basis for the practice of believer's baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time, the New Testament never directly states that the children of believers must be excluded from baptism. Christians who practise infant baptism understand the continuity of God's covenant promises, the place of believers' children within the people of God, the connection between circumcision and baptism, and the household baptisms as together providing a theological basis for the practice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The disagreement therefore reflects a larger question about the relationship between the Old and New Covenants and the nature of the visible Church. The repeated New Testament pattern however provides a clear guide: the gospel is heard, the individual responds in repentance and faith, and baptism follows as the public expression of belonging to Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== How should baptism be performed? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have also differed over how water should be applied in baptism. Baptism may be performed by immersion, in which the person is lowered into water; pouring, in which water is poured over the person; or sprinkling. Baptists and many other evangelical churches normally practise immersion, while other Christian traditions commonly use pouring or sprinkling.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The meaning of the word baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The English words &amp;quot;baptise&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot; come from the Greek words '''βαπτίζω''' (''baptizō'', &amp;quot;to baptise&amp;quot;) and '''βάπτισμα''' (''baptisma'', &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot;). See the [[Koine Greek]] articles on [[Greek:907:βαπτίζω|greek:907:βαπτίζω]] and [[Greek:908:βάπτισμα|greek:908:βάπτισμα]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb ''baptizō'' can refer to dipping or immersing something in water, but its use in the New Testament and other ancient Greek writings is broader than simply describing a particular method of applying water. Related words are also used for ritual washings. Mark, for example, refers to Jewish practices involving the &amp;quot;washing&amp;quot; of cups, pots and other objects ([[Mark 7]]:3–4).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The meaning of the Greek word therefore supports an association between baptism and washing or immersion, but the method of Christian baptism should not be determined from the word's etymology alone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism by immersion ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several New Testament accounts fit naturally with baptism by immersion. John baptised people in the Jordan River ([[Mark 1]]:4–5), and the Gospel of John records that John was baptising at Aenon &amp;quot;because water was plentiful there&amp;quot; ([[John 3:23]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch provides another example. After coming to some water, the eunuch asked Philip, &amp;quot;See, here is water! What prevents me from being baptized?&amp;quot; Luke then records: &amp;quot;they both went down into the water, Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And when they came up out of the water...&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8]]:36–39)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The description is consistent with immersion, although going down into and coming up out of the water does not by itself establish exactly how Philip applied the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The strongest argument for immersion comes from the meaning baptism is given in Paul's letters. In [[Romans 6]]:3–4, Paul describes baptism as being buried with Christ and then rising to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; Similarly, believers are described as having been &amp;quot;buried with him in baptism&amp;quot; and raised with him through faith ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Immersion provides a particularly clear physical picture of this movement from death and burial to resurrection and new life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For these reasons, Baptists and Eastern Orthodox Christians generally practise full immersion, regarding it as a form of baptism that closely reflects both the New Testament examples and its symbolism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pouring and sprinkling ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Christians do not understand the New Testament as requiring immersion. Water had long been used for purification in different ways within the biblical story, including both washing and sprinkling. Ezekiel's promise of spiritual cleansing, for example, used the language: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36:25]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament does not give detailed instructions concerning the amount of water required for baptism or explicitly state that baptism is invalid unless the entire body is submerged. Churches that practise pouring or sprinkling therefore understand the water itself, rather than the quantity or precise method of its application, as the essential outward sign.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Early Christian practice also shows some flexibility. The ''[[Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century, preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot; or running water but allowed other water to be used. If sufficient water was unavailable, it instructed: &amp;quot;pour water three times on the head in the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This provides early evidence that Christians regarded pouring as an acceptable alternative when immersion or baptism in a larger body of water was impractical.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The significance of the water ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament places considerably more emphasis on the meaning of baptism than upon the precise amount of water used. Baptism portrays cleansing from sin, death and resurrection with Christ, and the beginning of a new life. It is performed in obedience to Jesus and in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Baptism through church history ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was an established part of Christian life from the beginning of the Church. The book of Acts records new believers being baptised throughout the expansion of the gospel, and early Christian writings outside the New Testament show that the practice continued in the generations that followed. These writings also provide evidence of developing practices and theological interpretations concerning baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Didache ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the earliest Christian descriptions of how baptism was performed occurs in the ''[[Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century. Its instructions closely followed the Trinitarian language of the Great Commission: &amp;quot;Baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Didache'' preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot;, or running, water. If this was unavailable, other water could be used, and if there was insufficient water for immersion, water could be poured three times over the person's head (''Didache'' 7.1–3). It also instructed the person being baptised and the person performing the baptism to fast beforehand if possible (''Didache'' 7.4).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The account shows that baptism was already treated as an important and deliberate act of Christian discipleship, while some flexibility existed concerning how the water was applied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and preparation for faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the second and third centuries, surviving Christian writings provide increasingly detailed descriptions of baptism. Converts were commonly instructed in the Christian faith before being baptised, particularly as Christianity expanded among people who had previously followed pagan religions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Justin Martyr|person:Justin Martyr]], writing in Rome around AD 150, described people who had become convinced of Christian teaching and had undertaken to live accordingly. They prayed and fasted before being brought to water and baptised &amp;quot;in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''[[First Apology]]'' 61). Justin closely associated baptism with repentance, forgiveness and the beginning of a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early third century, Tertullian wrote an entire work on the subject, ''[[On Baptism]]''. He regarded baptism as closely connected with forgiveness and salvation, while also emphasising the seriousness of the commitment being made.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The emergence of infant baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The precise origins of infant baptism are difficult to establish. The New Testament records the baptism of households but never explicitly states that an infant was baptised. Early post-New Testament evidence is also less clear than the evidence for the baptism of converts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early third century, however, infant baptism was certainly being practised. Tertullian discussed the practice and argued that baptism of young children should normally be delayed (''On Baptism'' 18). His objection is important historically because it demonstrates that the baptism of children was already occurring, even though he did not favour it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Around the same period, Hippolytus' ''[[Apostolic Tradition]]'' describes children being baptised, with parents or other relatives answering on behalf of children who were unable to answer for themselves (''Apostolic Tradition'' 21). The exact authorship and development of this text are debated, but it provides evidence for the baptism of children in the early Christian centuries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infant baptism subsequently became increasingly widespread. By the fourth and fifth centuries, it was well established within the Church and became closely connected with the developing doctrine of original sin. [[Augustine|person:Augustine]] of Hippo strongly defended infant baptism and understood it as necessary because infants, like all human beings, shared in the sin of Adam and required the grace given through baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and the creeds ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As Christian doctrine was expressed more formally in the early creeds, baptism remained closely associated with the Church's confession of faith. The [[Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of AD 381 declares: &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The creed places this confession within its wider profession of faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. This reflects the Trinitarian baptism commanded by Jesus in [[Matthew 28:19]] and practised by Christians from the earliest period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was therefore closely connected with both Christian identity and Christian belief. To be baptised was to identify publicly with Jesus Christ and with the community that confessed the Christian faith.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Reformation and believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the Protestant [[Reformation]] of the sixteenth century, the major Reformers rejected many medieval teachings and practices but retained infant baptism. Martin Luther affirmed baptism as a means of grace through which God offers forgiveness and salvation. The Reformed tradition associated baptism particularly with God's covenant promises and understood infant baptism in continuity with the circumcision of children under the Old Covenant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More radical reformers challenged this. The [[Anabaptists]] argued that the New Testament pattern was baptism following personal repentance and faith. In 1525, members of the emerging Swiss Brethren baptised one another upon professions of faith, rejecting their earlier infant baptisms as invalid. Their opponents consequently called them &amp;quot;Anabaptists&amp;quot;, meaning &amp;quot;rebaptisers&amp;quot;, although the Anabaptists themselves did not regard the baptism of a professing believer as a second baptism because they did not consider their infant baptisms to have been true Christian baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The later [[Baptist]] movement similarly taught believer's baptism, although Baptists emerged historically from the English Separatist movement rather than simply being a continuation of the continental Anabaptists. Baptists came to practise baptism by full immersion and understood it as an act of obedience following personal faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conclusion ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism draws together themes that run throughout the biblical story. Water is associated with judgement and rescue, washing and cleansing, death and new life. These themes developed throughout the Old Testament and came together in the death and resurrection of Jesus and the new life he gives to those who trust in him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Flood, God judged a world corrupted by sin while Noah and his family were brought safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]). Peter explicitly connects their rescue through water with Christian baptism ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21). Baptism therefore carries an image of passing through judgement into salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Exodus, Israel had been enslaved in Egypt until God rescued his people. They passed through the Red Sea, left their slavery behind and began a new life as God's people ([[Exodus 14]]). Paul describes them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2). The pattern of slavery, water, freedom and new life anticipates the New Testament description of believers being freed from slavery to sin and raised to a new life in Christ ([[Romans 6]]:1–14).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The prophets used the imagery of water to describe the deeper cleansing that God's people needed. David had prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51]]:1–7), and Isaiah called Israel to wash and make themselves clean ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18). Ezekiel looked forward to a greater work of God: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The promise brings together cleansing, a new heart and the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When John the Baptist appeared at the Jordan, he called Israel to repentance and baptised those who confessed their sins ([[Matthew 3]]:1–12). Yet John pointed beyond his own baptism with water to Jesus: &amp;quot;He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus himself was baptised, passed through the waters of the Jordan and then entered the wilderness for forty days ([[Matthew 3]]:13–[[Matthew 4]]:11). In doing so, he retraced important parts of Israel's story. Yet where Israel had repeatedly failed to trust and obey God, Jesus remained faithful. At his baptism, the Spirit descended upon him and the Father declared him to be his beloved Son.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus ultimately accomplished the salvation towards which these earlier events pointed through his death and resurrection. The New Testament therefore explains Christian baptism in terms of being united with him. The believer is buried with Christ through baptism and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]]). The movement through the water portrays the movement from the old life to the new: death gives way to life, slavery to freedom, uncleanness to cleansing, and judgement to salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his followers to make disciples of all nations and baptise them in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). As the gospel subsequently moved from Jerusalem to the nations, those who responded in repentance and faith were baptised. Jews, Samaritans and Gentiles were brought together as one people belonging to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism therefore has its fullest meaning within the whole story of God's salvation. It looks back to the biblical images of water, cleansing and rescue and ultimately to the death and resurrection of Jesus. It portrays the believer's sins being washed away, the old life dying with Christ and a new life beginning through him. It also looks forward to a life of following Jesus as part of his people, empowered by the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The water itself is simple, but what it represents is profound: God rescues, God cleanses, God gives new life, and God calls those he has saved to follow Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism Wikipedia - Baptism]&lt;br /&gt;
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{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116509</id>
		<title>Baptism</title>
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		<updated>2026-10-15T12:14:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''This article is about water baptism. See also:'' [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] and the Koine Greek article on [[Greek:908:βάπτισμα|greek:908:βάπτισμα]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism is the practice of washing with water in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, commanded by Jesus as part of making disciples of all nations ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). Throughout the New Testament, baptism is closely associated with repentance, faith in Jesus Christ, the forgiveness and cleansing of sin, receiving new life, and becoming part of the people of God. In the book of Acts, those who receive the gospel are repeatedly baptised as an early and public expression of their new faith (for example, [[Acts 2]]:37–41; [[Acts 8]]:26–40; [[Acts 10]]:44–48).&lt;br /&gt;
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The meaning of baptism is expressed particularly strongly through the death and resurrection of Jesus. Paul's letters describe believers as being baptised into Christ's death, buried with him through baptism, and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6]]:3–11). Baptism therefore portrays the transformation at the heart of the Christian gospel: the old life under sin gives way to a new life lived for God through Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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The imagery behind baptism reaches back through the biblical story. Water is repeatedly associated with cleansing, judgement, rescue and new life. The Flood, Israel's passage through the Red Sea, the Old Testament promises that God would wash his people clean and give them a new heart and Spirit, the baptism of repentance preached by John the Baptist, and the baptism of Jesus all contribute to the New Testament understanding of Christian baptism. The New Testament itself explicitly connects baptism with both the Flood ([[1 Peter 3:21]]) and Israel's passage through the sea ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians have agreed from the earliest centuries that baptism occupies an important place in Christian discipleship, but have differed over its precise meaning and practice. Major questions include whether baptism should be given to infants or to those who personally profess faith in Christ, whether it should normally be performed by immersion or may also be performed by pouring or sprinkling, and whether baptism itself is a means through which God grants regeneration and forgiveness or is an outward sign of a saving work already accomplished through faith. These differences have produced several major traditions of baptism within Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
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At its centre, however, baptism belongs to the biblical story of salvation. It points to God's cleansing of sin, the believer's union with the death and resurrection of Jesus, the gift of new life, and a public identification with Christ and his people. As the gospel moved from Jerusalem into the nations in Acts, baptism repeatedly accompanied the response to the message of Jesus, fulfilling his command to make disciples and baptise them &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Water, cleansing and salvation in the Old Testament ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christian baptism first appeared in the New Testament with John the Baptist, but the imagery associated with baptism had deep roots in the Old Testament. Water was associated with cleansing and purification, while several major events in Israel's history involved God's people passing through water as he rescued them from judgement or slavery. The prophets also used the imagery of washing with water when describing God's promise to cleanse his people from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Washing and cleansing ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Washing with water formed an important part of the ritual life of Israel. The Law of Moses required washing following various forms of ritual uncleanness (for example, [[Leviticus 14]]–[[Leviticus 15]]). When Aaron and his sons were consecrated as priests, Moses washed them with water ([[Leviticus 8:6]]). These washings concerned ritual purification rather than Christian baptism, but they established a familiar association between water, cleansing and approaching a holy God.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Old Testament also used the language of washing to describe the deeper problem of sin. David prayed after his sin with Bathsheba: &amp;quot;Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin.&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Later in the same psalm he prayed, &amp;quot;Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:7]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Isaiah similarly called the people of Judah to &amp;quot;wash yourselves; make yourselves clean&amp;quot; and turn away from evil ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18).&lt;br /&gt;
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Water therefore became a natural image for something that human beings needed at a deeper level: cleansing from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
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This imagery became particularly significant in the prophets' promises of future restoration. Through Ezekiel, God promised: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage brings together several themes that later appear prominently in the New Testament: cleansing, a new heart and the gift of God's Spirit. Zechariah similarly looked forward to a day when &amp;quot;a fountain shall be opened&amp;quot; for the house of David and Jerusalem &amp;quot;to cleanse them from sin and uncleanness&amp;quot; ([[Zechariah 13:1]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Flood ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Water in the Old Testament could represent judgement as well as cleansing. In the account of Noah, the Flood brought God's judgement upon a world filled with violence and evil, while Noah and his family were carried safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The connection with baptism is made explicitly in the New Testament. Peter described the eight members of Noah's family as being &amp;quot;brought safely through water&amp;quot; and then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you...&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21)&lt;br /&gt;
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Peter immediately qualified this as &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; The Flood therefore provides part of the biblical background for understanding baptism: the same waters that represented judgement also marked the deliverance of those whom God rescued.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Exodus through the sea ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Exodus provides an even more important background. Israel had been enslaved in Egypt, but God rescued his people and led them through the Red Sea. They passed through the water and emerged free from their former slavery, while the Egyptian army pursuing them was overwhelmed ([[Exodus 14]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul explicitly interpreted this event using the language of baptism: &amp;quot;our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
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The Exodus therefore contributes an important pattern to the biblical theology of baptism: slavery, passage through water, rescue, and a new life lived as God's people. This pattern anticipates Paul's description of Christian baptism in [[Romans 6]], where those who had been enslaved to sin are described as dying and being buried with Christ before rising with him to a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Naaman and the Jordan ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Another Old Testament account provides an interesting parallel, although the New Testament does not explicitly connect it with baptism. Naaman, the commander of the Syrian army, suffered from leprosy and travelled to Israel seeking healing. Elisha instructed him to wash seven times in the Jordan River. Naaman initially resisted, but eventually obeyed: &amp;quot;So he went down and dipped himself seven times in the Jordan... and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child, and he was clean.&amp;quot; ([[2 Kings 5:14]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Naaman's washing should not simply be identified with Christian baptism. Nevertheless, the account brings together several themes that later surround baptism: going down into water, cleansing, obedience to God's word and the beginning of a transformed allegiance to the God of Israel ([[2 Kings 5]]:15–18). The fact that this occurred in the Jordan is also striking in light of the river's later role in the ministry of John the Baptist.&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken together, these Old Testament themes form an important background to Christian baptism. Water could cleanse what was unclean, mark God's judgement and rescue, and portray the deeper cleansing from sin that only God could accomplish. The prophets looked forward to a time when God would cleanse his people, give them new hearts and place his Spirit within them. These themes come together more fully as the New Testament story begins with John baptising in the Jordan and announcing the coming of one who would baptise with the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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== John the Baptist — preparing Israel ==&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament story of baptism began with John the Baptist. John appeared in the wilderness of Judea shortly before the beginning of Jesus' public ministry, calling the people of Israel to repentance and announcing that the kingdom of heaven was near ([[Matthew 3]]:1–6). Those who responded came to him at the Jordan River, confessed their sins and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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John's baptism drew upon the Old Testament themes of cleansing and preparation for God's coming salvation, but it also pointed beyond itself. John understood his ministry as preparing Israel for the coming Messiah.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== A baptism of repentance ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Mark introduced John's ministry by describing him as &amp;quot;proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:4]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew similarly recorded John's message as: &amp;quot;Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
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John's baptism was therefore closely associated with repentance. Those who came to him were acknowledging their sin and their need to turn back to God. John challenged those who treated the outward act as sufficient in itself. When Pharisees and Sadducees came to his baptism, he told them to &amp;quot;bear fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:7–10). The physical washing was to be accompanied by a genuine change of heart and life.&lt;br /&gt;
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John's ministry was directed particularly towards Israel. His call to repentance challenged the assumption that physical descent from Abraham was sufficient to place someone in a right relationship with God. &amp;quot;Do not presume to say to yourselves, 'We have Abraham as our father,'&amp;quot; he warned, because &amp;quot;God is able from these stones to raise up children for Abraham&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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As the Messiah approached, Israel itself needed to repent and prepare for the coming of its king.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Preparing the way of the Lord ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Gospels understood John's ministry in light of the Old Testament prophets. Matthew, Mark and Luke identified him with the voice described in Isaiah: &amp;quot;The voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:3]], quoting [[Isaiah 40]]:3–5)&lt;br /&gt;
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The original passage in Isaiah announced God's coming to rescue and restore his people. By applying these words to John, the Gospels present his ministry as preparation for God's promised salvation. John stood in the wilderness calling Israel to repentance because the Lord was coming.&lt;br /&gt;
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The location at the Jordan is therefore significant within the larger biblical story. Centuries earlier, Israel had crossed the Jordan to enter the land God had promised them ([[Joshua 3]]–[[Joshua 4]]). Now Israelites were again coming to the Jordan, confessing their sins and passing through its waters as John prepared them for the arrival of the Messiah. The Gospels do not explicitly identify John's baptism with Israel's earlier crossing of the Jordan, so this connection should not be pressed too far, but the setting places John's ministry within a landscape already closely associated with Israel's story.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Water and the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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John the Baptist also emphasised that his baptism was preparatory. He baptised with water, but someone far greater was coming: &amp;quot;I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:11–12)&lt;br /&gt;
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The contrast is important for understanding Christian baptism. John's ministry involved water and repentance, but he pointed towards a greater work that would be accomplished by Jesus. Jesus would give the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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This promise develops throughout the New Testament. After his resurrection, Jesus reminded his disciples that &amp;quot;John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:5]]). At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit was poured out upon the disciples ([[Acts 2]]:1–4), and as the gospel subsequently spread, water baptism and the gift of the Holy Spirit repeatedly appeared together within the story of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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John's baptism therefore stood at an important turning point in the biblical story. The Old Testament had promised cleansing, a new heart and God's Spirit; John called Israel to repentance and washed those who responded in the Jordan; and at the same time he announced that the greater one was about to come. The next major baptism recorded in the Gospels was consequently very different from all those before it: Jesus himself came to John to be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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== The baptism of Jesus ==&lt;br /&gt;
The baptism of Jesus marked the beginning of his public ministry and is recorded in all three Synoptic Gospels ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17; [[Mark 1]]:9–11; [[Luke 3]]:21–22). Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River and presented himself to John for baptism. This created an immediate difficulty: John's baptism was associated with repentance and the confession of sin, yet the New Testament presents Jesus as without sin ([[Hebrews 4:15]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that John himself recognised the apparent problem. He initially tried to prevent Jesus from being baptised, saying, &amp;quot;I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?&amp;quot; Jesus replied: &amp;quot;Let it be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:15]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus was therefore not baptised because he needed forgiveness. His baptism instead identified him with the people he had come to save and formed part of his obedient fulfilment of the mission given to him by the Father. The precise meaning of &amp;quot;fulfill all righteousness&amp;quot; has been interpreted in different ways, but within Matthew it fits the larger picture of Jesus faithfully accomplishing God's purposes.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Father, Son and Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Immediately after Jesus was baptised, the narrative turned from the water to a remarkable revelation of his identity: &amp;quot;And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him; and behold, a voice from heaven said, 'This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:16–17)&lt;br /&gt;
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All three persons of the Trinity are present in the scene. The '''Son''' was baptised, the '''Holy Spirit''' descended upon him, and the '''Father''' spoke from heaven. The baptism of Jesus therefore provides one of the clearest narrative pictures in the New Testament of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit acting distinctly yet together.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Father's declaration also draws upon the Old Testament. &amp;quot;You are my Son&amp;quot; recalls the royal language of [[Psalm 2:7]], while &amp;quot;with whom I am well pleased&amp;quot; echoes God's description of his chosen servant in [[Isaiah 42:1]]. Jesus is presented as God's beloved Son and the servant upon whom God's Spirit rests.&lt;br /&gt;
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This Trinitarian revelation at Jesus' baptism also anticipates his later command concerning Christian baptism. After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his disciples to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The Father, Son and Spirit who were revealed together at Jesus' baptism therefore appear again in the baptism commanded for his disciples.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Jesus as the faithful Israel ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The place of Jesus' baptism within the Gospel narrative also connects it with the larger story of Israel. This is particularly clear in Matthew. Earlier, Jesus had been taken into Egypt and subsequently brought out of Egypt, which Matthew interpreted through Hosea's words, &amp;quot;Out of Egypt I called my son&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 2:15]], quoting [[Hosea 11:1]]). In Hosea, the &amp;quot;son&amp;quot; was originally Israel.&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus then passed through the waters of baptism ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17) and immediately entered the wilderness, where he fasted and was tested for forty days ([[Matthew 4]]:1–11). The sequence resembles the experience of Israel: God brought Israel out of Egypt, led the people through the waters of the Red Sea, and then tested them in the wilderness for forty years.&lt;br /&gt;
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The parallels become stronger during Jesus' temptation because each of his responses to Satan came from Deuteronomy, looking back to Israel's wilderness experience ([[Deuteronomy 8:3]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:16]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:13]]). Where Israel repeatedly failed to trust and obey God in the wilderness, Jesus remained faithful. Matthew therefore presents Jesus as reliving important elements of Israel's story while succeeding where Israel had failed.&lt;br /&gt;
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This pattern gives Jesus' baptism a place within the broader biblical story of salvation. Israel passed through water before entering its wilderness testing; Jesus was baptised before entering his. His baptism marked the beginning of the ministry in which the beloved Son, empowered by the Holy Spirit, faithfully carried out the Father's purpose.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Jesus commands his disciples to baptise ==&lt;br /&gt;
During his earthly ministry, Jesus' disciples baptised people who responded to his message, although the Gospel of John specifically notes that Jesus himself did not perform the baptisms ([[John 4]]:1–2). After his death and resurrection, however, Jesus explicitly commanded baptism as part of the mission he gave to his followers.&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that the risen Jesus met his disciples in Galilee and declared that all authority in heaven and on earth had been given to him. He then gave them the command that has become known as the [[Great Commission]]: &amp;quot;Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28]]:19–20)&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has its place within the larger task of making disciples. Jesus' command joins together going to the nations, baptising those who become disciples, and teaching them to live according to everything he had commanded.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and discipleship ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Great Commission establishes baptism as an expected part of Christian discipleship. Baptism was not subsequently introduced by the apostles as a later Christian custom; it was commanded by Jesus himself.&lt;br /&gt;
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This pattern becomes visible throughout the book of Acts. As the apostles proclaimed Jesus, those who received the gospel were baptised. At Pentecost, Peter told those who responded to his message to repent and be baptised ([[Acts 2]]:37–41). Philip baptised new believers in Samaria ([[Acts 8:12]]) and later baptised the Ethiopian eunuch ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Paul was baptised following his encounter with Jesus ([[Acts 9]]:17–19), Cornelius and the other Gentiles with him were baptised ([[Acts 10]]:44–48), and the Philippian jailer and his household were baptised after hearing the word of the Lord ([[Acts 16]]:25–34).&lt;br /&gt;
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The close relationship between conversion and baptism in Acts reflects the command of Jesus. Baptism is an outward and identifiable beginning to the life of discipleship: a person who has turned to Christ is baptised and begins a life of learning to obey him.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism of all nations ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples '''&amp;quot;of all nations.&amp;quot;''' Baptism therefore belongs to the expansion of God's people beyond Israel. The mission that began with a small group of Jewish disciples was to extend throughout the world.&lt;br /&gt;
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This development becomes one of the central narratives of Acts. Jesus told the apostles that they would be his witnesses &amp;quot;in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:8]]). The subsequent baptisms in Acts follow this outward movement of the gospel. Jews were baptised in Jerusalem at Pentecost, Samaritans were baptised through the ministry of Philip, an Ethiopian was baptised on the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, and Gentiles were baptised in the household of Cornelius. Baptism repeatedly marked the inclusion of new people as the gospel crossed geographical, ethnic and social boundaries.&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius became particularly important because it demonstrated that Gentiles were received by God through faith in Jesus without first becoming Jews. When the Holy Spirit fell upon Cornelius and the other Gentiles who had heard Peter's message, Peter asked: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The command to baptise all nations was therefore worked out visibly in the life of the early Church.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ====&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded that his disciples be baptised &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The singular word '''&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;''' is followed by the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, placing all three together within the baptismal identity of the Christian disciple.&lt;br /&gt;
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This language recalls the baptism of Jesus himself. At the Jordan, the Son was baptised, the Spirit descended upon him, and the Father spoke from heaven ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17). At the end of Matthew's Gospel, the risen Son commanded that his own disciples be baptised in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Trinitarian formula subsequently became deeply embedded in Christian baptism. The [[Text:Didache|text:Didache]], an early Christian work probably written around the late first or early second century, instructed Christians to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1). Later Christian creeds also closely associated baptism with Trinitarian faith. The [[Text:Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] (AD 381), for example, confesses faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit and declares, &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Baptism in Acts ==&lt;br /&gt;
The book of Acts records how the command of Jesus to make disciples and baptise them began to be carried out by the early Church. Baptism repeatedly followed the proclamation of the gospel and the response of faith and repentance. As the gospel spread from Jerusalem into Judea, Samaria and the wider Gentile world, baptism marked the beginning of a person's new life as a follower of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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The accounts in Acts are particularly important for understanding baptism because they show baptism within the narrative of Christian conversion rather than simply explaining its theology. Although the circumstances varied, a recurring pattern can be seen: the gospel was proclaimed, people believed and repented, and they were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pentecost ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The first large-scale Christian baptisms occurred at Pentecost. After Peter proclaimed the death and resurrection of Jesus, his hearers were &amp;quot;cut to the heart&amp;quot; and asked the apostles what they should do. Peter replied: &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Luke then records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized,&amp;quot; with about three thousand people being added that day ([[Acts 2]]:37–41).&lt;br /&gt;
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Several themes that remain associated with baptism throughout the New Testament appear together in this account: repentance, faith in the proclaimed message about Jesus, forgiveness of sins, baptism, the Holy Spirit, and incorporation into the community of believers. Those who were baptised subsequently devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching, fellowship, the breaking of bread and prayer ([[Acts 2]]:42–47). Baptism therefore stood at the beginning of an ongoing life of Christian discipleship.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Samaria and the Ethiopian eunuch ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As the gospel moved beyond Jerusalem, Philip proclaimed Christ in Samaria. Luke records that &amp;quot;when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]]). The sequence is explicit: they heard the gospel, believed it, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Soon afterwards, Philip encountered an Ethiopian eunuch travelling home from Jerusalem ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Beginning with [[Isaiah 53]], Philip explained the good news about Jesus to him. As they travelled, they came to water and the eunuch asked to be baptised. Philip and the eunuch went down into the water, Philip baptised him, and the eunuch continued his journey rejoicing.&lt;br /&gt;
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The account provides one of the clearest narrative examples of baptism accompanying an individual's response to the gospel. The initiative to be baptised came immediately after the Ethiopian had heard the message about Jesus. Baptism was therefore treated as a natural and immediate response to receiving the gospel rather than as something to be postponed until a later stage of Christian maturity.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The baptism of Paul ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul himself was baptised soon after his encounter with the risen Jesus on the road to Damascus. After Ananias came to him, Paul regained his sight, arose and was baptised ([[Acts 9]]:17–19).&lt;br /&gt;
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When Paul later recounted these events in Jerusalem, he remembered Ananias saying: &amp;quot;And now why do you wait? Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The language strongly associates baptism with cleansing from sin, continuing the biblical imagery of washing developed throughout the Old Testament. At the same time, the phrase &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot; places baptism within Paul's response of faith to Jesus. The relationship between baptism, faith and the forgiveness of sins would later become an important subject of Christian theological discussion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the first Gentile believers ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius and his household in [[Acts 10]] was a major turning point in the expansion of the early Church. Cornelius was a Roman centurion and a Gentile who feared God. After being directed by God to send for Peter, Cornelius gathered his relatives and close friends to hear Peter's message.&lt;br /&gt;
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While Peter was still speaking about forgiveness through faith in Jesus, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who were listening. The Jewish believers who had accompanied Peter were astonished because the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out upon Gentiles. Peter responded: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:47]])&lt;br /&gt;
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He then commanded them to be baptised in the name of Jesus Christ ([[Acts 10:48]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The order of events is significant. Cornelius and those with him heard the gospel, received the Holy Spirit, and were then baptised with water. Their reception of the Spirit demonstrated that God had already accepted these Gentile believers, and their subsequent baptism publicly recognised their inclusion among the people of God.&lt;br /&gt;
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When Peter later defended his actions before Jewish Christians in Jerusalem, he pointed to the gift of the Holy Spirit as God's own testimony that the Gentiles had received the same salvation as Jewish believers ([[Acts 11]]:1–18). Baptism therefore became part of one of the great developments in the biblical story: the people of God were being gathered from all nations through faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Lydia and the Philippian jailer ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Acts also records the baptism of entire households, passages which later became important in discussions about infant baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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In Philippi, Lydia listened as Paul proclaimed the gospel, and &amp;quot;the Lord opened her heart to pay attention to what was said by Paul.&amp;quot; Luke then records that &amp;quot;she was baptized, and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:13–15).&lt;br /&gt;
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Later in the same chapter, a Philippian jailer asked Paul and Silas, &amp;quot;Sirs, what must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; They answered: &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:31]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas then spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to the jailer and everyone in his house, after which he and his family were baptised immediately ([[Acts 16]]:32–34). Luke subsequently describes the jailer as rejoicing with his entire household that he had believed in God.&lt;br /&gt;
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These household baptisms have been interpreted differently within Christian traditions. Christians who practise infant baptism have seen them as consistent with the inclusion of believers' children within the covenant community, while advocates of believer's baptism emphasise the repeated association between hearing the word, believing and baptism. The accounts themselves do not state the ages of every member of these households and therefore do not establish whether infants were present.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism as the gospel spread ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Further examples continued as Paul's missionary work expanded. Crispus, the ruler of the synagogue in Corinth, believed in the Lord together with his household, and &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). At Ephesus, a group who had previously received John's baptism heard about Jesus and &amp;quot;were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Acts 19]]:1–7).&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken together, the accounts in Acts show how closely baptism accompanied the initial response to the gospel. Baptism was not normally presented as a distant stage reached after years of Christian discipleship. People heard the message about Jesus, responded in repentance and faith, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the same time, Acts does not present a rigid sequence in which every element of conversion always occurred in precisely the same order. At Pentecost, repentance and baptism were associated with the promised gift of the Holy Spirit ([[Acts 2]]:37–41); in Samaria, believers were baptised before receiving the Spirit ([[Acts 8]]:12–17); and in the household of Cornelius, the Holy Spirit was received before water baptism ([[Acts 10]]:44–48). The consistent centre of these accounts is Jesus himself: the gospel was proclaimed, people responded to him, and baptism marked their identification with the new community of those who belonged to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== What baptism means ==&lt;br /&gt;
The narratives of the Gospels and Acts show baptism accompanying repentance, faith and the beginning of Christian discipleship. The New Testament letters develop the meaning of baptism more fully. Baptism is associated with cleansing from sin, union with Christ in his death and resurrection, new life, and incorporation into the people of God. These themes are closely connected: the person who belongs to Christ has died to the old life under sin and has been raised to live a new life as part of Christ's people.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cleansing and forgiveness ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The association between water and cleansing reaches back into the Old Testament, where David prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51:2]]) and Ezekiel described God's promise to sprinkle his people with clean water, give them a new heart and place his Spirit within them ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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This imagery continued in the earliest Christian preaching. At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; for the forgiveness of their sins ([[Acts 2:38]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Ananias similarly told Paul: &amp;quot;Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore visibly portrays the cleansing that lies at the heart of the gospel. Sin leaves human beings guilty and unclean before God; forgiveness makes them clean. The physical washing with water provides an outward expression of this spiritual reality.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament does not, however, separate this cleansing from repentance and faith in Christ. In [[Acts 22:16]], washing is accompanied by &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot;, while Peter taught that everyone who believes in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins through his name ([[Acts 10:43]]). Baptism, repentance, faith and forgiveness are consequently closely associated in the New Testament accounts of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== United with Christ in his death and resurrection ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the fullest explanations of baptism occurs in [[Romans 6]]:1–11. Paul was responding to the suggestion that God's grace might provide an excuse to continue living in sin. His answer was that the Christian's relationship with sin had fundamentally changed: &amp;quot;Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:3]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul continued: &amp;quot;We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore portrays the Christian as participating in the story of Jesus. Jesus died, was buried and rose again; the believer's old life dies, is buried with Christ, and gives way to a new life lived for God.&lt;br /&gt;
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For Paul, this is more than imagery about a ceremony in the past. It describes the believer's present identity. Those who belong to Christ are to consider themselves &amp;quot;dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:11]]). Baptism therefore points both backwards to what Christ accomplished in his death and resurrection and forwards to the transformed life of the person who now belongs to him.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used similar language in Colossians: &amp;quot;having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God, who raised him from the dead.&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Here baptism, union with Christ and faith are brought together explicitly. The believer is buried and raised with Christ &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; in the power of God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== A new life ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Because baptism represents death and resurrection with Christ, it also represents a decisive change of allegiance and way of life. The person emerging from the water is called to live differently from the person who entered it.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul developed this implication throughout Romans 6. The believer's &amp;quot;old self&amp;quot; was crucified with Christ so that he or she would no longer be enslaved to sin ([[Romans 6]]:5–7). Christians are therefore to present themselves to God &amp;quot;as those who have been brought from death to life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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This helps explain the close association between repentance and baptism seen earlier in the New Testament. John's baptism called for &amp;quot;fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:8]]), and Peter's call at Pentecost began with &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Baptism represents a turning from the old life and the beginning of a new life under the lordship of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Putting on Christ ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used another image for baptism in his letter to the Galatians: &amp;quot;for in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through faith. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27)&lt;br /&gt;
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To be baptised into Christ is described as '''putting on Christ'''. The believer's identity is now found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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The surrounding passage also places baptism within the creation of a new community. Paul continued: &amp;quot;There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3:28]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has both a personal and a communal dimension. It identifies an individual with Christ, but in doing so it also identifies that person with everyone else who belongs to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptised into one body ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The same idea appears in Paul's first letter to the Corinthians: &amp;quot;For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—Jews or Greeks, slaves or free—and all were made to drink of one Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 12:13]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul's emphasis in [[1 Corinthians 12]] is the unity and diversity of the Church as the body of Christ. Christians have different gifts and functions, but they belong to the same body and share the same Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism is therefore not simply a private event between an individual and God. It publicly identifies the believer with Jesus and with the community of those who belong to him. This helps explain why baptism appears so prominently at the beginning of Christian life in Acts: those who were baptised were entering a new life in which they belonged to Christ and joined the community gathered around him.&lt;br /&gt;
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These different images together provide a rich New Testament understanding of baptism. Washing portrays cleansing from sin; burial and resurrection portray union with the death and resurrection of Jesus; new life portrays the transformation that follows; and putting on Christ and entering one body portray a new identity among the people of God. Baptism brings these realities together in a visible act centred upon Jesus Christ and the salvation found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Does baptism save? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the strongest statements about baptism in the New Testament associate it directly with forgiveness, cleansing and salvation. At Pentecost, Peter told his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized... for the forgiveness of your sins&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Ananias told Paul to &amp;quot;be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]]). Most strikingly, Peter wrote that &amp;quot;baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These passages have contributed to a longstanding disagreement among Christians about the relationship between baptism and salvation. Some Christian traditions understand baptism as a means through which God actually grants regeneration and forgiveness, while others understand baptism as the outward expression of the salvation that God grants through repentance and faith. The disagreement is therefore not over whether baptism is important - the New Testament clearly gives it considerable importance - but over the relationship between the physical act of baptism and the saving work of God that it represents.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== &amp;quot;Baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the clearest passages to address this question occurs in [[1 Peter 3]]:18–22. Peter connected Christian baptism with the Flood, when Noah and his family &amp;quot;were brought safely through water.&amp;quot; He then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken alone, this statement might appear to teach that the physical application of water brings about salvation. Peter, however, immediately explained what he meant: &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Peter therefore distinguishes Christian baptism from an ordinary physical washing. Its saving significance rests ultimately upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ and is associated with an appeal to God. As with the Flood itself, the water forms part of a larger picture of judgement and rescue in which salvation comes from God.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism, repentance and faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The close association between baptism and salvation is particularly visible in Acts because baptism normally occurred immediately after conversion. Peter did not tell the crowd at Pentecost to believe and then consider baptism at some later stage; he called them to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Those who received his message were baptised that day ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The same narratives, however, repeatedly identify repentance and faith in Jesus as central to receiving salvation. Peter later proclaimed concerning Jesus: &amp;quot;everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:43]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas answered the Philippian jailer's question, &amp;quot;What must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; with the instruction, &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:30–34). Paul similarly teaches that a person is justified by faith ([[Romans 5:1]]) and that salvation is received by confessing Jesus as Lord and believing that God raised him from the dead ([[Romans 10]]:9–13).&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism should therefore not be isolated from the conversion of which it formed a visible part. In the New Testament, repentance, faith, confession of Jesus, baptism, forgiveness, the Holy Spirit and entrance into the Christian community frequently occur together as different aspects of a person's response to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the gift of the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The conversion of Cornelius provides particularly important evidence for understanding the relationship between water baptism and salvation. Peter proclaimed to Cornelius and his household that &amp;quot;everyone who believes&amp;quot; in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins ([[Acts 10:43]]). While Peter was still speaking, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who heard the message ([[Acts 10]]:44–46).&lt;br /&gt;
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Only after they had received the Holy Spirit did Peter command them to be baptised: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The sequence is significant because God had already given the Gentiles the Holy Spirit before their water baptism. When Peter later explained what had happened, he described God as having given them &amp;quot;the same gift&amp;quot; that he had given the Jewish believers and concluded that God had &amp;quot;granted repentance that leads to life&amp;quot; ([[Acts 11]]:15–18).&lt;br /&gt;
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The account therefore makes it difficult to regard the physical application of baptismal water as the moment without which regeneration cannot occur. Cornelius and those with him had responded to the gospel and received God's Spirit before they entered the water. Yet their baptism remained important and was commanded immediately.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and grace ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The wider teaching of the New Testament places salvation firmly in the grace of God received through faith. Paul writes: &amp;quot;For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God.&amp;quot; ([[Ephesians 2]]:8–9)&lt;br /&gt;
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This does not make baptism unnecessary. Jesus commanded baptism ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20), and the apostles consistently baptised those who responded to the gospel. Rather, it places baptism within the response of faith to God's saving work instead of treating the physical act as a human work that earns salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
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This distinction can also be seen in Paul's discussion of baptism in Colossians. Believers are described as having been buried with Christ in baptism and raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). The power that gives new life belongs to God, the same God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Different Christian understandings ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians have interpreted these passages in several ways. Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions understand baptism as a [[Sacrament]] through which God communicates saving grace. Lutheran theology similarly teaches that baptism is a means of grace and is connected with forgiveness and regeneration. Reformed traditions generally describe baptism as a covenantal sign and seal of God's promises, although they differ from Roman Catholic and Lutheran understandings of baptismal regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptists and many other evangelical Christians understand baptism primarily as the God-commanded outward expression of repentance and faith. On this understanding, baptism portrays realities that God has already brought about through faith: sins have been forgiven, the believer has been united with Christ, the old life has ended, and a new life has begun. Baptism does not cause these realities through the action of the water, but visibly declares them.&lt;br /&gt;
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This understanding fits particularly well with the pattern seen in Cornelius and with the New Testament's repeated teaching that salvation is received through faith. At the same time, the strength of the New Testament's baptismal language should be retained. Baptism is not presented as an insignificant or optional symbol. Jesus commanded it, the apostles practised it, and the New Testament closely associates it with conversion, cleansing, union with Christ and entrance into the Christian life.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism can therefore be understood as the God-commanded outward expression of an inward transformation. The believer is saved by God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ, and baptism publicly portrays that salvation: sin has been washed away, the old life has died with Christ, and a new life has begun through his resurrection.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Who should be baptised? ==&lt;br /&gt;
One of the major disagreements among Christians concerns who should receive baptism. ''Believer's baptism'', sometimes called ''credobaptism'', teaches that baptism should follow an individual's personal repentance and faith in Jesus Christ. ''Infant baptism'', or ''paedobaptism'', teaches that the children of Christian believers may also be baptised as members of the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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Both traditions appeal to Scripture. The case for believer's baptism rests particularly upon the repeated New Testament pattern in which people heard the gospel, believed or repented, and were then baptised. The case for infant baptism rests particularly upon continuity between the Old and New Testament people of God, the relationship between circumcision and baptism, and the baptism of households in Acts.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The most straightforward examples of baptism in the New Testament involved people who personally responded to God's message. John called people to repentance before baptising them ([[Matthew 3]]:1–10). At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]), and Luke records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The pattern continued as the gospel spread. In Samaria, people were baptised when they believed Philip's preaching: &amp;quot;But when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The Ethiopian eunuch heard Philip explain the good news about Jesus and then requested baptism ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). At Corinth, &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). These accounts repeatedly place baptism after hearing and responding to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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The theological descriptions of baptism also connect it closely with personal faith and repentance. Paul describes those who were buried with Christ in baptism as also being raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Similarly, Galatians describes Christians as children of God &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; immediately before describing them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Christ&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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For this reason, Baptists and many other evangelical churches understand baptism as an act for those who personally confess faith in Jesus. A person raised within a Christian family may therefore participate fully in the life of the church as a child but is baptised when he or she is able personally to profess repentance and faith in Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Infant baptism and the covenant ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians who practise infant baptism agree that adults coming to Christianity should be baptised following faith. Their disagreement concerns the children of believers. Infant baptism traditions understand these children as belonging in a particular sense to the covenant community and therefore as appropriate recipients of baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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The argument draws heavily upon the Old Testament pattern of God's covenant dealings with families. When God established his covenant with Abraham, circumcision was given as the covenant sign and was administered to male children at eight days old ([[Genesis 17]]:9–14). A child received the sign of belonging to God's covenant people before being old enough personally to profess faith.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament continues to describe Christians using language associated with Abraham and his covenant. Those who belong to Christ are described as Abraham's offspring and heirs according to promise ([[Galatians 3:29]]). Peter's declaration at Pentecost that &amp;quot;the promise is for you and for your children&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:39]]) has consequently been important within infant Baptist theology.&lt;br /&gt;
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From this perspective, the inclusion of children within God's covenant people did not simply disappear with the coming of Christ. Baptism is therefore understood as the New Testament covenant sign that may appropriately be given to the children of believers, with the expectation that they will later personally embrace the faith into which they have been raised.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Circumcision and baptism ====&lt;br /&gt;
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An important passage in this discussion is [[Colossians 2]]:11–12, where Paul placed circumcision and baptism alongside one another: &amp;quot;In him also you were circumcised with a circumcision made without hands... having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Infant baptism theology has often understood this passage as supporting continuity between circumcision and baptism: circumcision marked membership in the Old Covenant community, while baptism marks membership in the New Covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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Advocates of believer's baptism interpret the passage differently. Paul specifically describes a '''&amp;quot;circumcision made without hands&amp;quot;''', suggesting an inward spiritual transformation rather than simply replacing one physical covenant sign with another. He also describes those who were buried and raised with Christ in baptism as being raised '''&amp;quot;through faith.&amp;quot;''' On this reading, the passage connects baptism with the spiritual circumcision experienced by believers rather than establishing baptism as a direct replacement for infant circumcision.&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage therefore provides a genuine connection between the imagery of circumcision and baptism, but Christians disagree over what that connection implies concerning the baptism of infants.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Household baptisms ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Several passages in Acts record the baptism of households rather than simply individuals. Lydia was baptised &amp;quot;and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:15]]). The Philippian jailer &amp;quot;was baptized at once, he and all his family&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:33]]). Paul also recalled baptising the household of Stephanas ([[1 Corinthians 1:16]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These accounts have played an important role in the case for infant baptism. A household in the ancient world could include children and dependants - the household language fits naturally with the inclusion of children within the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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The passages do not, however, explicitly mention infants. In the account of the Philippian jailer, Paul and Silas spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to everyone in his house ([[Acts 16:32]]), and the household subsequently rejoiced in connection with belief in God ([[Acts 16:34]]). Elsewhere, Paul describes the household of Stephanas as having &amp;quot;devoted themselves to the service of the saints&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 16:15]]). Advocates of believer's baptism therefore understand these passages as entirely consistent with households in which those capable of hearing and believing the gospel were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ultimately, the household accounts do not tell us the ages of every person who was baptised. They therefore provide evidence that baptism could involve whole households, but do not by themselves establish whether infants were included.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Children and the people of God ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus' welcome of children also forms part of the wider discussion. When people brought children to him, the disciples attempted to stop them, but Jesus said: &amp;quot;Let the children come to me; do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of God.&amp;quot; ([[Mark 10]]:13–16)&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage does not concern baptism, and Jesus did not baptise the children. It nevertheless demonstrates that children have a genuine place within the community surrounding Jesus and should not be regarded as spiritually unimportant.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul similarly addressed children directly as members of Christian congregations ([[Ephesians 6]]:1–3; [[Colossians 3]]:20) and described the children of even one Christian parent as &amp;quot;holy&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 7:14]]). Such passages may support the inclusion of believers' children within the visible covenant community. However, this does not necessarily mean that infants or children should be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The central point of disagreement ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament never explicitly records an infant being baptised. Its detailed accounts of baptism repeatedly connect baptism with hearing the gospel, repentance and faith. This provides the principal biblical basis for the practice of believer's baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time, the New Testament never directly states that the children of believers must be excluded from baptism. Christians who practise infant baptism understand the continuity of God's covenant promises, the place of believers' children within the people of God, the connection between circumcision and baptism, and the household baptisms as together providing a theological basis for the practice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The disagreement therefore reflects a larger question about the relationship between the Old and New Covenants and the nature of the visible Church. The repeated New Testament pattern however provides a clear guide: the gospel is heard, the individual responds in repentance and faith, and baptism follows as the public expression of belonging to Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== How should baptism be performed? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have also differed over how water should be applied in baptism. Baptism may be performed by immersion, in which the person is lowered into water; pouring, in which water is poured over the person; or sprinkling. Baptists and many other evangelical churches normally practise immersion, while other Christian traditions commonly use pouring or sprinkling.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The meaning of the word baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The English words &amp;quot;baptise&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot; come from the Greek words '''βαπτίζω''' (''baptizō'', &amp;quot;to baptise&amp;quot;) and '''βάπτισμα''' (''baptisma'', &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot;). See the [[Koine Greek]] articles on [[Greek:907:βαπτίζω|greek:907:βαπτίζω]] and [[Greek:908:βάπτισμα|greek:908:βάπτισμα]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb ''baptizō'' can refer to dipping or immersing something in water, but its use in the New Testament and other ancient Greek writings is broader than simply describing a particular method of applying water. Related words are also used for ritual washings. Mark, for example, refers to Jewish practices involving the &amp;quot;washing&amp;quot; of cups, pots and other objects ([[Mark 7]]:3–4).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The meaning of the Greek word therefore supports an association between baptism and washing or immersion, but the method of Christian baptism should not be determined from the word's etymology alone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism by immersion ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several New Testament accounts fit naturally with baptism by immersion. John baptised people in the Jordan River ([[Mark 1]]:4–5), and the Gospel of John records that John was baptising at Aenon &amp;quot;because water was plentiful there&amp;quot; ([[John 3:23]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch provides another example. After coming to some water, the eunuch asked Philip, &amp;quot;See, here is water! What prevents me from being baptized?&amp;quot; Luke then records: &amp;quot;they both went down into the water, Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And when they came up out of the water...&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8]]:36–39)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The description is consistent with immersion, although going down into and coming up out of the water does not by itself establish exactly how Philip applied the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The strongest argument for immersion comes from the meaning baptism is given in Paul's letters. In [[Romans 6]]:3–4, Paul describes baptism as being buried with Christ and then rising to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; Similarly, believers are described as having been &amp;quot;buried with him in baptism&amp;quot; and raised with him through faith ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Immersion provides a particularly clear physical picture of this movement from death and burial to resurrection and new life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For these reasons, Baptists and Eastern Orthodox Christians generally practise full immersion, regarding it as a form of baptism that closely reflects both the New Testament examples and its symbolism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pouring and sprinkling ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Christians do not understand the New Testament as requiring immersion. Water had long been used for purification in different ways within the biblical story, including both washing and sprinkling. Ezekiel's promise of spiritual cleansing, for example, used the language: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36:25]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament does not give detailed instructions concerning the amount of water required for baptism or explicitly state that baptism is invalid unless the entire body is submerged. Churches that practise pouring or sprinkling therefore understand the water itself, rather than the quantity or precise method of its application, as the essential outward sign.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Early Christian practice also shows some flexibility. The ''[[Text:Didache|text:Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century, preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot; or running water but allowed other water to be used. If sufficient water was unavailable, it instructed: &amp;quot;pour water three times on the head in the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This provides early evidence that Christians regarded pouring as an acceptable alternative when immersion or baptism in a larger body of water was impractical.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The significance of the water ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament places considerably more emphasis on the meaning of baptism than upon the precise amount of water used. Baptism portrays cleansing from sin, death and resurrection with Christ, and the beginning of a new life. It is performed in obedience to Jesus and in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Baptism through church history ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was an established part of Christian life from the beginning of the Church. The book of Acts records new believers being baptised throughout the expansion of the gospel, and early Christian writings outside the New Testament show that the practice continued in the generations that followed. These writings also provide evidence of developing practices and theological interpretations concerning baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Didache ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the earliest Christian descriptions of how baptism was performed occurs in the ''[[Text:Didache|text:Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century. Its instructions closely followed the Trinitarian language of the Great Commission: &amp;quot;Baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Didache'' preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot;, or running, water. If this was unavailable, other water could be used, and if there was insufficient water for immersion, water could be poured three times over the person's head (''Didache'' 7.1–3). It also instructed the person being baptised and the person performing the baptism to fast beforehand if possible (''Didache'' 7.4).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The account shows that baptism was already treated as an important and deliberate act of Christian discipleship, while some flexibility existed concerning how the water was applied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and preparation for faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the second and third centuries, surviving Christian writings provide increasingly detailed descriptions of baptism. Converts were commonly instructed in the Christian faith before being baptised, particularly as Christianity expanded among people who had previously followed pagan religions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Justin Martyr|person:Justin Martyr]], writing in Rome around AD 150, described people who had become convinced of Christian teaching and had undertaken to live accordingly. They prayed and fasted before being brought to water and baptised &amp;quot;in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''[[Text:First Apology|text:First Apology]]'' 61). Justin closely associated baptism with repentance, forgiveness and the beginning of a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early third century, Tertullian wrote an entire work on the subject, ''[[Text:On Baptism|text:On Baptism]]''. He regarded baptism as closely connected with forgiveness and salvation, while also emphasising the seriousness of the commitment being made.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The emergence of infant baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The precise origins of infant baptism are difficult to establish. The New Testament records the baptism of households but never explicitly states that an infant was baptised. Early post-New Testament evidence is also less clear than the evidence for the baptism of converts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early third century, however, infant baptism was certainly being practised. Tertullian discussed the practice and argued that baptism of young children should normally be delayed (''On Baptism'' 18). His objection is important historically because it demonstrates that the baptism of children was already occurring, even though he did not favour it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Around the same period, Hippolytus' ''[[Text:Apostolic Tradition|text:Apostolic Tradition]]'' describes children being baptised, with parents or other relatives answering on behalf of children who were unable to answer for themselves (''Apostolic Tradition'' 21). The exact authorship and development of this text are debated, but it provides evidence for the baptism of children in the early Christian centuries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infant baptism subsequently became increasingly widespread. By the fourth and fifth centuries, it was well established within the Church and became closely connected with the developing doctrine of original sin. [[Augustine|person:Augustine]] of Hippo strongly defended infant baptism and understood it as necessary because infants, like all human beings, shared in the sin of Adam and required the grace given through baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and the creeds ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As Christian doctrine was expressed more formally in the early creeds, baptism remained closely associated with the Church's confession of faith. The [[Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of AD 381 declares: &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The creed places this confession within its wider profession of faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. This reflects the Trinitarian baptism commanded by Jesus in [[Matthew 28:19]] and practised by Christians from the earliest period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was therefore closely connected with both Christian identity and Christian belief. To be baptised was to identify publicly with Jesus Christ and with the community that confessed the Christian faith.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Reformation and believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the sixteenth century, the major Reformers rejected many medieval teachings and practices but retained infant baptism. Martin Luther affirmed baptism as a means of grace through which God offers forgiveness and salvation. The Reformed tradition associated baptism particularly with God's covenant promises and understood infant baptism in continuity with the circumcision of children under the Old Covenant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More radical reformers challenged this. The [[Anabaptists]] argued that the New Testament pattern was baptism following personal repentance and faith. In 1525, members of the emerging Swiss Brethren baptised one another upon professions of faith, rejecting their earlier infant baptisms as invalid. Their opponents consequently called them &amp;quot;Anabaptists&amp;quot;, meaning &amp;quot;rebaptisers&amp;quot;, although the Anabaptists themselves did not regard the baptism of a professing believer as a second baptism because they did not consider their infant baptisms to have been true Christian baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The later [[Baptist]] movement similarly taught believer's baptism, although Baptists emerged historically from the English Separatist movement rather than simply being a continuation of the continental Anabaptists. Baptists came to practise baptism by full immersion and understood it as an act of obedience following personal faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conclusion ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism draws together themes that run throughout the biblical story. Water is associated with judgement and rescue, washing and cleansing, death and new life. These themes developed throughout the Old Testament and came together in the death and resurrection of Jesus and the new life he gives to those who trust in him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Flood, God judged a world corrupted by sin while Noah and his family were brought safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]). Peter explicitly connects their rescue through water with Christian baptism ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21). Baptism therefore carries an image of passing through judgement into salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Exodus, Israel had been enslaved in Egypt until God rescued his people. They passed through the Red Sea, left their slavery behind and began a new life as God's people ([[Exodus 14]]). Paul describes them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2). The pattern of slavery, water, freedom and new life anticipates the New Testament description of believers being freed from slavery to sin and raised to a new life in Christ ([[Romans 6]]:1–14).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The prophets used the imagery of water to describe the deeper cleansing that God's people needed. David had prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51]]:1–7), and Isaiah called Israel to wash and make themselves clean ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18). Ezekiel looked forward to a greater work of God: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The promise brings together cleansing, a new heart and the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When John the Baptist appeared at the Jordan, he called Israel to repentance and baptised those who confessed their sins ([[Matthew 3]]:1–12). Yet John pointed beyond his own baptism with water to Jesus: &amp;quot;He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus himself was baptised, passed through the waters of the Jordan and then entered the wilderness for forty days ([[Matthew 3]]:13–[[Matthew 4]]:11). In doing so, he retraced important parts of Israel's story. Yet where Israel had repeatedly failed to trust and obey God, Jesus remained faithful. At his baptism, the Spirit descended upon him and the Father declared him to be his beloved Son.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus ultimately accomplished the salvation towards which these earlier events pointed through his death and resurrection. The New Testament therefore explains Christian baptism in terms of being united with him. The believer is buried with Christ through baptism and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]]). The movement through the water portrays the movement from the old life to the new: death gives way to life, slavery to freedom, uncleanness to cleansing, and judgement to salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his followers to make disciples of all nations and baptise them in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). As the gospel subsequently moved from Jerusalem to the nations, those who responded in repentance and faith were baptised. Jews, Samaritans and Gentiles were brought together as one people belonging to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism therefore has its fullest meaning within the whole story of God's salvation. It looks back to the biblical images of water, cleansing and rescue and ultimately to the death and resurrection of Jesus. It portrays the believer's sins being washed away, the old life dying with Christ and a new life beginning through him. It also looks forward to a life of following Jesus as part of his people, empowered by the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The water itself is simple, but what it represents is profound: God rescues, God cleanses, God gives new life, and God calls those he has saved to follow Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
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==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism Wikipedia - Baptism]&lt;br /&gt;
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{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116508</id>
		<title>Baptism</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116508"/>
		<updated>2026-10-15T12:13:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''This article is about water baptism. See also:'' [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] and the Koine Greek article on [[Greek:908:βάπτισμα|greek:908:βάπτισμα]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism is the practice of washing with water in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, commanded by Jesus as part of making disciples of all nations ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). Throughout the New Testament, baptism is closely associated with repentance, faith in Jesus Christ, the forgiveness and cleansing of sin, receiving new life, and becoming part of the people of God. In the book of Acts, those who receive the gospel are repeatedly baptised as an early and public expression of their new faith (for example, [[Acts 2]]:37–41; [[Acts 8]]:26–40; [[Acts 10]]:44–48).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The meaning of baptism is expressed particularly strongly through the death and resurrection of Jesus. Paul's letters describe believers as being baptised into Christ's death, buried with him through baptism, and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6]]:3–11). Baptism therefore portrays the transformation at the heart of the Christian gospel: the old life under sin gives way to a new life lived for God through Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The imagery behind baptism reaches back through the biblical story. Water is repeatedly associated with cleansing, judgement, rescue and new life. The Flood, Israel's passage through the Red Sea, the Old Testament promises that God would wash his people clean and give them a new heart and Spirit, the baptism of repentance preached by John the Baptist, and the baptism of Jesus all contribute to the New Testament understanding of Christian baptism. The New Testament itself explicitly connects baptism with both the Flood ([[1 Peter 3:21]]) and Israel's passage through the sea ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have agreed from the earliest centuries that baptism occupies an important place in Christian discipleship, but have differed over its precise meaning and practice. Major questions include whether baptism should be given to infants or to those who personally profess faith in Christ, whether it should normally be performed by immersion or may also be performed by pouring or sprinkling, and whether baptism itself is a means through which God grants regeneration and forgiveness or is an outward sign of a saving work already accomplished through faith. These differences have produced several major traditions of baptism within Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At its centre, however, baptism belongs to the biblical story of salvation. It points to God's cleansing of sin, the believer's union with the death and resurrection of Jesus, the gift of new life, and a public identification with Christ and his people. As the gospel moved from Jerusalem into the nations in Acts, baptism repeatedly accompanied the response to the message of Jesus, fulfilling his command to make disciples and baptise them &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Water, cleansing and salvation in the Old Testament ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christian baptism first appeared in the New Testament with John the Baptist, but the imagery associated with baptism had deep roots in the Old Testament. Water was associated with cleansing and purification, while several major events in Israel's history involved God's people passing through water as he rescued them from judgement or slavery. The prophets also used the imagery of washing with water when describing God's promise to cleanse his people from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Washing and cleansing ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washing with water formed an important part of the ritual life of Israel. The Law of Moses required washing following various forms of ritual uncleanness (for example, [[Leviticus 14]]–[[Leviticus 15]]). When Aaron and his sons were consecrated as priests, Moses washed them with water ([[Leviticus 8:6]]). These washings concerned ritual purification rather than Christian baptism, but they established a familiar association between water, cleansing and approaching a holy God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Old Testament also used the language of washing to describe the deeper problem of sin. David prayed after his sin with Bathsheba: &amp;quot;Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin.&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later in the same psalm he prayed, &amp;quot;Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:7]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Isaiah similarly called the people of Judah to &amp;quot;wash yourselves; make yourselves clean&amp;quot; and turn away from evil ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water therefore became a natural image for something that human beings needed at a deeper level: cleansing from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This imagery became particularly significant in the prophets' promises of future restoration. Through Ezekiel, God promised: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passage brings together several themes that later appear prominently in the New Testament: cleansing, a new heart and the gift of God's Spirit. Zechariah similarly looked forward to a day when &amp;quot;a fountain shall be opened&amp;quot; for the house of David and Jerusalem &amp;quot;to cleanse them from sin and uncleanness&amp;quot; ([[Zechariah 13:1]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Flood ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water in the Old Testament could represent judgement as well as cleansing. In the account of Noah, the Flood brought God's judgement upon a world filled with violence and evil, while Noah and his family were carried safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The connection with baptism is made explicitly in the New Testament. Peter described the eight members of Noah's family as being &amp;quot;brought safely through water&amp;quot; and then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you...&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Peter immediately qualified this as &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; The Flood therefore provides part of the biblical background for understanding baptism: the same waters that represented judgement also marked the deliverance of those whom God rescued.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Exodus through the sea ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Exodus provides an even more important background. Israel had been enslaved in Egypt, but God rescued his people and led them through the Red Sea. They passed through the water and emerged free from their former slavery, while the Egyptian army pursuing them was overwhelmed ([[Exodus 14]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul explicitly interpreted this event using the language of baptism: &amp;quot;our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Exodus therefore contributes an important pattern to the biblical theology of baptism: slavery, passage through water, rescue, and a new life lived as God's people. This pattern anticipates Paul's description of Christian baptism in [[Romans 6]], where those who had been enslaved to sin are described as dying and being buried with Christ before rising with him to a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Naaman and the Jordan ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another Old Testament account provides an interesting parallel, although the New Testament does not explicitly connect it with baptism. Naaman, the commander of the Syrian army, suffered from leprosy and travelled to Israel seeking healing. Elisha instructed him to wash seven times in the Jordan River. Naaman initially resisted, but eventually obeyed: &amp;quot;So he went down and dipped himself seven times in the Jordan... and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child, and he was clean.&amp;quot; ([[2 Kings 5:14]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Naaman's washing should not simply be identified with Christian baptism. Nevertheless, the account brings together several themes that later surround baptism: going down into water, cleansing, obedience to God's word and the beginning of a transformed allegiance to the God of Israel ([[2 Kings 5]]:15–18). The fact that this occurred in the Jordan is also striking in light of the river's later role in the ministry of John the Baptist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Taken together, these Old Testament themes form an important background to Christian baptism. Water could cleanse what was unclean, mark God's judgement and rescue, and portray the deeper cleansing from sin that only God could accomplish. The prophets looked forward to a time when God would cleanse his people, give them new hearts and place his Spirit within them. These themes come together more fully as the New Testament story begins with John baptising in the Jordan and announcing the coming of one who would baptise with the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== John the Baptist — preparing Israel ==&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament story of baptism began with John the Baptist. John appeared in the wilderness of Judea shortly before the beginning of Jesus' public ministry, calling the people of Israel to repentance and announcing that the kingdom of heaven was near ([[Matthew 3]]:1–6). Those who responded came to him at the Jordan River, confessed their sins and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism drew upon the Old Testament themes of cleansing and preparation for God's coming salvation, but it also pointed beyond itself. John understood his ministry as preparing Israel for the coming Messiah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== A baptism of repentance ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mark introduced John's ministry by describing him as &amp;quot;proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:4]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Matthew similarly recorded John's message as: &amp;quot;Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism was therefore closely associated with repentance. Those who came to him were acknowledging their sin and their need to turn back to God. John challenged those who treated the outward act as sufficient in itself. When Pharisees and Sadducees came to his baptism, he told them to &amp;quot;bear fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:7–10). The physical washing was to be accompanied by a genuine change of heart and life.&lt;br /&gt;
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John's ministry was directed particularly towards Israel. His call to repentance challenged the assumption that physical descent from Abraham was sufficient to place someone in a right relationship with God. &amp;quot;Do not presume to say to yourselves, 'We have Abraham as our father,'&amp;quot; he warned, because &amp;quot;God is able from these stones to raise up children for Abraham&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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As the Messiah approached, Israel itself needed to repent and prepare for the coming of its king.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Preparing the way of the Lord ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Gospels understood John's ministry in light of the Old Testament prophets. Matthew, Mark and Luke identified him with the voice described in Isaiah: &amp;quot;The voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:3]], quoting [[Isaiah 40]]:3–5)&lt;br /&gt;
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The original passage in Isaiah announced God's coming to rescue and restore his people. By applying these words to John, the Gospels present his ministry as preparation for God's promised salvation. John stood in the wilderness calling Israel to repentance because the Lord was coming.&lt;br /&gt;
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The location at the Jordan is therefore significant within the larger biblical story. Centuries earlier, Israel had crossed the Jordan to enter the land God had promised them ([[Joshua 3]]–[[Joshua 4]]). Now Israelites were again coming to the Jordan, confessing their sins and passing through its waters as John prepared them for the arrival of the Messiah. The Gospels do not explicitly identify John's baptism with Israel's earlier crossing of the Jordan, so this connection should not be pressed too far, but the setting places John's ministry within a landscape already closely associated with Israel's story.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Water and the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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John the Baptist also emphasised that his baptism was preparatory. He baptised with water, but someone far greater was coming: &amp;quot;I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:11–12)&lt;br /&gt;
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The contrast is important for understanding Christian baptism. John's ministry involved water and repentance, but he pointed towards a greater work that would be accomplished by Jesus. Jesus would give the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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This promise develops throughout the New Testament. After his resurrection, Jesus reminded his disciples that &amp;quot;John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:5]]). At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit was poured out upon the disciples ([[Acts 2]]:1–4), and as the gospel subsequently spread, water baptism and the gift of the Holy Spirit repeatedly appeared together within the story of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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John's baptism therefore stood at an important turning point in the biblical story. The Old Testament had promised cleansing, a new heart and God's Spirit; John called Israel to repentance and washed those who responded in the Jordan; and at the same time he announced that the greater one was about to come. The next major baptism recorded in the Gospels was consequently very different from all those before it: Jesus himself came to John to be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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== The baptism of Jesus ==&lt;br /&gt;
The baptism of Jesus marked the beginning of his public ministry and is recorded in all three Synoptic Gospels ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17; [[Mark 1]]:9–11; [[Luke 3]]:21–22). Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River and presented himself to John for baptism. This created an immediate difficulty: John's baptism was associated with repentance and the confession of sin, yet the New Testament presents Jesus as without sin ([[Hebrews 4:15]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that John himself recognised the apparent problem. He initially tried to prevent Jesus from being baptised, saying, &amp;quot;I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?&amp;quot; Jesus replied: &amp;quot;Let it be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:15]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus was therefore not baptised because he needed forgiveness. His baptism instead identified him with the people he had come to save and formed part of his obedient fulfilment of the mission given to him by the Father. The precise meaning of &amp;quot;fulfill all righteousness&amp;quot; has been interpreted in different ways, but within Matthew it fits the larger picture of Jesus faithfully accomplishing God's purposes.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Father, Son and Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Immediately after Jesus was baptised, the narrative turned from the water to a remarkable revelation of his identity: &amp;quot;And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him; and behold, a voice from heaven said, 'This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:16–17)&lt;br /&gt;
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All three persons of the Trinity are present in the scene. The '''Son''' was baptised, the '''Holy Spirit''' descended upon him, and the '''Father''' spoke from heaven. The baptism of Jesus therefore provides one of the clearest narrative pictures in the New Testament of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit acting distinctly yet together.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Father's declaration also draws upon the Old Testament. &amp;quot;You are my Son&amp;quot; recalls the royal language of [[Psalm 2:7]], while &amp;quot;with whom I am well pleased&amp;quot; echoes God's description of his chosen servant in [[Isaiah 42:1]]. Jesus is presented as God's beloved Son and the servant upon whom God's Spirit rests.&lt;br /&gt;
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This Trinitarian revelation at Jesus' baptism also anticipates his later command concerning Christian baptism. After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his disciples to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The Father, Son and Spirit who were revealed together at Jesus' baptism therefore appear again in the baptism commanded for his disciples.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Jesus as the faithful Israel ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The place of Jesus' baptism within the Gospel narrative also connects it with the larger story of Israel. This is particularly clear in Matthew. Earlier, Jesus had been taken into Egypt and subsequently brought out of Egypt, which Matthew interpreted through Hosea's words, &amp;quot;Out of Egypt I called my son&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 2:15]], quoting [[Hosea 11:1]]). In Hosea, the &amp;quot;son&amp;quot; was originally Israel.&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus then passed through the waters of baptism ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17) and immediately entered the wilderness, where he fasted and was tested for forty days ([[Matthew 4]]:1–11). The sequence resembles the experience of Israel: God brought Israel out of Egypt, led the people through the waters of the Red Sea, and then tested them in the wilderness for forty years.&lt;br /&gt;
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The parallels become stronger during Jesus' temptation because each of his responses to Satan came from Deuteronomy, looking back to Israel's wilderness experience ([[Deuteronomy 8:3]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:16]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:13]]). Where Israel repeatedly failed to trust and obey God in the wilderness, Jesus remained faithful. Matthew therefore presents Jesus as reliving important elements of Israel's story while succeeding where Israel had failed.&lt;br /&gt;
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This pattern gives Jesus' baptism a place within the broader biblical story of salvation. Israel passed through water before entering its wilderness testing; Jesus was baptised before entering his. His baptism marked the beginning of the ministry in which the beloved Son, empowered by the Holy Spirit, faithfully carried out the Father's purpose.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Jesus commands his disciples to baptise ==&lt;br /&gt;
During his earthly ministry, Jesus' disciples baptised people who responded to his message, although the Gospel of John specifically notes that Jesus himself did not perform the baptisms ([[John 4]]:1–2). After his death and resurrection, however, Jesus explicitly commanded baptism as part of the mission he gave to his followers.&lt;br /&gt;
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Matthew records that the risen Jesus met his disciples in Galilee and declared that all authority in heaven and on earth had been given to him. He then gave them the command that has become known as the [[Great Commission]]: &amp;quot;Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28]]:19–20)&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has its place within the larger task of making disciples. Jesus' command joins together going to the nations, baptising those who become disciples, and teaching them to live according to everything he had commanded.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and discipleship ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Great Commission establishes baptism as an expected part of Christian discipleship. Baptism was not subsequently introduced by the apostles as a later Christian custom; it was commanded by Jesus himself.&lt;br /&gt;
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This pattern becomes visible throughout the book of Acts. As the apostles proclaimed Jesus, those who received the gospel were baptised. At Pentecost, Peter told those who responded to his message to repent and be baptised ([[Acts 2]]:37–41). Philip baptised new believers in Samaria ([[Acts 8:12]]) and later baptised the Ethiopian eunuch ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Paul was baptised following his encounter with Jesus ([[Acts 9]]:17–19), Cornelius and the other Gentiles with him were baptised ([[Acts 10]]:44–48), and the Philippian jailer and his household were baptised after hearing the word of the Lord ([[Acts 16]]:25–34).&lt;br /&gt;
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The close relationship between conversion and baptism in Acts reflects the command of Jesus. Baptism is an outward and identifiable beginning to the life of discipleship: a person who has turned to Christ is baptised and begins a life of learning to obey him.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism of all nations ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples '''&amp;quot;of all nations.&amp;quot;''' Baptism therefore belongs to the expansion of God's people beyond Israel. The mission that began with a small group of Jewish disciples was to extend throughout the world.&lt;br /&gt;
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This development becomes one of the central narratives of Acts. Jesus told the apostles that they would be his witnesses &amp;quot;in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:8]]). The subsequent baptisms in Acts follow this outward movement of the gospel. Jews were baptised in Jerusalem at Pentecost, Samaritans were baptised through the ministry of Philip, an Ethiopian was baptised on the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, and Gentiles were baptised in the household of Cornelius. Baptism repeatedly marked the inclusion of new people as the gospel crossed geographical, ethnic and social boundaries.&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius became particularly important because it demonstrated that Gentiles were received by God through faith in Jesus without first becoming Jews. When the Holy Spirit fell upon Cornelius and the other Gentiles who had heard Peter's message, Peter asked: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The command to baptise all nations was therefore worked out visibly in the life of the early Church.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ====&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded that his disciples be baptised &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The singular word '''&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;''' is followed by the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, placing all three together within the baptismal identity of the Christian disciple.&lt;br /&gt;
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This language recalls the baptism of Jesus himself. At the Jordan, the Son was baptised, the Spirit descended upon him, and the Father spoke from heaven ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17). At the end of Matthew's Gospel, the risen Son commanded that his own disciples be baptised in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Trinitarian formula subsequently became deeply embedded in Christian baptism. The [[Text:Didache|text:Didache]], an early Christian work probably written around the late first or early second century, instructed Christians to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1). Later Christian creeds also closely associated baptism with Trinitarian faith. The [[Text:Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] (AD 381), for example, confesses faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit and declares, &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Baptism in Acts ==&lt;br /&gt;
The book of Acts records how the command of Jesus to make disciples and baptise them began to be carried out by the early Church. Baptism repeatedly followed the proclamation of the gospel and the response of faith and repentance. As the gospel spread from Jerusalem into Judea, Samaria and the wider Gentile world, baptism marked the beginning of a person's new life as a follower of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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The accounts in Acts are particularly important for understanding baptism because they show baptism within the narrative of Christian conversion rather than simply explaining its theology. Although the circumstances varied, a recurring pattern can be seen: the gospel was proclaimed, people believed and repented, and they were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pentecost ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The first large-scale Christian baptisms occurred at Pentecost. After Peter proclaimed the death and resurrection of Jesus, his hearers were &amp;quot;cut to the heart&amp;quot; and asked the apostles what they should do. Peter replied: &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Luke then records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized,&amp;quot; with about three thousand people being added that day ([[Acts 2]]:37–41).&lt;br /&gt;
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Several themes that remain associated with baptism throughout the New Testament appear together in this account: repentance, faith in the proclaimed message about Jesus, forgiveness of sins, baptism, the Holy Spirit, and incorporation into the community of believers. Those who were baptised subsequently devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching, fellowship, the breaking of bread and prayer ([[Acts 2]]:42–47). Baptism therefore stood at the beginning of an ongoing life of Christian discipleship.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Samaria and the Ethiopian eunuch ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As the gospel moved beyond Jerusalem, Philip proclaimed Christ in Samaria. Luke records that &amp;quot;when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]]). The sequence is explicit: they heard the gospel, believed it, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Soon afterwards, Philip encountered an Ethiopian eunuch travelling home from Jerusalem ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Beginning with [[Isaiah 53]], Philip explained the good news about Jesus to him. As they travelled, they came to water and the eunuch asked to be baptised. Philip and the eunuch went down into the water, Philip baptised him, and the eunuch continued his journey rejoicing.&lt;br /&gt;
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The account provides one of the clearest narrative examples of baptism accompanying an individual's response to the gospel. The initiative to be baptised came immediately after the Ethiopian had heard the message about Jesus. Baptism was therefore treated as a natural and immediate response to receiving the gospel rather than as something to be postponed until a later stage of Christian maturity.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The baptism of Paul ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul himself was baptised soon after his encounter with the risen Jesus on the road to Damascus. After Ananias came to him, Paul regained his sight, arose and was baptised ([[Acts 9]]:17–19).&lt;br /&gt;
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When Paul later recounted these events in Jerusalem, he remembered Ananias saying: &amp;quot;And now why do you wait? Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The language strongly associates baptism with cleansing from sin, continuing the biblical imagery of washing developed throughout the Old Testament. At the same time, the phrase &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot; places baptism within Paul's response of faith to Jesus. The relationship between baptism, faith and the forgiveness of sins would later become an important subject of Christian theological discussion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the first Gentile believers ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius and his household in [[Acts 10]] was a major turning point in the expansion of the early Church. Cornelius was a Roman centurion and a Gentile who feared God. After being directed by God to send for Peter, Cornelius gathered his relatives and close friends to hear Peter's message.&lt;br /&gt;
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While Peter was still speaking about forgiveness through faith in Jesus, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who were listening. The Jewish believers who had accompanied Peter were astonished because the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out upon Gentiles. Peter responded: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:47]])&lt;br /&gt;
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He then commanded them to be baptised in the name of Jesus Christ ([[Acts 10:48]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The order of events is significant. Cornelius and those with him heard the gospel, received the Holy Spirit, and were then baptised with water. Their reception of the Spirit demonstrated that God had already accepted these Gentile believers, and their subsequent baptism publicly recognised their inclusion among the people of God.&lt;br /&gt;
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When Peter later defended his actions before Jewish Christians in Jerusalem, he pointed to the gift of the Holy Spirit as God's own testimony that the Gentiles had received the same salvation as Jewish believers ([[Acts 11]]:1–18). Baptism therefore became part of one of the great developments in the biblical story: the people of God were being gathered from all nations through faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Lydia and the Philippian jailer ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Acts also records the baptism of entire households, passages which later became important in discussions about infant baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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In Philippi, Lydia listened as Paul proclaimed the gospel, and &amp;quot;the Lord opened her heart to pay attention to what was said by Paul.&amp;quot; Luke then records that &amp;quot;she was baptized, and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:13–15).&lt;br /&gt;
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Later in the same chapter, a Philippian jailer asked Paul and Silas, &amp;quot;Sirs, what must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; They answered: &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:31]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas then spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to the jailer and everyone in his house, after which he and his family were baptised immediately ([[Acts 16]]:32–34). Luke subsequently describes the jailer as rejoicing with his entire household that he had believed in God.&lt;br /&gt;
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These household baptisms have been interpreted differently within Christian traditions. Christians who practise infant baptism have seen them as consistent with the inclusion of believers' children within the covenant community, while advocates of believer's baptism emphasise the repeated association between hearing the word, believing and baptism. The accounts themselves do not state the ages of every member of these households and therefore do not establish whether infants were present.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism as the gospel spread ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Further examples continued as Paul's missionary work expanded. Crispus, the ruler of the synagogue in Corinth, believed in the Lord together with his household, and &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). At Ephesus, a group who had previously received John's baptism heard about Jesus and &amp;quot;were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Acts 19]]:1–7).&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken together, the accounts in Acts show how closely baptism accompanied the initial response to the gospel. Baptism was not normally presented as a distant stage reached after years of Christian discipleship. People heard the message about Jesus, responded in repentance and faith, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the same time, Acts does not present a rigid sequence in which every element of conversion always occurred in precisely the same order. At Pentecost, repentance and baptism were associated with the promised gift of the Holy Spirit ([[Acts 2]]:37–41); in Samaria, believers were baptised before receiving the Spirit ([[Acts 8]]:12–17); and in the household of Cornelius, the Holy Spirit was received before water baptism ([[Acts 10]]:44–48). The consistent centre of these accounts is Jesus himself: the gospel was proclaimed, people responded to him, and baptism marked their identification with the new community of those who belonged to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== What baptism means ==&lt;br /&gt;
The narratives of the Gospels and Acts show baptism accompanying repentance, faith and the beginning of Christian discipleship. The New Testament letters develop the meaning of baptism more fully. Baptism is associated with cleansing from sin, union with Christ in his death and resurrection, new life, and incorporation into the people of God. These themes are closely connected: the person who belongs to Christ has died to the old life under sin and has been raised to live a new life as part of Christ's people.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cleansing and forgiveness ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The association between water and cleansing reaches back into the Old Testament, where David prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51:2]]) and Ezekiel described God's promise to sprinkle his people with clean water, give them a new heart and place his Spirit within them ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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This imagery continued in the earliest Christian preaching. At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; for the forgiveness of their sins ([[Acts 2:38]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Ananias similarly told Paul: &amp;quot;Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore visibly portrays the cleansing that lies at the heart of the gospel. Sin leaves human beings guilty and unclean before God; forgiveness makes them clean. The physical washing with water provides an outward expression of this spiritual reality.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament does not, however, separate this cleansing from repentance and faith in Christ. In [[Acts 22:16]], washing is accompanied by &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot;, while Peter taught that everyone who believes in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins through his name ([[Acts 10:43]]). Baptism, repentance, faith and forgiveness are consequently closely associated in the New Testament accounts of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== United with Christ in his death and resurrection ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the fullest explanations of baptism occurs in [[Romans 6]]:1–11. Paul was responding to the suggestion that God's grace might provide an excuse to continue living in sin. His answer was that the Christian's relationship with sin had fundamentally changed: &amp;quot;Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:3]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul continued: &amp;quot;We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore portrays the Christian as participating in the story of Jesus. Jesus died, was buried and rose again; the believer's old life dies, is buried with Christ, and gives way to a new life lived for God.&lt;br /&gt;
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For Paul, this is more than imagery about a ceremony in the past. It describes the believer's present identity. Those who belong to Christ are to consider themselves &amp;quot;dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:11]]). Baptism therefore points both backwards to what Christ accomplished in his death and resurrection and forwards to the transformed life of the person who now belongs to him.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used similar language in Colossians: &amp;quot;having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God, who raised him from the dead.&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Here baptism, union with Christ and faith are brought together explicitly. The believer is buried and raised with Christ &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; in the power of God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== A new life ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Because baptism represents death and resurrection with Christ, it also represents a decisive change of allegiance and way of life. The person emerging from the water is called to live differently from the person who entered it.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul developed this implication throughout Romans 6. The believer's &amp;quot;old self&amp;quot; was crucified with Christ so that he or she would no longer be enslaved to sin ([[Romans 6]]:5–7). Christians are therefore to present themselves to God &amp;quot;as those who have been brought from death to life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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This helps explain the close association between repentance and baptism seen earlier in the New Testament. John's baptism called for &amp;quot;fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:8]]), and Peter's call at Pentecost began with &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Baptism represents a turning from the old life and the beginning of a new life under the lordship of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Putting on Christ ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used another image for baptism in his letter to the Galatians: &amp;quot;for in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through faith. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27)&lt;br /&gt;
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To be baptised into Christ is described as '''putting on Christ'''. The believer's identity is now found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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The surrounding passage also places baptism within the creation of a new community. Paul continued: &amp;quot;There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3:28]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has both a personal and a communal dimension. It identifies an individual with Christ, but in doing so it also identifies that person with everyone else who belongs to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptised into one body ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The same idea appears in Paul's first letter to the Corinthians: &amp;quot;For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—Jews or Greeks, slaves or free—and all were made to drink of one Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 12:13]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul's emphasis in [[1 Corinthians 12]] is the unity and diversity of the Church as the body of Christ. Christians have different gifts and functions, but they belong to the same body and share the same Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism is therefore not simply a private event between an individual and God. It publicly identifies the believer with Jesus and with the community of those who belong to him. This helps explain why baptism appears so prominently at the beginning of Christian life in Acts: those who were baptised were entering a new life in which they belonged to Christ and joined the community gathered around him.&lt;br /&gt;
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These different images together provide a rich New Testament understanding of baptism. Washing portrays cleansing from sin; burial and resurrection portray union with the death and resurrection of Jesus; new life portrays the transformation that follows; and putting on Christ and entering one body portray a new identity among the people of God. Baptism brings these realities together in a visible act centred upon Jesus Christ and the salvation found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Does baptism save? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the strongest statements about baptism in the New Testament associate it directly with forgiveness, cleansing and salvation. At Pentecost, Peter told his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized... for the forgiveness of your sins&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Ananias told Paul to &amp;quot;be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]]). Most strikingly, Peter wrote that &amp;quot;baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These passages have contributed to a longstanding disagreement among Christians about the relationship between baptism and salvation. Some Christian traditions understand baptism as a means through which God actually grants regeneration and forgiveness, while others understand baptism as the outward expression of the salvation that God grants through repentance and faith. The disagreement is therefore not over whether baptism is important - the New Testament clearly gives it considerable importance - but over the relationship between the physical act of baptism and the saving work of God that it represents.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== &amp;quot;Baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the clearest passages to address this question occurs in [[1 Peter 3]]:18–22. Peter connected Christian baptism with the Flood, when Noah and his family &amp;quot;were brought safely through water.&amp;quot; He then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken alone, this statement might appear to teach that the physical application of water brings about salvation. Peter, however, immediately explained what he meant: &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Peter therefore distinguishes Christian baptism from an ordinary physical washing. Its saving significance rests ultimately upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ and is associated with an appeal to God. As with the Flood itself, the water forms part of a larger picture of judgement and rescue in which salvation comes from God.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism, repentance and faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The close association between baptism and salvation is particularly visible in Acts because baptism normally occurred immediately after conversion. Peter did not tell the crowd at Pentecost to believe and then consider baptism at some later stage; he called them to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Those who received his message were baptised that day ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The same narratives, however, repeatedly identify repentance and faith in Jesus as central to receiving salvation. Peter later proclaimed concerning Jesus: &amp;quot;everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:43]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas answered the Philippian jailer's question, &amp;quot;What must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; with the instruction, &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:30–34). Paul similarly teaches that a person is justified by faith ([[Romans 5:1]]) and that salvation is received by confessing Jesus as Lord and believing that God raised him from the dead ([[Romans 10]]:9–13).&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism should therefore not be isolated from the conversion of which it formed a visible part. In the New Testament, repentance, faith, confession of Jesus, baptism, forgiveness, the Holy Spirit and entrance into the Christian community frequently occur together as different aspects of a person's response to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the gift of the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The conversion of Cornelius provides particularly important evidence for understanding the relationship between water baptism and salvation. Peter proclaimed to Cornelius and his household that &amp;quot;everyone who believes&amp;quot; in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins ([[Acts 10:43]]). While Peter was still speaking, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who heard the message ([[Acts 10]]:44–46).&lt;br /&gt;
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Only after they had received the Holy Spirit did Peter command them to be baptised: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The sequence is significant because God had already given the Gentiles the Holy Spirit before their water baptism. When Peter later explained what had happened, he described God as having given them &amp;quot;the same gift&amp;quot; that he had given the Jewish believers and concluded that God had &amp;quot;granted repentance that leads to life&amp;quot; ([[Acts 11]]:15–18).&lt;br /&gt;
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The account therefore makes it difficult to regard the physical application of baptismal water as the moment without which regeneration cannot occur. Cornelius and those with him had responded to the gospel and received God's Spirit before they entered the water. Yet their baptism remained important and was commanded immediately.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and grace ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The wider teaching of the New Testament places salvation firmly in the grace of God received through faith. Paul writes: &amp;quot;For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God.&amp;quot; ([[Ephesians 2]]:8–9)&lt;br /&gt;
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This does not make baptism unnecessary. Jesus commanded baptism ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20), and the apostles consistently baptised those who responded to the gospel. Rather, it places baptism within the response of faith to God's saving work instead of treating the physical act as a human work that earns salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
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This distinction can also be seen in Paul's discussion of baptism in Colossians. Believers are described as having been buried with Christ in baptism and raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). The power that gives new life belongs to God, the same God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Different Christian understandings ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians have interpreted these passages in several ways. Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions understand baptism as a [[Sacrament]] through which God communicates saving grace. Lutheran theology similarly teaches that baptism is a means of grace and is connected with forgiveness and regeneration. Reformed traditions generally describe baptism as a covenantal sign and seal of God's promises, although they differ from Roman Catholic and Lutheran understandings of baptismal regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptists and many other evangelical Christians understand baptism primarily as the God-commanded outward expression of repentance and faith. On this understanding, baptism portrays realities that God has already brought about through faith: sins have been forgiven, the believer has been united with Christ, the old life has ended, and a new life has begun. Baptism does not cause these realities through the action of the water, but visibly declares them.&lt;br /&gt;
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This understanding fits particularly well with the pattern seen in Cornelius and with the New Testament's repeated teaching that salvation is received through faith. At the same time, the strength of the New Testament's baptismal language should be retained. Baptism is not presented as an insignificant or optional symbol. Jesus commanded it, the apostles practised it, and the New Testament closely associates it with conversion, cleansing, union with Christ and entrance into the Christian life.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism can therefore be understood as the God-commanded outward expression of an inward transformation. The believer is saved by God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ, and baptism publicly portrays that salvation: sin has been washed away, the old life has died with Christ, and a new life has begun through his resurrection.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Who should be baptised? ==&lt;br /&gt;
One of the major disagreements among Christians concerns who should receive baptism. ''Believer's baptism'', sometimes called ''credobaptism'', teaches that baptism should follow an individual's personal repentance and faith in Jesus Christ. ''Infant baptism'', or ''paedobaptism'', teaches that the children of Christian believers may also be baptised as members of the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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Both traditions appeal to Scripture. The case for believer's baptism rests particularly upon the repeated New Testament pattern in which people heard the gospel, believed or repented, and were then baptised. The case for infant baptism rests particularly upon continuity between the Old and New Testament people of God, the relationship between circumcision and baptism, and the baptism of households in Acts.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The most straightforward examples of baptism in the New Testament involved people who personally responded to God's message. John called people to repentance before baptising them ([[Matthew 3]]:1–10). At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]), and Luke records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The pattern continued as the gospel spread. In Samaria, people were baptised when they believed Philip's preaching: &amp;quot;But when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The Ethiopian eunuch heard Philip explain the good news about Jesus and then requested baptism ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). At Corinth, &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). These accounts repeatedly place baptism after hearing and responding to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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The theological descriptions of baptism also connect it closely with personal faith and repentance. Paul describes those who were buried with Christ in baptism as also being raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Similarly, Galatians describes Christians as children of God &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; immediately before describing them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Christ&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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For this reason, Baptists and many other evangelical churches understand baptism as an act for those who personally confess faith in Jesus. A person raised within a Christian family may therefore participate fully in the life of the church as a child but is baptised when he or she is able personally to profess repentance and faith in Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Infant baptism and the covenant ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians who practise infant baptism agree that adults coming to Christianity should be baptised following faith. Their disagreement concerns the children of believers. Infant baptism traditions understand these children as belonging in a particular sense to the covenant community and therefore as appropriate recipients of baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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The argument draws heavily upon the Old Testament pattern of God's covenant dealings with families. When God established his covenant with Abraham, circumcision was given as the covenant sign and was administered to male children at eight days old ([[Genesis 17]]:9–14). A child received the sign of belonging to God's covenant people before being old enough personally to profess faith.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament continues to describe Christians using language associated with Abraham and his covenant. Those who belong to Christ are described as Abraham's offspring and heirs according to promise ([[Galatians 3:29]]). Peter's declaration at Pentecost that &amp;quot;the promise is for you and for your children&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:39]]) has consequently been important within infant Baptist theology.&lt;br /&gt;
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From this perspective, the inclusion of children within God's covenant people did not simply disappear with the coming of Christ. Baptism is therefore understood as the New Testament covenant sign that may appropriately be given to the children of believers, with the expectation that they will later personally embrace the faith into which they have been raised.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Circumcision and baptism ====&lt;br /&gt;
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An important passage in this discussion is [[Colossians 2]]:11–12, where Paul placed circumcision and baptism alongside one another: &amp;quot;In him also you were circumcised with a circumcision made without hands... having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Infant baptism theology has often understood this passage as supporting continuity between circumcision and baptism: circumcision marked membership in the Old Covenant community, while baptism marks membership in the New Covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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Advocates of believer's baptism interpret the passage differently. Paul specifically describes a '''&amp;quot;circumcision made without hands&amp;quot;''', suggesting an inward spiritual transformation rather than simply replacing one physical covenant sign with another. He also describes those who were buried and raised with Christ in baptism as being raised '''&amp;quot;through faith.&amp;quot;''' On this reading, the passage connects baptism with the spiritual circumcision experienced by believers rather than establishing baptism as a direct replacement for infant circumcision.&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage therefore provides a genuine connection between the imagery of circumcision and baptism, but Christians disagree over what that connection implies concerning the baptism of infants.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Household baptisms ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Several passages in Acts record the baptism of households rather than simply individuals. Lydia was baptised &amp;quot;and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:15]]). The Philippian jailer &amp;quot;was baptized at once, he and all his family&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:33]]). Paul also recalled baptising the household of Stephanas ([[1 Corinthians 1:16]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These accounts have played an important role in the case for infant baptism. A household in the ancient world could include children and dependants - the household language fits naturally with the inclusion of children within the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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The passages do not, however, explicitly mention infants. In the account of the Philippian jailer, Paul and Silas spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to everyone in his house ([[Acts 16:32]]), and the household subsequently rejoiced in connection with belief in God ([[Acts 16:34]]). Elsewhere, Paul describes the household of Stephanas as having &amp;quot;devoted themselves to the service of the saints&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 16:15]]). Advocates of believer's baptism therefore understand these passages as entirely consistent with households in which those capable of hearing and believing the gospel were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ultimately, the household accounts do not tell us the ages of every person who was baptised. They therefore provide evidence that baptism could involve whole households, but do not by themselves establish whether infants were included.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Children and the people of God ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus' welcome of children also forms part of the wider discussion. When people brought children to him, the disciples attempted to stop them, but Jesus said: &amp;quot;Let the children come to me; do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of God.&amp;quot; ([[Mark 10]]:13–16)&lt;br /&gt;
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The passage does not concern baptism, and Jesus did not baptise the children. It nevertheless demonstrates that children have a genuine place within the community surrounding Jesus and should not be regarded as spiritually unimportant.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul similarly addressed children directly as members of Christian congregations ([[Ephesians 6]]:1–3; [[Colossians 3]]:20) and described the children of even one Christian parent as &amp;quot;holy&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 7:14]]). Such passages may support the inclusion of believers' children within the visible covenant community. However, this does not necessarily mean that infants or children should be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The central point of disagreement ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament never explicitly records an infant being baptised. Its detailed accounts of baptism repeatedly connect baptism with hearing the gospel, repentance and faith. This provides the principal biblical basis for the practice of believer's baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the same time, the New Testament never directly states that the children of believers must be excluded from baptism. Christians who practise infant baptism understand the continuity of God's covenant promises, the place of believers' children within the people of God, the connection between circumcision and baptism, and the household baptisms as together providing a theological basis for the practice.&lt;br /&gt;
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The disagreement therefore reflects a larger question about the relationship between the Old and New Covenants and the nature of the visible Church. The repeated New Testament pattern however provides a clear guide: the gospel is heard, the individual responds in repentance and faith, and baptism follows as the public expression of belonging to Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== How should baptism be performed? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have also differed over how water should be applied in baptism. Baptism may be performed by immersion, in which the person is lowered into water; pouring, in which water is poured over the person; or sprinkling. Baptists and many other evangelical churches normally practise immersion, while other Christian traditions commonly use pouring or sprinkling.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The meaning of the word baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The English words &amp;quot;baptise&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot; come from the Greek words '''βαπτίζω''' (''baptizō'', &amp;quot;to baptise&amp;quot;) and '''βάπτισμα''' (''baptisma'', &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot;). See the [[Koine Greek]] articles on [[Greek:907:βαπτίζω|greek:907:βαπτίζω]] and [[Greek:908:βάπτισμα|greek:908:βάπτισμα]].&lt;br /&gt;
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The verb ''baptizō'' can refer to dipping or immersing something in water, but its use in the New Testament and other ancient Greek writings is broader than simply describing a particular method of applying water. Related words are also used for ritual washings. Mark, for example, refers to Jewish practices involving the &amp;quot;washing&amp;quot; of cups, pots and other objects ([[Mark 7]]:3–4).&lt;br /&gt;
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The meaning of the Greek word therefore supports an association between baptism and washing or immersion, but the method of Christian baptism should not be determined from the word's etymology alone.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism by immersion ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Several New Testament accounts fit naturally with baptism by immersion. John baptised people in the Jordan River ([[Mark 1]]:4–5), and the Gospel of John records that John was baptising at Aenon &amp;quot;because water was plentiful there&amp;quot; ([[John 3:23]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch provides another example. After coming to some water, the eunuch asked Philip, &amp;quot;See, here is water! What prevents me from being baptized?&amp;quot; Luke then records: &amp;quot;they both went down into the water, Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And when they came up out of the water...&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8]]:36–39)&lt;br /&gt;
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The description is consistent with immersion, although going down into and coming up out of the water does not by itself establish exactly how Philip applied the water.&lt;br /&gt;
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The strongest argument for immersion comes from the meaning baptism is given in Paul's letters. In [[Romans 6]]:3–4, Paul describes baptism as being buried with Christ and then rising to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; Similarly, believers are described as having been &amp;quot;buried with him in baptism&amp;quot; and raised with him through faith ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Immersion provides a particularly clear physical picture of this movement from death and burial to resurrection and new life.&lt;br /&gt;
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For these reasons, Baptists and Eastern Orthodox Christians generally practise full immersion, regarding it as a form of baptism that closely reflects both the New Testament examples and its symbolism.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pouring and sprinkling ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Other Christians do not understand the New Testament as requiring immersion. Water had long been used for purification in different ways within the biblical story, including both washing and sprinkling. Ezekiel's promise of spiritual cleansing, for example, used the language: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36:25]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament does not give detailed instructions concerning the amount of water required for baptism or explicitly state that baptism is invalid unless the entire body is submerged. Churches that practise pouring or sprinkling therefore understand the water itself, rather than the quantity or precise method of its application, as the essential outward sign.&lt;br /&gt;
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Early Christian practice also shows some flexibility. The ''[[Text:Didache|text:Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century, preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot; or running water but allowed other water to be used. If sufficient water was unavailable, it instructed: &amp;quot;pour water three times on the head in the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7)&lt;br /&gt;
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This provides early evidence that Christians regarded pouring as an acceptable alternative when immersion or baptism in a larger body of water was impractical.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The significance of the water ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament places considerably more emphasis on the meaning of baptism than upon the precise amount of water used. Baptism portrays cleansing from sin, death and resurrection with Christ, and the beginning of a new life. It is performed in obedience to Jesus and in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Baptism through church history ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was an established part of Christian life from the beginning of the Church. The book of Acts records new believers being baptised throughout the expansion of the gospel, and early Christian writings outside the New Testament show that the practice continued in the generations that followed. These writings also provide evidence of developing practices and theological interpretations concerning baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Didache ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the earliest Christian descriptions of how baptism was performed occurs in the ''[[Text:Didache|text:Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century. Its instructions closely followed the Trinitarian language of the Great Commission: &amp;quot;Baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1)&lt;br /&gt;
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The ''Didache'' preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot;, or running, water. If this was unavailable, other water could be used, and if there was insufficient water for immersion, water could be poured three times over the person's head (''Didache'' 7.1–3). It also instructed the person being baptised and the person performing the baptism to fast beforehand if possible (''Didache'' 7.4).&lt;br /&gt;
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The account shows that baptism was already treated as an important and deliberate act of Christian discipleship, while some flexibility existed concerning how the water was applied.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and preparation for faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
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By the second and third centuries, surviving Christian writings provide increasingly detailed descriptions of baptism. Converts were commonly instructed in the Christian faith before being baptised, particularly as Christianity expanded among people who had previously followed pagan religions.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Justin Martyr|person:Justin Martyr]], writing in Rome around AD 150, described people who had become convinced of Christian teaching and had undertaken to live accordingly. They prayed and fasted before being brought to water and baptised &amp;quot;in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''[[Text:First Apology|text:First Apology]]'' 61). Justin closely associated baptism with repentance, forgiveness and the beginning of a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
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By the early third century, Tertullian wrote an entire work on the subject, ''[[Text:On Baptism|text:On Baptism]]''. He regarded baptism as closely connected with forgiveness and salvation, while also emphasising the seriousness of the commitment being made.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The emergence of infant baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The precise origins of infant baptism are difficult to establish. The New Testament records the baptism of households but never explicitly states that an infant was baptised. Early post-New Testament evidence is also less clear than the evidence for the baptism of converts.&lt;br /&gt;
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By the early third century, however, infant baptism was certainly being practised. Tertullian discussed the practice and argued that baptism of young children should normally be delayed (''On Baptism'' 18). His objection is important historically because it demonstrates that the baptism of children was already occurring, even though he did not favour it.&lt;br /&gt;
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Around the same period, Hippolytus' ''[[Text:Apostolic Tradition|text:Apostolic Tradition]]'' describes children being baptised, with parents or other relatives answering on behalf of children who were unable to answer for themselves (''Apostolic Tradition'' 21). The exact authorship and development of this text are debated, but it provides evidence for the baptism of children in the early Christian centuries.&lt;br /&gt;
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Infant baptism subsequently became increasingly widespread. By the fourth and fifth centuries, it was well established within the Church and became closely connected with the developing doctrine of original sin. [[Augustine|person:Augustine]] of Hippo strongly defended infant baptism and understood it as necessary because infants, like all human beings, shared in the sin of Adam and required the grace given through baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and the creeds ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As Christian doctrine was expressed more formally in the early creeds, baptism remained closely associated with the Church's confession of faith. The [[Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of AD 381 declares: &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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The creed places this confession within its wider profession of faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. This reflects the Trinitarian baptism commanded by Jesus in [[Matthew 28:19]] and practised by Christians from the earliest period.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism was therefore closely connected with both Christian identity and Christian belief. To be baptised was to identify publicly with Jesus Christ and with the community that confessed the Christian faith.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The Reformation and believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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During the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the sixteenth century, the major Reformers rejected many medieval teachings and practices but retained infant baptism. Martin Luther affirmed baptism as a means of grace through which God offers forgiveness and salvation. The Reformed tradition associated baptism particularly with God's covenant promises and understood infant baptism in continuity with the circumcision of children under the Old Covenant.&lt;br /&gt;
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More radical reformers challenged this. The [[Anabaptists]] argued that the New Testament pattern was baptism following personal repentance and faith. In 1525, members of the emerging Swiss Brethren baptised one another upon professions of faith, rejecting their earlier infant baptisms as invalid. Their opponents consequently called them &amp;quot;Anabaptists&amp;quot;, meaning &amp;quot;rebaptisers&amp;quot;, although the Anabaptists themselves did not regard the baptism of a professing believer as a second baptism because they did not consider their infant baptisms to have been true Christian baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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The later [[Baptist]] movement similarly taught believer's baptism, although Baptists emerged historically from the English Separatist movement rather than simply being a continuation of the continental Anabaptists. Baptists came to practise baptism by full immersion and understood it as an act of obedience following personal faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conclusion ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism draws together themes that run throughout the biblical story. Water is associated with judgement and rescue, washing and cleansing, death and new life. These themes developed throughout the Old Testament and came together in the death and resurrection of Jesus and the new life he gives to those who trust in him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Flood, God judged a world corrupted by sin while Noah and his family were brought safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]). Peter explicitly connects their rescue through water with Christian baptism ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21). Baptism therefore carries an image of passing through judgement into salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Exodus, Israel had been enslaved in Egypt until God rescued his people. They passed through the Red Sea, left their slavery behind and began a new life as God's people ([[Exodus 14]]). Paul describes them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2). The pattern of slavery, water, freedom and new life anticipates the New Testament description of believers being freed from slavery to sin and raised to a new life in Christ ([[Romans 6]]:1–14).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The prophets used the imagery of water to describe the deeper cleansing that God's people needed. David had prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51]]:1–7), and Isaiah called Israel to wash and make themselves clean ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18). Ezekiel looked forward to a greater work of God: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The promise brings together cleansing, a new heart and the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When John the Baptist appeared at the Jordan, he called Israel to repentance and baptised those who confessed their sins ([[Matthew 3]]:1–12). Yet John pointed beyond his own baptism with water to Jesus: &amp;quot;He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus himself was baptised, passed through the waters of the Jordan and then entered the wilderness for forty days ([[Matthew 3]]:13–[[Matthew 4]]:11). In doing so, he retraced important parts of Israel's story. Yet where Israel had repeatedly failed to trust and obey God, Jesus remained faithful. At his baptism, the Spirit descended upon him and the Father declared him to be his beloved Son.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus ultimately accomplished the salvation towards which these earlier events pointed through his death and resurrection. The New Testament therefore explains Christian baptism in terms of being united with him. The believer is buried with Christ through baptism and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]]). The movement through the water portrays the movement from the old life to the new: death gives way to life, slavery to freedom, uncleanness to cleansing, and judgement to salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his followers to make disciples of all nations and baptise them in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). As the gospel subsequently moved from Jerusalem to the nations, those who responded in repentance and faith were baptised. Jews, Samaritans and Gentiles were brought together as one people belonging to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism therefore has its fullest meaning within the whole story of God's salvation. It looks back to the biblical images of water, cleansing and rescue and ultimately to the death and resurrection of Jesus. It portrays the believer's sins being washed away, the old life dying with Christ and a new life beginning through him. It also looks forward to a life of following Jesus as part of his people, empowered by the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The water itself is simple, but what it represents is profound: God rescues, God cleanses, God gives new life, and God calls those he has saved to follow Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism Wikipedia - Baptism]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian doctrine and debates]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116507</id>
		<title>Baptism</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Baptism&amp;diff=1116507"/>
		<updated>2026-10-15T12:13:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Rewrite of article. Also a test to see if server is able to manage large rewrites.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism (G.G.)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Baptism |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Believer's baptism]], [[Infant baptism]], [[Baptismal regeneration]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of Jesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism of the Holy Spirit]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Becoming a Christian]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism (G.G.)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[The Necessity of Baptism (AmericanCatholic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptism, Christian (EBD)|Easton's Bible Dictionary entry on Christian Baptism]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''This article is about water baptism. See also:'' [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] and the Koine Greek article on [[Greek:908:βάπτισμα|greek:908:βάπτισμα]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism is the practice of washing with water in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, commanded by Jesus as part of making disciples of all nations ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). Throughout the New Testament, baptism is closely associated with repentance, faith in Jesus Christ, the forgiveness and cleansing of sin, receiving new life, and becoming part of the people of God. In the book of Acts, those who receive the gospel are repeatedly baptised as an early and public expression of their new faith (for example, [[Acts 2]]:37–41; [[Acts 8]]:26–40; [[Acts 10]]:44–48).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The meaning of baptism is expressed particularly strongly through the death and resurrection of Jesus. Paul's letters describe believers as being baptised into Christ's death, buried with him through baptism, and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6]]:3–11). Baptism therefore portrays the transformation at the heart of the Christian gospel: the old life under sin gives way to a new life lived for God through Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The imagery behind baptism reaches back through the biblical story. Water is repeatedly associated with cleansing, judgement, rescue and new life. The Flood, Israel's passage through the Red Sea, the Old Testament promises that God would wash his people clean and give them a new heart and Spirit, the baptism of repentance preached by John the Baptist, and the baptism of Jesus all contribute to the New Testament understanding of Christian baptism. The New Testament itself explicitly connects baptism with both the Flood ([[1 Peter 3:21]]) and Israel's passage through the sea ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have agreed from the earliest centuries that baptism occupies an important place in Christian discipleship, but have differed over its precise meaning and practice. Major questions include whether baptism should be given to infants or to those who personally profess faith in Christ, whether it should normally be performed by immersion or may also be performed by pouring or sprinkling, and whether baptism itself is a means through which God grants regeneration and forgiveness or is an outward sign of a saving work already accomplished through faith. These differences have produced several major traditions of baptism within Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At its centre, however, baptism belongs to the biblical story of salvation. It points to God's cleansing of sin, the believer's union with the death and resurrection of Jesus, the gift of new life, and a public identification with Christ and his people. As the gospel moved from Jerusalem into the nations in Acts, baptism repeatedly accompanied the response to the message of Jesus, fulfilling his command to make disciples and baptise them &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Water, cleansing and salvation in the Old Testament ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christian baptism first appeared in the New Testament with John the Baptist, but the imagery associated with baptism had deep roots in the Old Testament. Water was associated with cleansing and purification, while several major events in Israel's history involved God's people passing through water as he rescued them from judgement or slavery. The prophets also used the imagery of washing with water when describing God's promise to cleanse his people from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Washing and cleansing ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washing with water formed an important part of the ritual life of Israel. The Law of Moses required washing following various forms of ritual uncleanness (for example, [[Leviticus 14]]–[[Leviticus 15]]). When Aaron and his sons were consecrated as priests, Moses washed them with water ([[Leviticus 8:6]]). These washings concerned ritual purification rather than Christian baptism, but they established a familiar association between water, cleansing and approaching a holy God.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Old Testament also used the language of washing to describe the deeper problem of sin. David prayed after his sin with Bathsheba: &amp;quot;Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin.&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later in the same psalm he prayed, &amp;quot;Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow&amp;quot; ([[Psalm 51:7]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Isaiah similarly called the people of Judah to &amp;quot;wash yourselves; make yourselves clean&amp;quot; and turn away from evil ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water therefore became a natural image for something that human beings needed at a deeper level: cleansing from sin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This imagery became particularly significant in the prophets' promises of future restoration. Through Ezekiel, God promised: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passage brings together several themes that later appear prominently in the New Testament: cleansing, a new heart and the gift of God's Spirit. Zechariah similarly looked forward to a day when &amp;quot;a fountain shall be opened&amp;quot; for the house of David and Jerusalem &amp;quot;to cleanse them from sin and uncleanness&amp;quot; ([[Zechariah 13:1]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Flood ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water in the Old Testament could represent judgement as well as cleansing. In the account of Noah, the Flood brought God's judgement upon a world filled with violence and evil, while Noah and his family were carried safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The connection with baptism is made explicitly in the New Testament. Peter described the eight members of Noah's family as being &amp;quot;brought safely through water&amp;quot; and then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you...&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Peter immediately qualified this as &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; The Flood therefore provides part of the biblical background for understanding baptism: the same waters that represented judgement also marked the deliverance of those whom God rescued.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Exodus through the sea ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Exodus provides an even more important background. Israel had been enslaved in Egypt, but God rescued his people and led them through the Red Sea. They passed through the water and emerged free from their former slavery, while the Egyptian army pursuing them was overwhelmed ([[Exodus 14]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul explicitly interpreted this event using the language of baptism: &amp;quot;our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Exodus therefore contributes an important pattern to the biblical theology of baptism: slavery, passage through water, rescue, and a new life lived as God's people. This pattern anticipates Paul's description of Christian baptism in [[Romans 6]], where those who had been enslaved to sin are described as dying and being buried with Christ before rising with him to a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Naaman and the Jordan ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another Old Testament account provides an interesting parallel, although the New Testament does not explicitly connect it with baptism. Naaman, the commander of the Syrian army, suffered from leprosy and travelled to Israel seeking healing. Elisha instructed him to wash seven times in the Jordan River. Naaman initially resisted, but eventually obeyed: &amp;quot;So he went down and dipped himself seven times in the Jordan... and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child, and he was clean.&amp;quot; ([[2 Kings 5:14]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Naaman's washing should not simply be identified with Christian baptism. Nevertheless, the account brings together several themes that later surround baptism: going down into water, cleansing, obedience to God's word and the beginning of a transformed allegiance to the God of Israel ([[2 Kings 5]]:15–18). The fact that this occurred in the Jordan is also striking in light of the river's later role in the ministry of John the Baptist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Taken together, these Old Testament themes form an important background to Christian baptism. Water could cleanse what was unclean, mark God's judgement and rescue, and portray the deeper cleansing from sin that only God could accomplish. The prophets looked forward to a time when God would cleanse his people, give them new hearts and place his Spirit within them. These themes come together more fully as the New Testament story begins with John baptising in the Jordan and announcing the coming of one who would baptise with the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== John the Baptist — preparing Israel ==&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament story of baptism began with John the Baptist. John appeared in the wilderness of Judea shortly before the beginning of Jesus' public ministry, calling the people of Israel to repentance and announcing that the kingdom of heaven was near ([[Matthew 3]]:1–6). Those who responded came to him at the Jordan River, confessed their sins and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism drew upon the Old Testament themes of cleansing and preparation for God's coming salvation, but it also pointed beyond itself. John understood his ministry as preparing Israel for the coming Messiah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== A baptism of repentance ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mark introduced John's ministry by describing him as &amp;quot;proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:4]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Matthew similarly recorded John's message as: &amp;quot;Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:2]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism was therefore closely associated with repentance. Those who came to him were acknowledging their sin and their need to turn back to God. John challenged those who treated the outward act as sufficient in itself. When Pharisees and Sadducees came to his baptism, he told them to &amp;quot;bear fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:7–10). The physical washing was to be accompanied by a genuine change of heart and life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's ministry was directed particularly towards Israel. His call to repentance challenged the assumption that physical descent from Abraham was sufficient to place someone in a right relationship with God. &amp;quot;Do not presume to say to yourselves, 'We have Abraham as our father,'&amp;quot; he warned, because &amp;quot;God is able from these stones to raise up children for Abraham&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:9]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the Messiah approached, Israel itself needed to repent and prepare for the coming of its king.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Preparing the way of the Lord ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Gospels understood John's ministry in light of the Old Testament prophets. Matthew, Mark and Luke identified him with the voice described in Isaiah: &amp;quot;The voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:3]], quoting [[Isaiah 40]]:3–5)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original passage in Isaiah announced God's coming to rescue and restore his people. By applying these words to John, the Gospels present his ministry as preparation for God's promised salvation. John stood in the wilderness calling Israel to repentance because the Lord was coming.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The location at the Jordan is therefore significant within the larger biblical story. Centuries earlier, Israel had crossed the Jordan to enter the land God had promised them ([[Joshua 3]]–[[Joshua 4]]). Now Israelites were again coming to the Jordan, confessing their sins and passing through its waters as John prepared them for the arrival of the Messiah. The Gospels do not explicitly identify John's baptism with Israel's earlier crossing of the Jordan, so this connection should not be pressed too far, but the setting places John's ministry within a landscape already closely associated with Israel's story.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Water and the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John the Baptist also emphasised that his baptism was preparatory. He baptised with water, but someone far greater was coming: &amp;quot;I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:11–12)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The contrast is important for understanding Christian baptism. John's ministry involved water and repentance, but he pointed towards a greater work that would be accomplished by Jesus. Jesus would give the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This promise develops throughout the New Testament. After his resurrection, Jesus reminded his disciples that &amp;quot;John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:5]]). At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit was poured out upon the disciples ([[Acts 2]]:1–4), and as the gospel subsequently spread, water baptism and the gift of the Holy Spirit repeatedly appeared together within the story of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
John's baptism therefore stood at an important turning point in the biblical story. The Old Testament had promised cleansing, a new heart and God's Spirit; John called Israel to repentance and washed those who responded in the Jordan; and at the same time he announced that the greater one was about to come. The next major baptism recorded in the Gospels was consequently very different from all those before it: Jesus himself came to John to be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The baptism of Jesus ==&lt;br /&gt;
The baptism of Jesus marked the beginning of his public ministry and is recorded in all three Synoptic Gospels ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17; [[Mark 1]]:9–11; [[Luke 3]]:21–22). Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River and presented himself to John for baptism. This created an immediate difficulty: John's baptism was associated with repentance and the confession of sin, yet the New Testament presents Jesus as without sin ([[Hebrews 4:15]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Matthew records that John himself recognised the apparent problem. He initially tried to prevent Jesus from being baptised, saying, &amp;quot;I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?&amp;quot; Jesus replied: &amp;quot;Let it be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:15]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus was therefore not baptised because he needed forgiveness. His baptism instead identified him with the people he had come to save and formed part of his obedient fulfilment of the mission given to him by the Father. The precise meaning of &amp;quot;fulfill all righteousness&amp;quot; has been interpreted in different ways, but within Matthew it fits the larger picture of Jesus faithfully accomplishing God's purposes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Father, Son and Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Immediately after Jesus was baptised, the narrative turned from the water to a remarkable revelation of his identity: &amp;quot;And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him; and behold, a voice from heaven said, 'This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.'&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3]]:16–17)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All three persons of the Trinity are present in the scene. The '''Son''' was baptised, the '''Holy Spirit''' descended upon him, and the '''Father''' spoke from heaven. The baptism of Jesus therefore provides one of the clearest narrative pictures in the New Testament of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit acting distinctly yet together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Father's declaration also draws upon the Old Testament. &amp;quot;You are my Son&amp;quot; recalls the royal language of [[Psalm 2:7]], while &amp;quot;with whom I am well pleased&amp;quot; echoes God's description of his chosen servant in [[Isaiah 42:1]]. Jesus is presented as God's beloved Son and the servant upon whom God's Spirit rests.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This Trinitarian revelation at Jesus' baptism also anticipates his later command concerning Christian baptism. After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his disciples to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The Father, Son and Spirit who were revealed together at Jesus' baptism therefore appear again in the baptism commanded for his disciples.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Jesus as the faithful Israel ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The place of Jesus' baptism within the Gospel narrative also connects it with the larger story of Israel. This is particularly clear in Matthew. Earlier, Jesus had been taken into Egypt and subsequently brought out of Egypt, which Matthew interpreted through Hosea's words, &amp;quot;Out of Egypt I called my son&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 2:15]], quoting [[Hosea 11:1]]). In Hosea, the &amp;quot;son&amp;quot; was originally Israel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus then passed through the waters of baptism ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17) and immediately entered the wilderness, where he fasted and was tested for forty days ([[Matthew 4]]:1–11). The sequence resembles the experience of Israel: God brought Israel out of Egypt, led the people through the waters of the Red Sea, and then tested them in the wilderness for forty years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The parallels become stronger during Jesus' temptation because each of his responses to Satan came from Deuteronomy, looking back to Israel's wilderness experience ([[Deuteronomy 8:3]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:16]]; [[Deuteronomy 6:13]]). Where Israel repeatedly failed to trust and obey God in the wilderness, Jesus remained faithful. Matthew therefore presents Jesus as reliving important elements of Israel's story while succeeding where Israel had failed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This pattern gives Jesus' baptism a place within the broader biblical story of salvation. Israel passed through water before entering its wilderness testing; Jesus was baptised before entering his. His baptism marked the beginning of the ministry in which the beloved Son, empowered by the Holy Spirit, faithfully carried out the Father's purpose.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Jesus commands his disciples to baptise ==&lt;br /&gt;
During his earthly ministry, Jesus' disciples baptised people who responded to his message, although the Gospel of John specifically notes that Jesus himself did not perform the baptisms ([[John 4]]:1–2). After his death and resurrection, however, Jesus explicitly commanded baptism as part of the mission he gave to his followers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Matthew records that the risen Jesus met his disciples in Galilee and declared that all authority in heaven and on earth had been given to him. He then gave them the command that has become known as the [[Great Commission]]: &amp;quot;Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28]]:19–20)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism therefore has its place within the larger task of making disciples. Jesus' command joins together going to the nations, baptising those who become disciples, and teaching them to live according to everything he had commanded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and discipleship ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Great Commission establishes baptism as an expected part of Christian discipleship. Baptism was not subsequently introduced by the apostles as a later Christian custom; it was commanded by Jesus himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This pattern becomes visible throughout the book of Acts. As the apostles proclaimed Jesus, those who received the gospel were baptised. At Pentecost, Peter told those who responded to his message to repent and be baptised ([[Acts 2]]:37–41). Philip baptised new believers in Samaria ([[Acts 8:12]]) and later baptised the Ethiopian eunuch ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Paul was baptised following his encounter with Jesus ([[Acts 9]]:17–19), Cornelius and the other Gentiles with him were baptised ([[Acts 10]]:44–48), and the Philippian jailer and his household were baptised after hearing the word of the Lord ([[Acts 16]]:25–34).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The close relationship between conversion and baptism in Acts reflects the command of Jesus. Baptism is an outward and identifiable beginning to the life of discipleship: a person who has turned to Christ is baptised and begins a life of learning to obey him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism of all nations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples '''&amp;quot;of all nations.&amp;quot;''' Baptism therefore belongs to the expansion of God's people beyond Israel. The mission that began with a small group of Jewish disciples was to extend throughout the world.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This development becomes one of the central narratives of Acts. Jesus told the apostles that they would be his witnesses &amp;quot;in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth&amp;quot; ([[Acts 1:8]]). The subsequent baptisms in Acts follow this outward movement of the gospel. Jews were baptised in Jerusalem at Pentecost, Samaritans were baptised through the ministry of Philip, an Ethiopian was baptised on the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, and Gentiles were baptised in the household of Cornelius. Baptism repeatedly marked the inclusion of new people as the gospel crossed geographical, ethnic and social boundaries.&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius became particularly important because it demonstrated that Gentiles were received by God through faith in Jesus without first becoming Jews. When the Holy Spirit fell upon Cornelius and the other Gentiles who had heard Peter's message, Peter asked: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The command to baptise all nations was therefore worked out visibly in the life of the early Church.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ====&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesus commanded that his disciples be baptised &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 28:19]]). The singular word '''&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;''' is followed by the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, placing all three together within the baptismal identity of the Christian disciple.&lt;br /&gt;
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This language recalls the baptism of Jesus himself. At the Jordan, the Son was baptised, the Spirit descended upon him, and the Father spoke from heaven ([[Matthew 3]]:13–17). At the end of Matthew's Gospel, the risen Son commanded that his own disciples be baptised in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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The Trinitarian formula subsequently became deeply embedded in Christian baptism. The [[Text:Didache|text:Didache]], an early Christian work probably written around the late first or early second century, instructed Christians to baptise &amp;quot;in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1). Later Christian creeds also closely associated baptism with Trinitarian faith. The [[Text:Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] (AD 381), for example, confesses faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit and declares, &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Baptism in Acts ==&lt;br /&gt;
The book of Acts records how the command of Jesus to make disciples and baptise them began to be carried out by the early Church. Baptism repeatedly followed the proclamation of the gospel and the response of faith and repentance. As the gospel spread from Jerusalem into Judea, Samaria and the wider Gentile world, baptism marked the beginning of a person's new life as a follower of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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The accounts in Acts are particularly important for understanding baptism because they show baptism within the narrative of Christian conversion rather than simply explaining its theology. Although the circumstances varied, a recurring pattern can be seen: the gospel was proclaimed, people believed and repented, and they were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pentecost ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The first large-scale Christian baptisms occurred at Pentecost. After Peter proclaimed the death and resurrection of Jesus, his hearers were &amp;quot;cut to the heart&amp;quot; and asked the apostles what they should do. Peter replied: &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Luke then records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized,&amp;quot; with about three thousand people being added that day ([[Acts 2]]:37–41).&lt;br /&gt;
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Several themes that remain associated with baptism throughout the New Testament appear together in this account: repentance, faith in the proclaimed message about Jesus, forgiveness of sins, baptism, the Holy Spirit, and incorporation into the community of believers. Those who were baptised subsequently devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching, fellowship, the breaking of bread and prayer ([[Acts 2]]:42–47). Baptism therefore stood at the beginning of an ongoing life of Christian discipleship.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Samaria and the Ethiopian eunuch ===&lt;br /&gt;
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As the gospel moved beyond Jerusalem, Philip proclaimed Christ in Samaria. Luke records that &amp;quot;when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]]). The sequence is explicit: they heard the gospel, believed it, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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Soon afterwards, Philip encountered an Ethiopian eunuch travelling home from Jerusalem ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). Beginning with [[Isaiah 53]], Philip explained the good news about Jesus to him. As they travelled, they came to water and the eunuch asked to be baptised. Philip and the eunuch went down into the water, Philip baptised him, and the eunuch continued his journey rejoicing.&lt;br /&gt;
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The account provides one of the clearest narrative examples of baptism accompanying an individual's response to the gospel. The initiative to be baptised came immediately after the Ethiopian had heard the message about Jesus. Baptism was therefore treated as a natural and immediate response to receiving the gospel rather than as something to be postponed until a later stage of Christian maturity.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== The baptism of Paul ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul himself was baptised soon after his encounter with the risen Jesus on the road to Damascus. After Ananias came to him, Paul regained his sight, arose and was baptised ([[Acts 9]]:17–19).&lt;br /&gt;
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When Paul later recounted these events in Jerusalem, he remembered Ananias saying: &amp;quot;And now why do you wait? Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The language strongly associates baptism with cleansing from sin, continuing the biblical imagery of washing developed throughout the Old Testament. At the same time, the phrase &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot; places baptism within Paul's response of faith to Jesus. The relationship between baptism, faith and the forgiveness of sins would later become an important subject of Christian theological discussion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the first Gentile believers ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The baptism of Cornelius and his household in [[Acts 10]] was a major turning point in the expansion of the early Church. Cornelius was a Roman centurion and a Gentile who feared God. After being directed by God to send for Peter, Cornelius gathered his relatives and close friends to hear Peter's message.&lt;br /&gt;
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While Peter was still speaking about forgiveness through faith in Jesus, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who were listening. The Jewish believers who had accompanied Peter were astonished because the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out upon Gentiles. Peter responded: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:47]])&lt;br /&gt;
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He then commanded them to be baptised in the name of Jesus Christ ([[Acts 10:48]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The order of events is significant. Cornelius and those with him heard the gospel, received the Holy Spirit, and were then baptised with water. Their reception of the Spirit demonstrated that God had already accepted these Gentile believers, and their subsequent baptism publicly recognised their inclusion among the people of God.&lt;br /&gt;
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When Peter later defended his actions before Jewish Christians in Jerusalem, he pointed to the gift of the Holy Spirit as God's own testimony that the Gentiles had received the same salvation as Jewish believers ([[Acts 11]]:1–18). Baptism therefore became part of one of the great developments in the biblical story: the people of God were being gathered from all nations through faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Lydia and the Philippian jailer ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Acts also records the baptism of entire households, passages which later became important in discussions about infant baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
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In Philippi, Lydia listened as Paul proclaimed the gospel, and &amp;quot;the Lord opened her heart to pay attention to what was said by Paul.&amp;quot; Luke then records that &amp;quot;she was baptized, and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:13–15).&lt;br /&gt;
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Later in the same chapter, a Philippian jailer asked Paul and Silas, &amp;quot;Sirs, what must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; They answered: &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:31]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas then spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to the jailer and everyone in his house, after which he and his family were baptised immediately ([[Acts 16]]:32–34). Luke subsequently describes the jailer as rejoicing with his entire household that he had believed in God.&lt;br /&gt;
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These household baptisms have been interpreted differently within Christian traditions. Christians who practise infant baptism have seen them as consistent with the inclusion of believers' children within the covenant community, while advocates of believer's baptism emphasise the repeated association between hearing the word, believing and baptism. The accounts themselves do not state the ages of every member of these households and therefore do not establish whether infants were present.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism as the gospel spread ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Further examples continued as Paul's missionary work expanded. Crispus, the ruler of the synagogue in Corinth, believed in the Lord together with his household, and &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). At Ephesus, a group who had previously received John's baptism heard about Jesus and &amp;quot;were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Acts 19]]:1–7).&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken together, the accounts in Acts show how closely baptism accompanied the initial response to the gospel. Baptism was not normally presented as a distant stage reached after years of Christian discipleship. People heard the message about Jesus, responded in repentance and faith, and were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the same time, Acts does not present a rigid sequence in which every element of conversion always occurred in precisely the same order. At Pentecost, repentance and baptism were associated with the promised gift of the Holy Spirit ([[Acts 2]]:37–41); in Samaria, believers were baptised before receiving the Spirit ([[Acts 8]]:12–17); and in the household of Cornelius, the Holy Spirit was received before water baptism ([[Acts 10]]:44–48). The consistent centre of these accounts is Jesus himself: the gospel was proclaimed, people responded to him, and baptism marked their identification with the new community of those who belonged to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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== What baptism means ==&lt;br /&gt;
The narratives of the Gospels and Acts show baptism accompanying repentance, faith and the beginning of Christian discipleship. The New Testament letters develop the meaning of baptism more fully. Baptism is associated with cleansing from sin, union with Christ in his death and resurrection, new life, and incorporation into the people of God. These themes are closely connected: the person who belongs to Christ has died to the old life under sin and has been raised to live a new life as part of Christ's people.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cleansing and forgiveness ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The association between water and cleansing reaches back into the Old Testament, where David prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51:2]]) and Ezekiel described God's promise to sprinkle his people with clean water, give them a new heart and place his Spirit within them ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27).&lt;br /&gt;
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This imagery continued in the earliest Christian preaching. At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; for the forgiveness of their sins ([[Acts 2:38]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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Ananias similarly told Paul: &amp;quot;Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore visibly portrays the cleansing that lies at the heart of the gospel. Sin leaves human beings guilty and unclean before God; forgiveness makes them clean. The physical washing with water provides an outward expression of this spiritual reality.&lt;br /&gt;
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The New Testament does not, however, separate this cleansing from repentance and faith in Christ. In [[Acts 22:16]], washing is accompanied by &amp;quot;calling on his name&amp;quot;, while Peter taught that everyone who believes in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins through his name ([[Acts 10:43]]). Baptism, repentance, faith and forgiveness are consequently closely associated in the New Testament accounts of conversion.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== United with Christ in his death and resurrection ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the fullest explanations of baptism occurs in [[Romans 6]]:1–11. Paul was responding to the suggestion that God's grace might provide an excuse to continue living in sin. His answer was that the Christian's relationship with sin had fundamentally changed: &amp;quot;Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:3]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul continued: &amp;quot;We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore portrays the Christian as participating in the story of Jesus. Jesus died, was buried and rose again; the believer's old life dies, is buried with Christ, and gives way to a new life lived for God.&lt;br /&gt;
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For Paul, this is more than imagery about a ceremony in the past. It describes the believer's present identity. Those who belong to Christ are to consider themselves &amp;quot;dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:11]]). Baptism therefore points both backwards to what Christ accomplished in his death and resurrection and forwards to the transformed life of the person who now belongs to him.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used similar language in Colossians: &amp;quot;having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God, who raised him from the dead.&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Here baptism, union with Christ and faith are brought together explicitly. The believer is buried and raised with Christ &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; in the power of God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== A new life ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Because baptism represents death and resurrection with Christ, it also represents a decisive change of allegiance and way of life. The person emerging from the water is called to live differently from the person who entered it.&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul developed this implication throughout Romans 6. The believer's &amp;quot;old self&amp;quot; was crucified with Christ so that he or she would no longer be enslaved to sin ([[Romans 6]]:5–7). Christians are therefore to present themselves to God &amp;quot;as those who have been brought from death to life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:13]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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This helps explain the close association between repentance and baptism seen earlier in the New Testament. John's baptism called for &amp;quot;fruit in keeping with repentance&amp;quot; ([[Matthew 3:8]]), and Peter's call at Pentecost began with &amp;quot;Repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Baptism represents a turning from the old life and the beginning of a new life under the lordship of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Putting on Christ ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul used another image for baptism in his letter to the Galatians: &amp;quot;for in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through faith. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27)&lt;br /&gt;
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To be baptised into Christ is described as '''putting on Christ'''. The believer's identity is now found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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The surrounding passage also places baptism within the creation of a new community. Paul continued: &amp;quot;There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3:28]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism therefore has both a personal and a communal dimension. It identifies an individual with Christ, but in doing so it also identifies that person with everyone else who belongs to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptised into one body ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The same idea appears in Paul's first letter to the Corinthians: &amp;quot;For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—Jews or Greeks, slaves or free—and all were made to drink of one Spirit.&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 12:13]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul's emphasis in [[1 Corinthians 12]] is the unity and diversity of the Church as the body of Christ. Christians have different gifts and functions, but they belong to the same body and share the same Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism is therefore not simply a private event between an individual and God. It publicly identifies the believer with Jesus and with the community of those who belong to him. This helps explain why baptism appears so prominently at the beginning of Christian life in Acts: those who were baptised were entering a new life in which they belonged to Christ and joined the community gathered around him.&lt;br /&gt;
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These different images together provide a rich New Testament understanding of baptism. Washing portrays cleansing from sin; burial and resurrection portray union with the death and resurrection of Jesus; new life portrays the transformation that follows; and putting on Christ and entering one body portray a new identity among the people of God. Baptism brings these realities together in a visible act centred upon Jesus Christ and the salvation found in him.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Does baptism save? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the strongest statements about baptism in the New Testament associate it directly with forgiveness, cleansing and salvation. At Pentecost, Peter told his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized... for the forgiveness of your sins&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Ananias told Paul to &amp;quot;be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name&amp;quot; ([[Acts 22:16]]). Most strikingly, Peter wrote that &amp;quot;baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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These passages have contributed to a longstanding disagreement among Christians about the relationship between baptism and salvation. Some Christian traditions understand baptism as a means through which God actually grants regeneration and forgiveness, while others understand baptism as the outward expression of the salvation that God grants through repentance and faith. The disagreement is therefore not over whether baptism is important - the New Testament clearly gives it considerable importance - but over the relationship between the physical act of baptism and the saving work of God that it represents.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== &amp;quot;Baptism... now saves you&amp;quot; ===&lt;br /&gt;
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One of the clearest passages to address this question occurs in [[1 Peter 3]]:18–22. Peter connected Christian baptism with the Flood, when Noah and his family &amp;quot;were brought safely through water.&amp;quot; He then wrote: &amp;quot;Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Taken alone, this statement might appear to teach that the physical application of water brings about salvation. Peter, however, immediately explained what he meant: &amp;quot;not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.&amp;quot; ([[1 Peter 3:21]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Peter therefore distinguishes Christian baptism from an ordinary physical washing. Its saving significance rests ultimately upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ and is associated with an appeal to God. As with the Flood itself, the water forms part of a larger picture of judgement and rescue in which salvation comes from God.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism, repentance and faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The close association between baptism and salvation is particularly visible in Acts because baptism normally occurred immediately after conversion. Peter did not tell the crowd at Pentecost to believe and then consider baptism at some later stage; he called them to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]). Those who received his message were baptised that day ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The same narratives, however, repeatedly identify repentance and faith in Jesus as central to receiving salvation. Peter later proclaimed concerning Jesus: &amp;quot;everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10:43]])&lt;br /&gt;
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Paul and Silas answered the Philippian jailer's question, &amp;quot;What must I do to be saved?&amp;quot; with the instruction, &amp;quot;Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16]]:30–34). Paul similarly teaches that a person is justified by faith ([[Romans 5:1]]) and that salvation is received by confessing Jesus as Lord and believing that God raised him from the dead ([[Romans 10]]:9–13).&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism should therefore not be isolated from the conversion of which it formed a visible part. In the New Testament, repentance, faith, confession of Jesus, baptism, forgiveness, the Holy Spirit and entrance into the Christian community frequently occur together as different aspects of a person's response to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Cornelius and the gift of the Holy Spirit ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The conversion of Cornelius provides particularly important evidence for understanding the relationship between water baptism and salvation. Peter proclaimed to Cornelius and his household that &amp;quot;everyone who believes&amp;quot; in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins ([[Acts 10:43]]). While Peter was still speaking, the Holy Spirit fell upon those who heard the message ([[Acts 10]]:44–46).&lt;br /&gt;
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Only after they had received the Holy Spirit did Peter command them to be baptised: &amp;quot;Can anyone withhold water for baptizing these people, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we have?&amp;quot; ([[Acts 10]]:47–48)&lt;br /&gt;
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The sequence is significant because God had already given the Gentiles the Holy Spirit before their water baptism. When Peter later explained what had happened, he described God as having given them &amp;quot;the same gift&amp;quot; that he had given the Jewish believers and concluded that God had &amp;quot;granted repentance that leads to life&amp;quot; ([[Acts 11]]:15–18).&lt;br /&gt;
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The account therefore makes it difficult to regard the physical application of baptismal water as the moment without which regeneration cannot occur. Cornelius and those with him had responded to the gospel and received God's Spirit before they entered the water. Yet their baptism remained important and was commanded immediately.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Baptism and grace ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The wider teaching of the New Testament places salvation firmly in the grace of God received through faith. Paul writes: &amp;quot;For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God.&amp;quot; ([[Ephesians 2]]:8–9)&lt;br /&gt;
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This does not make baptism unnecessary. Jesus commanded baptism ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20), and the apostles consistently baptised those who responded to the gospel. Rather, it places baptism within the response of faith to God's saving work instead of treating the physical act as a human work that earns salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
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This distinction can also be seen in Paul's discussion of baptism in Colossians. Believers are described as having been buried with Christ in baptism and raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). The power that gives new life belongs to God, the same God who raised Jesus from the dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Different Christian understandings ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Christians have interpreted these passages in several ways. Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions understand baptism as a [[Sacrament]] through which God communicates saving grace. Lutheran theology similarly teaches that baptism is a means of grace and is connected with forgiveness and regeneration. Reformed traditions generally describe baptism as a covenantal sign and seal of God's promises, although they differ from Roman Catholic and Lutheran understandings of baptismal regeneration.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptists and many other evangelical Christians understand baptism primarily as the God-commanded outward expression of repentance and faith. On this understanding, baptism portrays realities that God has already brought about through faith: sins have been forgiven, the believer has been united with Christ, the old life has ended, and a new life has begun. Baptism does not cause these realities through the action of the water, but visibly declares them.&lt;br /&gt;
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This understanding fits particularly well with the pattern seen in Cornelius and with the New Testament's repeated teaching that salvation is received through faith. At the same time, the strength of the New Testament's baptismal language should be retained. Baptism is not presented as an insignificant or optional symbol. Jesus commanded it, the apostles practised it, and the New Testament closely associates it with conversion, cleansing, union with Christ and entrance into the Christian life.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baptism can therefore be understood as the God-commanded outward expression of an inward transformation. The believer is saved by God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ, and baptism publicly portrays that salvation: sin has been washed away, the old life has died with Christ, and a new life has begun through his resurrection.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Who should be baptised? ==&lt;br /&gt;
One of the major disagreements among Christians concerns who should receive baptism. ''Believer's baptism'', sometimes called ''credobaptism'', teaches that baptism should follow an individual's personal repentance and faith in Jesus Christ. ''Infant baptism'', or ''paedobaptism'', teaches that the children of Christian believers may also be baptised as members of the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
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Both traditions appeal to Scripture. The case for believer's baptism rests particularly upon the repeated New Testament pattern in which people heard the gospel, believed or repented, and were then baptised. The case for infant baptism rests particularly upon continuity between the Old and New Testament people of God, the relationship between circumcision and baptism, and the baptism of households in Acts.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The most straightforward examples of baptism in the New Testament involved people who personally responded to God's message. John called people to repentance before baptising them ([[Matthew 3]]:1–10). At Pentecost, Peter called his hearers to &amp;quot;repent and be baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:38]]), and Luke records that &amp;quot;those who received his word were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:41]]).&lt;br /&gt;
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The pattern continued as the gospel spread. In Samaria, people were baptised when they believed Philip's preaching: &amp;quot;But when they believed Philip as he preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8:12]])&lt;br /&gt;
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The Ethiopian eunuch heard Philip explain the good news about Jesus and then requested baptism ([[Acts 8]]:26–40). At Corinth, &amp;quot;many of the Corinthians hearing Paul believed and were baptized&amp;quot; ([[Acts 18:8]]). These accounts repeatedly place baptism after hearing and responding to the gospel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The theological descriptions of baptism also connect it closely with personal faith and repentance. Paul describes those who were buried with Christ in baptism as also being raised with him &amp;quot;through faith in the powerful working of God&amp;quot; ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Similarly, Galatians describes Christians as children of God &amp;quot;through faith&amp;quot; immediately before describing them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Christ&amp;quot; ([[Galatians 3]]:26–27).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For this reason, Baptists and many other evangelical churches understand baptism as an act for those who personally confess faith in Jesus. A person raised within a Christian family may therefore participate fully in the life of the church as a child but is baptised when he or she is able personally to profess repentance and faith in Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Infant baptism and the covenant ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christians who practise infant baptism agree that adults coming to Christianity should be baptised following faith. Their disagreement concerns the children of believers. Infant baptism traditions understand these children as belonging in a particular sense to the covenant community and therefore as appropriate recipients of baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The argument draws heavily upon the Old Testament pattern of God's covenant dealings with families. When God established his covenant with Abraham, circumcision was given as the covenant sign and was administered to male children at eight days old ([[Genesis 17]]:9–14). A child received the sign of belonging to God's covenant people before being old enough personally to profess faith.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament continues to describe Christians using language associated with Abraham and his covenant. Those who belong to Christ are described as Abraham's offspring and heirs according to promise ([[Galatians 3:29]]). Peter's declaration at Pentecost that &amp;quot;the promise is for you and for your children&amp;quot; ([[Acts 2:39]]) has consequently been important within infant Baptist theology.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From this perspective, the inclusion of children within God's covenant people did not simply disappear with the coming of Christ. Baptism is therefore understood as the New Testament covenant sign that may appropriately be given to the children of believers, with the expectation that they will later personally embrace the faith into which they have been raised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Circumcision and baptism ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An important passage in this discussion is [[Colossians 2]]:11–12, where Paul placed circumcision and baptism alongside one another: &amp;quot;In him also you were circumcised with a circumcision made without hands... having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infant baptism theology has often understood this passage as supporting continuity between circumcision and baptism: circumcision marked membership in the Old Covenant community, while baptism marks membership in the New Covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Advocates of believer's baptism interpret the passage differently. Paul specifically describes a '''&amp;quot;circumcision made without hands&amp;quot;''', suggesting an inward spiritual transformation rather than simply replacing one physical covenant sign with another. He also describes those who were buried and raised with Christ in baptism as being raised '''&amp;quot;through faith.&amp;quot;''' On this reading, the passage connects baptism with the spiritual circumcision experienced by believers rather than establishing baptism as a direct replacement for infant circumcision.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passage therefore provides a genuine connection between the imagery of circumcision and baptism, but Christians disagree over what that connection implies concerning the baptism of infants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Household baptisms ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several passages in Acts record the baptism of households rather than simply individuals. Lydia was baptised &amp;quot;and her household as well&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:15]]). The Philippian jailer &amp;quot;was baptized at once, he and all his family&amp;quot; ([[Acts 16:33]]). Paul also recalled baptising the household of Stephanas ([[1 Corinthians 1:16]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These accounts have played an important role in the case for infant baptism. A household in the ancient world could include children and dependants - the household language fits naturally with the inclusion of children within the covenant community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passages do not, however, explicitly mention infants. In the account of the Philippian jailer, Paul and Silas spoke &amp;quot;the word of the Lord&amp;quot; to everyone in his house ([[Acts 16:32]]), and the household subsequently rejoiced in connection with belief in God ([[Acts 16:34]]). Elsewhere, Paul describes the household of Stephanas as having &amp;quot;devoted themselves to the service of the saints&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 16:15]]). Advocates of believer's baptism therefore understand these passages as entirely consistent with households in which those capable of hearing and believing the gospel were baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ultimately, the household accounts do not tell us the ages of every person who was baptised. They therefore provide evidence that baptism could involve whole households, but do not by themselves establish whether infants were included.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Children and the people of God ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus' welcome of children also forms part of the wider discussion. When people brought children to him, the disciples attempted to stop them, but Jesus said: &amp;quot;Let the children come to me; do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of God.&amp;quot; ([[Mark 10]]:13–16)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The passage does not concern baptism, and Jesus did not baptise the children. It nevertheless demonstrates that children have a genuine place within the community surrounding Jesus and should not be regarded as spiritually unimportant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul similarly addressed children directly as members of Christian congregations ([[Ephesians 6]]:1–3; [[Colossians 3]]:20) and described the children of even one Christian parent as &amp;quot;holy&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 7:14]]). Such passages may support the inclusion of believers' children within the visible covenant community. However, this does not necessarily mean that infants or children should be baptised.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The central point of disagreement ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament never explicitly records an infant being baptised. Its detailed accounts of baptism repeatedly connect baptism with hearing the gospel, repentance and faith. This provides the principal biblical basis for the practice of believer's baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time, the New Testament never directly states that the children of believers must be excluded from baptism. Christians who practise infant baptism understand the continuity of God's covenant promises, the place of believers' children within the people of God, the connection between circumcision and baptism, and the household baptisms as together providing a theological basis for the practice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The disagreement therefore reflects a larger question about the relationship between the Old and New Covenants and the nature of the visible Church. The repeated New Testament pattern however provides a clear guide: the gospel is heard, the individual responds in repentance and faith, and baptism follows as the public expression of belonging to Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== How should baptism be performed? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Christians have also differed over how water should be applied in baptism. Baptism may be performed by immersion, in which the person is lowered into water; pouring, in which water is poured over the person; or sprinkling. Baptists and many other evangelical churches normally practise immersion, while other Christian traditions commonly use pouring or sprinkling.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The meaning of the word baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The English words &amp;quot;baptise&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot; come from the Greek words '''βαπτίζω''' (''baptizō'', &amp;quot;to baptise&amp;quot;) and '''βάπτισμα''' (''baptisma'', &amp;quot;baptism&amp;quot;). See the [[Koine Greek]] articles on [[Greek:907:βαπτίζω|greek:907:βαπτίζω]] and [[Greek:908:βάπτισμα|greek:908:βάπτισμα]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The verb ''baptizō'' can refer to dipping or immersing something in water, but its use in the New Testament and other ancient Greek writings is broader than simply describing a particular method of applying water. Related words are also used for ritual washings. Mark, for example, refers to Jewish practices involving the &amp;quot;washing&amp;quot; of cups, pots and other objects ([[Mark 7]]:3–4).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The meaning of the Greek word therefore supports an association between baptism and washing or immersion, but the method of Christian baptism should not be determined from the word's etymology alone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism by immersion ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several New Testament accounts fit naturally with baptism by immersion. John baptised people in the Jordan River ([[Mark 1]]:4–5), and the Gospel of John records that John was baptising at Aenon &amp;quot;because water was plentiful there&amp;quot; ([[John 3:23]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch provides another example. After coming to some water, the eunuch asked Philip, &amp;quot;See, here is water! What prevents me from being baptized?&amp;quot; Luke then records: &amp;quot;they both went down into the water, Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And when they came up out of the water...&amp;quot; ([[Acts 8]]:36–39)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The description is consistent with immersion, although going down into and coming up out of the water does not by itself establish exactly how Philip applied the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The strongest argument for immersion comes from the meaning baptism is given in Paul's letters. In [[Romans 6]]:3–4, Paul describes baptism as being buried with Christ and then rising to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life.&amp;quot; Similarly, believers are described as having been &amp;quot;buried with him in baptism&amp;quot; and raised with him through faith ([[Colossians 2:12]]). Immersion provides a particularly clear physical picture of this movement from death and burial to resurrection and new life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For these reasons, Baptists and Eastern Orthodox Christians generally practise full immersion, regarding it as a form of baptism that closely reflects both the New Testament examples and its symbolism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pouring and sprinkling ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other Christians do not understand the New Testament as requiring immersion. Water had long been used for purification in different ways within the biblical story, including both washing and sprinkling. Ezekiel's promise of spiritual cleansing, for example, used the language: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean from all your uncleannesses.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36:25]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament does not give detailed instructions concerning the amount of water required for baptism or explicitly state that baptism is invalid unless the entire body is submerged. Churches that practise pouring or sprinkling therefore understand the water itself, rather than the quantity or precise method of its application, as the essential outward sign.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Early Christian practice also shows some flexibility. The ''[[Text:Didache|text:Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century, preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot; or running water but allowed other water to be used. If sufficient water was unavailable, it instructed: &amp;quot;pour water three times on the head in the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This provides early evidence that Christians regarded pouring as an acceptable alternative when immersion or baptism in a larger body of water was impractical.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The significance of the water ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The New Testament places considerably more emphasis on the meaning of baptism than upon the precise amount of water used. Baptism portrays cleansing from sin, death and resurrection with Christ, and the beginning of a new life. It is performed in obedience to Jesus and in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Baptism through church history ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was an established part of Christian life from the beginning of the Church. The book of Acts records new believers being baptised throughout the expansion of the gospel, and early Christian writings outside the New Testament show that the practice continued in the generations that followed. These writings also provide evidence of developing practices and theological interpretations concerning baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Didache ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the earliest Christian descriptions of how baptism was performed occurs in the ''[[Text:Didache|text:Didache]]'', probably written in the late first or early second century. Its instructions closely followed the Trinitarian language of the Great Commission: &amp;quot;Baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.&amp;quot; (''Didache'' 7.1)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ''Didache'' preferred baptism in &amp;quot;living&amp;quot;, or running, water. If this was unavailable, other water could be used, and if there was insufficient water for immersion, water could be poured three times over the person's head (''Didache'' 7.1–3). It also instructed the person being baptised and the person performing the baptism to fast beforehand if possible (''Didache'' 7.4).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The account shows that baptism was already treated as an important and deliberate act of Christian discipleship, while some flexibility existed concerning how the water was applied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and preparation for faith ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the second and third centuries, surviving Christian writings provide increasingly detailed descriptions of baptism. Converts were commonly instructed in the Christian faith before being baptised, particularly as Christianity expanded among people who had previously followed pagan religions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Justin Martyr|person:Justin Martyr]], writing in Rome around AD 150, described people who had become convinced of Christian teaching and had undertaken to live accordingly. They prayed and fasted before being brought to water and baptised &amp;quot;in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; (''[[Text:First Apology|text:First Apology]]'' 61). Justin closely associated baptism with repentance, forgiveness and the beginning of a new life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early third century, Tertullian wrote an entire work on the subject, ''[[Text:On Baptism|text:On Baptism]]''. He regarded baptism as closely connected with forgiveness and salvation, while also emphasising the seriousness of the commitment being made.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The emergence of infant baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The precise origins of infant baptism are difficult to establish. The New Testament records the baptism of households but never explicitly states that an infant was baptised. Early post-New Testament evidence is also less clear than the evidence for the baptism of converts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early third century, however, infant baptism was certainly being practised. Tertullian discussed the practice and argued that baptism of young children should normally be delayed (''On Baptism'' 18). His objection is important historically because it demonstrates that the baptism of children was already occurring, even though he did not favour it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Around the same period, Hippolytus' ''[[Text:Apostolic Tradition|text:Apostolic Tradition]]'' describes children being baptised, with parents or other relatives answering on behalf of children who were unable to answer for themselves (''Apostolic Tradition'' 21). The exact authorship and development of this text are debated, but it provides evidence for the baptism of children in the early Christian centuries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infant baptism subsequently became increasingly widespread. By the fourth and fifth centuries, it was well established within the Church and became closely connected with the developing doctrine of original sin. [[Augustine|person:Augustine]] of Hippo strongly defended infant baptism and understood it as necessary because infants, like all human beings, shared in the sin of Adam and required the grace given through baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Baptism and the creeds ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As Christian doctrine was expressed more formally in the early creeds, baptism remained closely associated with the Church's confession of faith. The [[Nicene Creed|Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of AD 381 declares: &amp;quot;We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The creed places this confession within its wider profession of faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. This reflects the Trinitarian baptism commanded by Jesus in [[Matthew 28:19]] and practised by Christians from the earliest period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism was therefore closely connected with both Christian identity and Christian belief. To be baptised was to identify publicly with Jesus Christ and with the community that confessed the Christian faith.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Reformation and believer's baptism ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the sixteenth century, the major Reformers rejected many medieval teachings and practices but retained infant baptism. Martin Luther affirmed baptism as a means of grace through which God offers forgiveness and salvation. The Reformed tradition associated baptism particularly with God's covenant promises and understood infant baptism in continuity with the circumcision of children under the Old Covenant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More radical reformers challenged this. The [[Anabaptists]] argued that the New Testament pattern was baptism following personal repentance and faith. In 1525, members of the emerging Swiss Brethren baptised one another upon professions of faith, rejecting their earlier infant baptisms as invalid. Their opponents consequently called them &amp;quot;Anabaptists&amp;quot;, meaning &amp;quot;rebaptisers&amp;quot;, although the Anabaptists themselves did not regard the baptism of a professing believer as a second baptism because they did not consider their infant baptisms to have been true Christian baptism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The later [[Baptist]] movement similarly taught believer's baptism, although Baptists emerged historically from the English Separatist movement rather than simply being a continuation of the continental Anabaptists. Baptists came to practise baptism by full immersion and understood it as an act of obedience following personal faith in Jesus Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conclusion ==&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism draws together themes that run throughout the biblical story. Water is associated with judgement and rescue, washing and cleansing, death and new life. These themes developed throughout the Old Testament and came together in the death and resurrection of Jesus and the new life he gives to those who trust in him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Flood, God judged a world corrupted by sin while Noah and his family were brought safely through the waters ([[Genesis 6]]–[[Genesis 9]]). Peter explicitly connects their rescue through water with Christian baptism ([[1 Peter 3]]:20–21). Baptism therefore carries an image of passing through judgement into salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Exodus, Israel had been enslaved in Egypt until God rescued his people. They passed through the Red Sea, left their slavery behind and began a new life as God's people ([[Exodus 14]]). Paul describes them as having been &amp;quot;baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea&amp;quot; ([[1 Corinthians 10]]:1–2). The pattern of slavery, water, freedom and new life anticipates the New Testament description of believers being freed from slavery to sin and raised to a new life in Christ ([[Romans 6]]:1–14).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The prophets used the imagery of water to describe the deeper cleansing that God's people needed. David had prayed to be washed from his sin ([[Psalm 51]]:1–7), and Isaiah called Israel to wash and make themselves clean ([[Isaiah 1]]:16–18). Ezekiel looked forward to a greater work of God: &amp;quot;I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you shall be clean... And I will give you a new heart, and a new spirit I will put within you.&amp;quot; ([[Ezekiel 36]]:25–27)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The promise brings together cleansing, a new heart and the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When John the Baptist appeared at the Jordan, he called Israel to repentance and baptised those who confessed their sins ([[Matthew 3]]:1–12). Yet John pointed beyond his own baptism with water to Jesus: &amp;quot;He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit&amp;quot; ([[Mark 1:8]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus himself was baptised, passed through the waters of the Jordan and then entered the wilderness for forty days ([[Matthew 3]]:13–[[Matthew 4]]:11). In doing so, he retraced important parts of Israel's story. Yet where Israel had repeatedly failed to trust and obey God, Jesus remained faithful. At his baptism, the Spirit descended upon him and the Father declared him to be his beloved Son.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus ultimately accomplished the salvation towards which these earlier events pointed through his death and resurrection. The New Testament therefore explains Christian baptism in terms of being united with him. The believer is buried with Christ through baptism and raised to &amp;quot;walk in newness of life&amp;quot; ([[Romans 6:4]]). The movement through the water portrays the movement from the old life to the new: death gives way to life, slavery to freedom, uncleanness to cleansing, and judgement to salvation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After his resurrection, Jesus commanded his followers to make disciples of all nations and baptise them in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit ([[Matthew 28]]:18–20). As the gospel subsequently moved from Jerusalem to the nations, those who responded in repentance and faith were baptised. Jews, Samaritans and Gentiles were brought together as one people belonging to Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baptism therefore has its fullest meaning within the whole story of God's salvation. It looks back to the biblical images of water, cleansing and rescue and ultimately to the death and resurrection of Jesus. It portrays the believer's sins being washed away, the old life dying with Christ and a new life beginning through him. It also looks forward to a life of following Jesus as part of his people, empowered by the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The water itself is simple, but what it represents is profound: God rescues, God cleanses, God gives new life, and God calls those he has saved to follow Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism Wikipedia - Baptism]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Suicide_(discussion)&amp;diff=1115035</id>
		<title>Suicide (discussion)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Suicide_(discussion)&amp;diff=1115035"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T14:04:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Depression is a serious mental illness. For someone to suggest that suicide is a mortal sin and condemn it is ridiculous. Just as a cancer destroys the lungs or liver etc. depression wears away the mind; just as cancer eventually overcomes a patient, without sufficient treatment, so too does depression - those who suffer from depression are not at liberty to choose their fate. {{unsigned|Jjon58}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Suicide]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Discussion]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Alpha_course_(discussion)&amp;diff=1115034</id>
		<title>Alpha course (discussion)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Alpha_course_(discussion)&amp;diff=1115034"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T14:04:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Blanked the page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Forgotten_(song)&amp;diff=1115033</id>
		<title>Forgotten (song)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Forgotten_(song)&amp;diff=1115033"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T14:03:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;composed in 1997.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lyrics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lord, don't ever let me forget&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Those early days when we first met&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then fire burnt within my heart&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I never wanted us to part&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yet time has passed and I forget&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That you love me and payed by debt&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How can it be&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That you've stayed with me&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Through all I've done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Against your son&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I have not served, I have not learnt&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I have not loved, and I have turned&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lord as I sing I am ashamed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is Jesus that I have maimed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On that Friday I was guilty&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I drove those nails into that tree&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yet time has passed and this I know&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That he loves me, and helps me grow&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I can't describe the peace he gives&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But this I'll do as I live&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I'll try to serve, I'll try to learn&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I'll try to love, and not to turn&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christian music]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Old_Believers_(discussion)&amp;diff=1115032</id>
		<title>Old Believers (discussion)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Old_Believers_(discussion)&amp;diff=1115032"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T14:02:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Blanked the page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Travelogue:_Wittenberg_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115031</id>
		<title>Travelogue: Wittenberg (G.G.)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Travelogue:_Wittenberg_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115031"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:54:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;''From May 28, 2004''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wittenburg_church_door_gg.jpg|thumb|right|The door where Luther nailed his 95 Theses]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Wittenberg]] | [[Reformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Lutheranism]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Travelogue:_Mount_Sina_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115030</id>
		<title>Travelogue: Mount Sina (G.G.)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Travelogue:_Mount_Sina_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115030"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:53:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Replaced content with &amp;quot;''From July 17, 2004''  Sunrise at Mount Sinai  ----  {{returnto}} Mount Sinai&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;''From July 17, 2004''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Mount_sinai.jpg|thumb|Sunrise at Mount Sinai]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Mount Sinai]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=The_Way_(song)&amp;diff=1115029</id>
		<title>The Way (song)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=The_Way_(song)&amp;diff=1115029"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:51:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;composed in 1998. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lyrics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A child lies dying, by her father's hand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wife is crying, hit by her husband&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What can I do, what can I say?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How can these four find peace, what is the way?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
A land of beauty, yet of war&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Is this all, or is the more?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A land so quiet who can hear?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gentle whisper in his ear?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
A man sleeps on the street, drink by his side&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But this won't ease his pain, it just helps him hide&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What can I do, what can I say?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How can this man find peace, who is the way?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
A land of beauty, yet of shame&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This land cries out for Jesus reign&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For he brings peace despite out pain&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When we call upon his name&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
A child of God looks up, God's son looks down&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This child has found peace, within this town&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What did he do, what did he say?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How did he find peace? He found the way&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jesus, what should I do, what should I say&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I must proclaim you Lord - the only way&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christian Music]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=You_Are_the_One_(lyrics)&amp;diff=1115028</id>
		<title>You Are the One (lyrics)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=You_Are_the_One_(lyrics)&amp;diff=1115028"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:48:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, the giver of life&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, the one who makes us right&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, who takes all my sin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, who welcomes me in&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You came to earth to live for me the perfect life&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dying upon the cross to give the perfect sacrifice&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rising to make us new like you, born again&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To live eternally with you, to be new men&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You walked the earth, became just like me&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And by your life, you taught me to see&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the man, who gave a blind man sight&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And the same Lord, who said, &amp;quot;Let there be light&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You came to earth to live for me the perfect life&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dying upon the cross to give the perfect sacrifice&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rising to make us new like you, born again&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To live eternally with you, to be new men&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, the giver of life life&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, the one who makes us right&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[You Are the One (song)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=You_Are_the_One_(song)&amp;diff=1115027</id>
		<title>You Are the One (song)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=You_Are_the_One_(song)&amp;diff=1115027"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:46:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt; composed in 2005.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lyrics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, the giver of life&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, the one who makes us right&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, who takes all my sin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, who welcomes me in&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You came to earth to live for me the perfect life&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dying upon the cross to give the perfect sacrifice&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rising to make us new like you, born again&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To live eternally with you, to be new men&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
You walked the earth, became just like me&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And by your life, you taught me to see&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the man, who gave a blind man sight&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And the same Lord, who said, &amp;quot;Let there be light&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You came to earth to live for me the perfect life&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dying upon the cross to give the perfect sacrifice&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rising to make us new like you, born again&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To live eternally with you, to be new men&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, the giver of life life&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are the one, the one who makes us right&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christian music]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=One_Week_(lyrics)&amp;diff=1115026</id>
		<title>One Week (lyrics)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=One_Week_(lyrics)&amp;diff=1115026"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:45:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
One week can change the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was heaven, now its hell&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You had your dreams and had made your plans&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Everything was going so well&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You were so care free before&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now it seems there's nothing more&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You thought you couldn't bear&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not knowing what was there&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But now you know how can you cope&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now it seems that there's no hope&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One week can change the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A single fact can change you girl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
No where to run, no where to hide&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This grows within, it's deep inside&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can't deny it, you know it's true&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know death's coming and there's nothing you can do&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One week can change the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A single death can change you girl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
No need to run, no need to hide&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He comes within, he lives inside&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He won't deny you, just believe he's true&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Your life's eternal and there's nothing you need to do&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These seven days, Jesus wept too&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These seven days, he's wept with you&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[One Week (song)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Tragedy_of_Solomon_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115025</id>
		<title>Tragedy of Solomon (G.G.)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Tragedy_of_Solomon_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115025"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:44:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{opinionarticle}}&lt;br /&gt;
''May 2007''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{box | text=The following is a 500 word essay answering the question: Read 1 Kings and Assess the statement: &amp;quot;The reign of King Solomon can be seen as both a blessing and a tragedy for Israel&amp;quot;?}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Solomon's rule as king of Israel initially brought blessing to his people, however the end product of his reign was tragedy for Israel. The First Book of Kings, much more so than 2 Chronicles&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;V.P. Long, T. Longman, I. Provan I. A Biblical History of Israel. (Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003), 255&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, presents a portrait of a young man who was filled with humility and wisdom, but over time lost his trust in a sovereign God through the pleasures and politics of the world&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;P.T. Culbertson. Living Portraits from the Old Testament. (Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press, 1978), 18&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Perhaps the most revealing mark against Solomon was his worship of the pagan gods of his wives in the place of a steadfast love and obedience to God (1 Kings 11:1-6). As God's chosen king, Solomon was a role model for the people of Israel, and so his turning away from God truly was a tragedy for the people. It was also a disaster for the unified nation of Israel because of God's response to tear part of the kingdom away from the house of David (1 Kings 9:11).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Solomon's wisdom in his early reign was a great blessing for Israel. Solomon showed wisdom in asking God for a discerning heart&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;J.O, Sanders. People just like us. (Chicago: Moody Press, 1978), 93&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (1 Kings 3:9). With this wisdom, Solomon brought justice and blessing to the people. An example of this is clearly seen in his wise determining of a child's true mother in 1 Kings 3. In wisdom, Solomon also brought blessings of great poetry and timeless proverbs to the people&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Culbertson. Living Portraits, 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Yet as Solomon became older, 1 Kings shows that he faltered in terms of personal wisdom, and was disobedient to God's command to &amp;quot;walk in my [God's] ways&amp;quot; (1 Kings 3:14).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Solomon brought the apparent blessing of economic prosperity&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Long et al, Biblical History, 248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; to Israel (1 Kings 10:23) with enormous trade and wealth (1 Kings 10:14). However, much of this was a blessing to Solomon and his household rather than for the people of Israel. After Solomon's death the people cried out for a &amp;quot;lighter yoke&amp;quot; than the one Solomon had ruled them with (1 Kings 12:4) revealing that they did not consider this prosperity a blessing for them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under Solomon's administration, the temple was built. This was a great blessing to Israel, acting as a focal point for the worship of God. An example of this focus on God is seen at the dedication of the temple, when the people of Israel were reminded of the requirement of faithfulness to God (1 Kings 8:66). In some respects, this was somewhat a transient focus on God&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sanders. People like us, 97&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Additionally, many Israelites were conscripted into forced labour (1 Kings 5:13) and taxes were high&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Culbertson. Living Portraits, 16&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; whilst the temple and Solomon’s palace were built.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the reign of Solomon, Israel was mostly blessed with relative peace and stability&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sanders. People like us, 95&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and the people lived in safety (1 Kings 4:24-25). Much of this peace was achieved through clever political dealings&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;J. Bright. A History of Israel. (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1959), 191 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, some of which was contrary to God's wisdom. In particular, Solomon married many foreign wives against God's expressed will (1 Kings 11:2). He had seven hundred royal wives (1 Kings 11:3), revealing that he did not seriously consider God's commands for Israel's kings (Deuteronomy 17:17). 1 Kings reveals that these wives ultimately led him away from God and turned his heart to the pagan gods of the nations around Israel (1 Kings 11:1-6). Solomon built high places to many of these gods&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Long et al, Biblical History, 255&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. This was a terrible tragedy for the people, who may also have been influenced by this idolatry, and turned away from God. 1 Kings links this &amp;quot;late slide into apostasy with increasing [foreign and domestic] opposition&amp;quot; to Solomon&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Long et al, Biblical History, 257&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Solomon's death, the kingdom was torn into two&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;D. Alexander., P. Alexander. The New Lion Handbook to the Bible. (Oxford: Lion Publishing, 1999), 285&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. 1 Kings reveals that God had determined to do this because of his anger that Solomon had turned to other gods (1 Kings 11:9-13). This divided kingdom was Solomon's lasting legacy to the people of Israel. If the events that occurred after Solomon's death show the measure of his work, then ultimately, despite its many blessings, his reign was a tragedy for Israel.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=The_death_penalty_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115024</id>
		<title>The death penalty (G.G.)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=The_death_penalty_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115024"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:41:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Blanked the page&lt;/p&gt;
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		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Luke_10_-_What_is_love%3F_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115023</id>
		<title>Luke 10 - What is love? (G.G.)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Luke_10_-_What_is_love%3F_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115023"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:39:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Blanked the page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Church_History_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115022</id>
		<title>Church History (G.G.)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Church_History_(G.G.)&amp;diff=1115022"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:36:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{rtoc}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{opinionarticle}}, December 2003, []&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Introduction==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;What religion are you?&amp;quot; asked my friend.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Christian&amp;quot; I replied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Yes, but what are you? Anglican? Catholic? Lutheran?&amp;quot; he persisted.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Simply Christian&amp;quot;. But to satisfy him, I continued, &amp;quot;But I attend an Anglican church currently.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Have you ever wondered why people are so intent on knowing which particular &amp;quot;brand&amp;quot; of Christianity a person belongs to? Have you ever wondered why there are so many Christian denominations?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What are the main denominational categories?==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although there is only one universal Christian Church, it is clear that there are hundreds of Christian [[denominations]] or churches. These denominations have formed and divided since the time of Christ, because Christians have had differences in beliefs and practices. Today, they can be grouped into 6 main groups, with some amount of overlap&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Eastern Orthodox churches]]'' - These include the [[Greek Orthodox|Greek]] and [[Russian Orthodox]] churches. They trace their roots closely back to the apostles, and claim that their teaching has remained unchanged over time. There is a strong link between religion, culture and country in these churches. For example, Greek people that have migrated to Australia tend to remain within the Greek Orthodox Church because they feel this church is part of their culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Eastern Oriental churches]]'' - These include the [[Coptic church|Coptic]], [[Syrian church|Syrian]] and [[Armenian Orthodox]] churches. They, also like the Eastern Orthodox church, trace their roots closely back to the apostles and claim their teachings have not changed over the centuries. They split from the rest of the Church in the 5th century AD over the issue of the nature of Christ's divinity and humanity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''The [[Roman Catholic Church]]'' - This church is closely related to the Orthodox churches. It teaches that it was instituted by Christ through the [[apostle Peter]] and that the church leadership has been passed down through the popes, without error entering the church. It is the main denomination in southern Europe, especially Italy and Spain, and in South America.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Conservative [[Protestant churches]]'' - These churches, of which there are hundreds of denominations, are connected with [[Martin Luther]] and the [[Reformation]] in the 16th century, when the teachings of the Catholic Church were seriously questioned. They hold the [[Bible]] as the final authority and try to avoid additional teachings that are not directly found in the Bible.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Pentecostal churches]]'' - These churches have formed within the last 100 years. They are closely related to conservative Protestant churches, however, they have a special emphasis on talking in tongues and experiencing the Holy Spirit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Liberal churches'' - These are churches (mostly Protestant) in which there has been a gradual decline in the importance of biblical teaching although they do tend to place a strong emphasis on social justice, gender equality and inclusion. All mainstream Protestant denominations have had some of their churches tend towards liberalism. Liberal churches of different denominations now have more in common than a liberal than a s conservative church within the same denomination.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==An overview of the formation of different denominations - a brief Church history==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The history of how these church denominations arose is told differently by different denominations. The Orthodox Church teach that their beliefs and practices have been handed down directly from the apostles of [[Jesus]] to the church leaders and have remained unchanged within their church, and that other churches have broken away from them. The Roman Catholic Church teaches the same. The conservative Protestant churches tend to teach that the Orthodox and Catholic churches slowly over centuries added layers of tradition and beliefs into their teachings with deviation from the Bible and words of Jesus, and that the Reformation marked the turning point when Christians returned to God's word.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The early Church==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Jesus was resurrected and appeared to His disciples, His believers began to live together in communities where their whole lives were dedicated to Christ. The apostles went as messengers of the [[Gospel]] to Jews and non-Jews throughout the known world. The book of the Acts describes this early evangelism, and the letters written by the apostles show us that the churches throughout the regions remained in contact with each other.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Persecution to state religion==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the early centuries, the Roman Empire ruled supreme, and great persecution of Christians occurred by its hand. Christians would not bow before the Emperor, nor sacrifice to him. Christians seemed secretive and cult-like to some. They were murdered by their thousands throughout the Empire, yet their numbers grew and missionaries continued to spread the Gospel. Many Christians would die before denying Christ. The message of Christianity had spread from Britain to India with 60 million becoming Christians within 300 years of Christ's birth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the year AD 324 the Roman [[Emperor Constantine]] became a Christian and declared Christianity to be the official state religion. From this time onwards in Europe, the Christian religion became increasingly tied to the state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Creeds==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Theological debate about the nature of Jesus and the Holy Spirit led to several councils (meetings) out of which core beliefs were stated - the creeds. It was at was one of these counils (The [[council of Chalcedon]]) that the Eastern Oriental churches split from the wider church community over a disagreement regarding the nature of Christ -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Western and eastern drift==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Initially all the churches were considered equal, and tended to elect one elder in authority over all the other church members. This elder was called the ruling bishop. As the number of churches grew, local churches were grouped in divisions, and authority over the entire division was given to the bishop of the largest church in the largest city. Leaders began promoting the belief that the apostles had given special authority to certain churches and their leaders - a concept known as apostolic succession. In the fourth and fifth centuries the bishops of Rome began to claim primacy among all bishops - first among equals. They declared that the bishop of Rome was the successor of the apostle Simon Peter, who they believed was given a unique mandate from Christ. The churches of the East (in Greece and the Middle East) never recognized this claim. [[Leo I]] in the fifth century was the first bishop of Rome to be given the title [[pope]], meaning father.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Developing beliefs==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Around this time, beliefs about the seven [[sacraments]], [[baptism|baptismal regeneration]], [[transubstantiation]], [[purgatory]], the [[veneration of saints]], the observance of [[Christmas]], and the naming of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] as mother of God and queen of Heaven became widespread.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Islam enters==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the eighth and ninth century, [[Islam]] spread through the the Middle East and northern Africa. An Arabian man named Mohammad founded the new faith after he claimed to have been given the word of God by an angel of God. These words are now found in the Quran. His followers were known as Muslims, and they formed a powerful army that spread Islam with the sword. The rise of Islam greatly reduced numbers in the churches of the East.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Missionaries to Russia==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the late ninth century, two Greek Orthodox Christians were sent to Russia as missionaries upon the invitation of the prince of Moravia. They had a profound influence on the population, bringing writing and the alphabet along with Christianity. The Christians of Russia remain linked today within the union of the Orthodox churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The 1054 split==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In AD 1054 the formal split (called the [[Great Schism]]) between the church of Rome (the Roman Catholic Church) and the eastern churches (the Greek and other Orthodox churches) occurred. A number of issues led to the split, where the Roman pope excommunicated the Orthodox patriarch, and vice-versa. The main issue causing the split was opposing views to the question Did the [[Holy Spirit]] proceed from the [[God the Father|Father]] and the [[Jesus|Son]], or from the Father alone? Other issues included marriage of bishops, the requirement of bishop to have beards, the correct time to observe [[Easter]], and the requirement of the bishop of Constantinople to recognize the pope as the highest authority.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Crusades]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the years following this, the members of the Church turned their attention to the growing perceived threat of Islam. A series of bloody and futile wars were fought with Christian crusaders invading the newly acquired Muslim territory in the name of the Cross. In 1453, the city of Constantinople fell in battle to the Muslim Turkish army greatly weakening the Eastern Orthodox Church.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inquisition and Reformation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the Middle Ages, a group of Christians called the [[Waldenses]] arose. They rejected the final authority of the Roman Catholic Church. Instead they preached a personal faith in Jesus Christ was essential, with authority resting on the Bible, and encouraged each member of the Church to hear or read the Bible in his own language. This group was heavily persecuted by the Roman Church. In 1229, the Roman Synod forbid lay people to have Bibles in their native languages.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the following centuries, their arose a terrible environment of fear and torture. The [[Inquisition]] was established in which thousands of Christians were tortured and executed for believing or practicing differently from the official teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During this time, the practice of buying [[indulgences]] became prominent in the Roman Catholic Church. [[Thomas Aquinas]] in the thirteenth century had taught that Christians could merit forgiveness of sins through penance or giving money to the Church. Through this the Christian could avoid some of the punishment awaiting him in purgatory. A number of prominent Christians questioned the teaching of [[purgatory]] and indulgences, culminating in 1517, when a German named [[Martin Luther]] circulated his [[Luther's 95 Theses|91 theses]] disputing indulgences. This marked the start of the [[Reformation]] and the [[Lutheran church|Protestant Church]], which was adopted in Germany, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The ideas behind the Reformation in Germany were quickly taken up by Christian leaders around Europe with the formation of the Swiss [[Presbyterian Church]], the [[Church of England]], and the Scottish Presbyterian Church. In the Netherlands, the [[Anabaptist Church]] predominated which advocated [[believer's baptism]], pacifism and separation of Church and state and in France one-sixth of the population became [[Huguenot]] Protestants. The Protestant Churches taught that the Bible had sole absolute authority, that every believer could come to God the Father through Christ without the need for a priest, and that justification was through faith alone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To counteract the Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church called a [[Council of Trent|council at Trent]]. Here it affirmed traditional Catholic beliefs, including Bible and tradition having equal authority, justification through faith plus works plus the sacraments administered by priests, and that the Roman Church had sole authority to interpret Scripture and matters of faith.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the century following the Reformation, there was bloody persecution and wars between Protestant and Catholic Christians. With the peace treaty ending the [[30 year war]] in 1648, most persecution ended. Northern Europe remained largely Protestant and southern Europe mostly Catholic. The Orthodox churches of South-East Europe and the Middle East had not been involved in this conflict.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==World-wide spread==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Christianity came to America with its European colonization. Where the Spanish and Portuguese invaded and settled in South and central America, Roman Catholicism became predominant. A mixture of local superstitions blended into Catholic teaching producing a unique South American style of Catholicism with the veneration of Mary and saints particularly noticeable today. In North America, the British brought the Anglican and Baptist churches. Other Protestant Christians journeyed to Northern Europe forming Lutheran and [[Mennonite]] Anabaptist congregations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the nineteenth century, with this new religious freedom in northern Europe and North America, many new Christian movements developed. [[William Booth]] founded the [[Salvation Army]] in England, a Protestant denomination with an emphasis on social justice. The Gideon's were founded in 1899 and became a world-wide organization to distribute free Bibles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Along with the development of these Christian organizations came a growing belief, especially in evangelical Christians in Britain, that it was their duty to call sinners throughout the world to Christ. A few generations previously, Christians had been calling for an end to slavery of Africans. Now they were calling for missionaries to go to the homes of those people who had been made slaves and to preach the Gospel. Missionaries went throughout the the colonies of the European powers and Christianity was adopted by large numbers of people in Africa, and smaller numbers of people in India and South East Asia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The twentieth century==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The start of the twentieth century was marked by the beginning of the charismatic or [[Pentecostal]] movement. On December 26 in 1900, a small group of Christians in the United States who had been praying and reading the Bible came away from their meeting saying they had been filled with the Holy Spirit and had spoken in tongues. This movement rapidly spread throughout both the United States and the developing world, spawning hundreds of Pentecostal denominations, the largest being the Assemblies of God. Though initially separate from the traditional churches, since the 1960's there has been an enthusiastic permeation of the charismatic movement into many Roman Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox churches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Eastern Europe and Russia, Christians were heavily persecuted by communist dictatorships. With the fall of communism, the Eastern Orthodox churches have begun to openly flourish again. In Western Europe, interest in Christianity and personal faith with Christ has fallen and it has become perhaps the most secular region in the world, with most people Christian in name only. In the Third World the number of Christians has been growing exponentially. For the first time in history, there are more Christians in Africa and Asia than in traditionally Christian countries. Significant numbers of Roman Catholic, Protestant and Pentecostal churches have all been established in these continents, and numerous independent churches also continue to be formed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There has been a growing spirit of ecumenism within many mainstream denominations in the later half of the century. Numerous Protestant churches have joined together forming the Uniting Church, and the Catholic and Orthodox churches have been meeting and discussing the possibility of restoring their link. However, despite a growing hope of unity, the doctrinal differences have also been growing. In the nineteenth century various teachings have become official Roman Catholic dogma including papal infallibility and the immaculate conception and sinlessness of Mary extending the gulf between Rome, the Orthodox churches and the Protestant churches. Within the Protestant churches there is also growing gaps between liberal and conservative biblical beliefs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1962, the pope called the [[Second Vatican Council]]. There were some sweeping changes brought about by this council including allowing and encouraging the laity to read the Bible and permitting the [[Mass]] to be conducted in the vernacular. However, much of the core teaching of the Catholic church was reaffirmed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the later half of the century, the Protestant churches began to divide on several issues causing a split into conservative evangelical congregations and liberal congregations. These issues have included allowing women to become church ministers, divorce, sexual immorality and homosexuality. Many Protestant churches have allowed women to become pastors. The most liberal churches have been emphasizing tolerance and some are now allowing sexual relations outside marriage and promoting homosexual priests. Many of these congregations are diminishing in size but becoming increasingly vocal. Conservative evangelical churches continue to grow rapidly, and emphasize biblical teaching and obedience to God's word. The gap between these two fields of thought widens yearly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Conclusion==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes when I look at the sheer number of denominations I feel sad. Can there be so much disagreement among Christians? If there was a unified organization could we spread the Gospel so much more? Do these divisions turn people away from Christ's love? If only all the denominations could fuse together for a single Church?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But then I remember, there is only a single Church! The Church is the body of believers redeemed by Christ. Do these partitions only cause division, or can they allow each Christian to examine his own beliefs and find a place to worship as truthfully as he can? Perhaps they lead to both. At their worst they allow people to form unnecessary allegiances that divide relationships and dull the mind. Sometimes a person is loyal to a denomination at the expense of considering the issues for himself. And sometimes too much focus on an issue distracts from the Gospel. However, at their best, denominations promote a greater understanding of our faith and allow us to explore what we believe and why - they encourage the pursuit of truth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So it is true that the Christian churches have many divisions, but we are certainly all united in the one Church. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Videos==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;YouTube&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
title=History of the Christian Church&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tmoUm1N4QM&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;rel=1&lt;br /&gt;
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/3tmoUm1N4QM&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;rel=1&lt;br /&gt;
wrap = yes&lt;br /&gt;
width=500&lt;br /&gt;
height=400&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/YouTube&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} &lt;br /&gt;
[[Church history]] | [[Denominations]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Church history]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Videos]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pages with YouTube content]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=One_Week_(song)&amp;diff=1115021</id>
		<title>One Week (song)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=One_Week_(song)&amp;diff=1115021"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T13:02:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Link not working removed. Lyrics only.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{opinionarticle}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;One Week&amp;quot; is a song composed in 2000.&lt;br /&gt;
{{rtoc}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One week can change the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was heaven, now its hell&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You had your dreams and had made your plans&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Everything was going so well&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One week can change the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A single fact can change you girl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
No where to run, no where to hide&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This grows within, it's deep inside&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can't deny it, you know it's true&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know death's coming and there's nothing you can do&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One week has changed the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Started with a cheering crowd&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ended with a bloody cry&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Crucify&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One week can change the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A single fact can change you girl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
No where to run, no where to hide&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This grows within, it's deep inside&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can't deny it, you know it's true&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know death's coming and there's nothing you can do&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One week has can change the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A single death can change you girl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
No need to run, no need to hide&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He comes within, he lives inside&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He won't deny you, just believe he's true&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Your life's eternal and there's nothing you need to do&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These seven days, Jesus wept too&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These seven days, he's wept with you&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christian music]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian songwriters]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian music]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=User:Graham_grove&amp;diff=1115020</id>
		<title>User:Graham grove</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=User:Graham_grove&amp;diff=1115020"/>
		<updated>2018-04-20T12:47:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{rtoc}}&lt;br /&gt;
G'day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian literature, art, music and media]] -&amp;gt; [[Christianity and the Internet]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian wikis]] -&amp;gt; [[Project:About|WikiChristian]] -&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=User:Graham_grove&amp;diff=1114962</id>
		<title>User:Graham grove</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=User:Graham_grove&amp;diff=1114962"/>
		<updated>2017-02-28T04:45:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Replaced content with &amp;quot;{{rtoc}} G'day. You can visit my personal website at: [http://grove.id.au/graham www.grove.id.au/graham].  {{returnto}} Christianity -&amp;gt; Christian literature, art, mu...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{rtoc}}&lt;br /&gt;
G'day. You can visit my personal website at: [http://grove.id.au/graham www.grove.id.au/graham].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian literature, art, music and media]] -&amp;gt; [[Christianity and the Internet]] -&amp;gt; [[Christian wikis]] -&amp;gt; [[Project:About|WikiChristian]] -&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Genesis&amp;diff=1114937</id>
		<title>Genesis</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Genesis&amp;diff=1114937"/>
		<updated>2016-01-23T13:03:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Genesis | &lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[People in Genesis Index]] - [[Adam]], [[Noah]], [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], [[Jacob]], [[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Stories in Genesis Index]] - [[Creation]], [[The Fall of Man]], [[The Flood]], [[Tower of Babel]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Historical understandings of Genesis]] | &lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{ebd}} &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Text:Catholic Encyclopedia:Book of Genesis]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Text:MHC Concise {{SUBPAGENAME}}|Matthew Henry's {{SUBPAGENAME}}]]| &lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{chapters}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 1|1]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 2|2]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 3|3]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 4|4]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 5|5]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 6|6]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 7|7]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 8|8]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 9|9]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 10|10]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 11|11]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 12|12]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 13|13]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 14|14]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 15|15]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 16|16]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 17|17]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 18|18]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 19|19]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 20|20]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 21|21]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 22|22]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 23|23]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 24|24]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 25|25]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 26|26]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 27|27]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 28|28]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 29|29]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 30|30]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 31|31]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 32|32]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 33|33]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 34|34]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 35|35]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 36|36]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 37|37]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 38|38]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 39|39]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 40|40]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 41|41]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 42|42]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 43|43]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 44|44]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 45|45]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 46|46]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 47|47]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 48|48]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 49|49]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 50|50]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Commentary==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Genesis is the first book of the [[Bible]]. It is a book of beginnings - the beginning of the universe and how people spoiled it, and the beginning of [[God]]'s plan to restore it through the beginning of a nation. It tells us about God, who was before time, and is the creator of everything there is. Genesis tells us that God created [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] in his image, but that they spoiled this creation, by wilful disobedience, bringing death to mankind. The book tells the stories of early humans including [[Noah]] and the Flood and [[Abraham]] and his descendants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Historical understandings of Genesis]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is some disagreement among Christians regarding the historical nature of the book. Questions naturally arise such as: &amp;quot;Was there a garden?&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Was their a fall with the serpent?&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Was there a world-wide flood, or a local flood?&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Was there really a tower of Babel?&amp;quot;. Disagreement arise partly because of the way in which the book is read, in particular, which genre the reader feels most appropriately fits the book. Some Christians, especially in the Developing World and the United States, read the book as literal history, and thus understand the world to be around 8,000 years old. They see all of the Creation story to be factually accurate. At the other end of the spectrum, other Christians see the genre, at least of the first few chapters of Genesis, in a more parabolic or metaphorical way. These Christians do not necessarily believe in a literal Adam or Eve, but see the creation story as making a number of points, including God as creator, with humans rebelling against their creator. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Authorship===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It has traditionally been accepted that Moses was the author of Genesis. Some scholars suggest however that multiple authors were involved in the writing and compilation of Genesis. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Main Themes===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Key Word: Beginning====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Man's Sin====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Divine Covenant====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Initial Steps Toward Redemption====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Early history of the Chosen Race of the Covenant====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Outline===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Biblical Account of Creation====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Of the Universe=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 1]]:1-25 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Of the Human Race=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 1]]:26-31 and [[Genesis 2]]:18-24&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Story of Early Man====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Temptation and the Fall, The First Messianic Promise====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 3]]:1-24 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Cain and Abel=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 4]]:1-26&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Genealogy and Death of the Patriarchs=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Genesis 5]]:1-32 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Bible]] -&amp;gt; [[Old Testament]] -&amp;gt; [[Books of the Law]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Books of the Old Testament]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Books of The Law]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Commentary]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Ephesians&amp;diff=1114936</id>
		<title>Epistle to the Ephesians</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Ephesians&amp;diff=1114936"/>
		<updated>2016-01-23T13:02:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Fixed formmating error&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;﻿{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Ephesians |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Apostle Paul]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ephesus]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = [[Text:MHC Concise {{SUBPAGENAME}}|Matthew Henry's {{SUBPAGENAME}}]] |&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{chapters}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 1|1]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 2|2]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 3|3]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 4|4]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 5|5]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 6|6]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Commentary==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Epistle to the Ephesians is a book of the [[New Testament]]. It was a letter written by the [[apostle Paul]] to the [[church]] in [[Ephesus]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikijedia.ore/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians Wikipedia - Epistle to the Ephesians]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Bible]] -&amp;gt; [[New Testament]] -&amp;gt; [[Epistles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Books of the New Testament]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Epistles]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Ephesians&amp;diff=1114935</id>
		<title>Epistle to the Ephesians</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Ephesians&amp;diff=1114935"/>
		<updated>2016-01-23T13:01:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Formatting, link added / modified&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;﻿{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Ephesians |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Apostle Paul]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ephesus]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = [[[[Text:MHC Concise {{SUBPAGENAME}}|Matthew Henry's {{SUBPAGENAME}}]]]] |&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{chapters}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 1|1]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 2|2]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 3|3]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 4|4]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 5|5]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Ephesians 6|6]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Commentary==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Epistle to the Ephesians is a book of the [[New Testament]]. It was a letter written by the [[apostle Paul]] to the [[church]] in [[Ephesus]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikijedia.ore/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians Wikipedia - Epistle to the Ephesians]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Bible]] -&amp;gt; [[New Testament]] -&amp;gt; [[Epistles]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Books of the New Testament]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Epistles]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=All_Nations_Christian_Church_(Seaview_Downs,_South_Australia)&amp;diff=1114933</id>
		<title>All Nations Christian Church (Seaview Downs, South Australia)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=All_Nations_Christian_Church_(Seaview_Downs,_South_Australia)&amp;diff=1114933"/>
		<updated>2016-01-09T13:34:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: A few details modified&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
  topic_name = All Nations Christian Church&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:2008 Bronchure Cover.gif.jpg|thumb|center]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  subtopics = [[South Australian Baptist Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Baptist]] Churches |&lt;br /&gt;
  opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''All Nations''' is a [[Baptist]] church in suburban Adelaide in South Australia with a congregation of mainly young adults.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All Nations runs a morning church service every Sunday with contemporary Christian music, prayer, Bible readings and a sermon. It also has a youth group called Greenhouse that meets Friday evenings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It's website is located at [http://www.an.org.au an.org.au]. The phone number is 8296 3355 and the address is 170 Seacombe Road, Seaview Downs, 5040.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://an.org.au Official church website]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Places]] -&amp;gt; [[Pacific]] -&amp;gt; [[Australia]] -&amp;gt; [[South Australia]] -&amp;gt; [[Adelaide]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Denominations]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Baptist]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Australia]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Trinity_Baptist_Church_(Colonel_Light_Gardens,_South_Australia)&amp;diff=1114932</id>
		<title>Trinity Baptist Church (Colonel Light Gardens, South Australia)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Trinity_Baptist_Church_(Colonel_Light_Gardens,_South_Australia)&amp;diff=1114932"/>
		<updated>2016-01-09T13:33:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: a few details changed&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
  topic_name = Trinity Baptist Church&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Trinity baptist colonel light gardens.jpg|thumb|center|Trinity Baptist Church]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  subtopics = [[South Australian Baptist Union]] |&lt;br /&gt;
  opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Trinity Baptist Church is a small [[Baptist]] congregation in Colonel Light Gardens in [[Adelaide]] in [[South Australia]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Main article==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Trinity Baptist has a tradition, yet informal service at 10 am each Sunday and a [[youth group]] that meets every Friday night and various weekly activities, including a large basketball ministry.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Trinity Baptist's mission is for Christians to be ambassadors of [[Jesus]]. Its vision is for people to turn to [[God]], through His son Jesus. And as we go about in the world, we desire to reflect God's values.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Contact details===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The address is 8A Bedford Square, Colonel Light Gardens, 5041.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The phone number is (08) 8276 1144 and the fax number is (08) 8357 5568.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The email address is tbcoffice@adam.com.au&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Service details===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Weekly Sunday Service - 10 am&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.trinityclg.org.au Trinity Baptist website]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Places]] -&amp;gt; [[Australia]] -&amp;gt; [[South Australia]] -&amp;gt; [[Adelaide]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Denominations]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Baptist]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Australia]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Castlehold_Baptist_Church_(Isle_of_Wight)&amp;diff=1114931</id>
		<title>Castlehold Baptist Church (Isle of Wight)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Castlehold_Baptist_Church_(Isle_of_Wight)&amp;diff=1114931"/>
		<updated>2016-01-09T13:31:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Created page with &amp;quot;Castlehold Baptist Church is a evangelical church in Newport in the Isle of Wight. The church meets at 10am every Sunday and has a mix of elderly, middle-aged, young families,...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Castlehold Baptist Church is a evangelical church in Newport in the Isle of Wight. The church meets at 10am every Sunday and has a mix of elderly, middle-aged, young families, teenagers and children. There is a a vibrant children's ministry.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Places]] -&amp;gt; [[Europe]] -&amp;gt; [[United Kingdom]] -&amp;gt; [[England]] -&amp;gt; [[Isle of Wight]] -&amp;gt; [[Churches in the Isle of Wight Index]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Churches_in_Isle_of_Wight_Index&amp;diff=1114930</id>
		<title>Churches in Isle of Wight Index</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Churches_in_Isle_of_Wight_Index&amp;diff=1114930"/>
		<updated>2016-01-09T13:29:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Created page with &amp;quot;== C ==  Castlehold Baptist Church (Isle of Wight)  {{returnto}} Isle of Wight  Category:Church indexes Category:Denominations Category:England&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== C ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Castlehold Baptist Church (Isle of Wight)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Isle of Wight]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Church indexes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Denominations]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:England]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Isle_of_Wight&amp;diff=1114929</id>
		<title>Isle of Wight</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Isle_of_Wight&amp;diff=1114929"/>
		<updated>2016-01-09T13:28:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Created page with &amp;quot;{{Infobox_Contents |  topic_name = Isle of Wight |  subtopics = {{region_churches}} * {{region_denominations}}  * Town include - Brighstone | Cowes | Newport | R...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents | &lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Isle of Wight | &lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = {{region_churches}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{region_denominations}} &lt;br /&gt;
* Town include - [[Brighstone]] | [[Cowes]] | [[Newport]] | [[Ryde]]&lt;br /&gt;
* {{region_radio}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{region_bible_college}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{region_schools}} | &lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Isle of Wight is an island off the southern coast of [[England]]. It has a population of about 150,000 and has a rural feel with lots of farms and relatively small towns and villages. Like the rest of England, it has become recently secular over recent decades. Vibrant and faithful churches can be found dotted throughout the island; many old historic church buildings are also dotted throughout the island however a large proportion do not have large, active Christian congregations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Places]] -&amp;gt; [[Europe]] -&amp;gt; [[United Kingdom]] -&amp;gt; [[England]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:England]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=England&amp;diff=1114928</id>
		<title>England</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=England&amp;diff=1114928"/>
		<updated>2016-01-09T13:21:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Formatting and a few very simple additions to get things rolling&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = England |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics =  {{region_churches}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{region_denominations}} - [[Church of England]], [[Roman Catholic Church in England|Roman Catholic Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Counties - [[Northumberland]], [[Tyne and Wear]], [[County Durham]], [[Cumbria]], [[Lancashire]], [[North Yorkshire]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire]], [[South Yorkshire]], [[West Yorkshire]], [[Greater Manchester]], [[Merseyside]], [[Cheshire]], [[Derbyshire]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Rutland]], [[Leicestershire]], [[Staffordshire]], [[Shropshire]], [[Herefordshire]], [[Worcestershire]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[Warwickshire]], [[Northamptonshire]],  [[Cambridgeshire]], [[Norfolk]], [[Suffolk]], [[Essex, England|Essex]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Bedfordshire]], [[Buckinghamshire]], [[Oxfordshire]], [[Gloucestershire]], [[Bristol]], [[Somerset]], [[Wiltshire]], [[Berkshire]], [[Greater London]], [[Kent]], [[East Sussex]], [[West Sussex]], [[Surrey]], [[Hampshire]], [[Isle of Wight]], [[Dorset]], [[Devon]], [[Cornwall]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Major cities - [[Birmingham]], [[Liverpool]], [[London]], [[Manchester]]&lt;br /&gt;
* {{region_radio}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{region_bible_college}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{region_schools}} |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
England is the largest and most populous constituent country of the [[United Kingdom]]. It has a population of around 50 million, with [[London]] as its capital. It is the most secular country in the United Kingdom, with surveys revealing around half of its people believing in [[God]], a third believing that [[Jesus]] is the Son of God and about a fifth believe the [[Bible]] is the unique word of God. Less than 10% regularly attend a [[church service]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===History===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Celtic peoples have lived in England for thousands of years and continued to be the predominant people around the time of Jesus when the country was occupied by Roman forces and it was during this time that Christianity was first introduced to England through Roman missionaries. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire through the Middle Ages, England was invaded by waves of pagan Germanic peoples, Anglo-Saxons...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Geography===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Peoples===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Economy===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Politics===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Religion===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England Wikipedia - England]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Places]] -&amp;gt; [[Europe]] -&amp;gt; [[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:England]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Greek:%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B3%CF%89&amp;diff=1114927</id>
		<title>Greek:Λεγω</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Greek:%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B3%CF%89&amp;diff=1114927"/>
		<updated>2016-01-09T13:12:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Formatting&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name =Lego |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = [[Koine Greek: Verbs]] |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = {{short_opinions}} |&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Λεγω is the [[Koine Greek]] verb meaning: I say&lt;br /&gt;
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It is an irregular verb. It occurs commonly in its ''Third Person Singular Aorist Active Indicative'' form in the Bible '''ειπεν''' meaning &amp;quot;he said&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Its Principle Parts are&lt;br /&gt;
* Λεγω - I say (Present)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ερω - I will say (Future)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ειπον - I said (Aorist)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ειρηκα - I have said (Perfect)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ειρημαι - (Perfect Passive)&lt;br /&gt;
* Ερρεθην - (Aorist Passive)&lt;br /&gt;
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{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Bible]] -&amp;gt; [[Koine Greek]] &lt;br /&gt;
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[[Category:Koine Greek]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Bible:John_21:15&amp;diff=1114926</id>
		<title>Bible:John 21:15</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Bible:John_21:15&amp;diff=1114926"/>
		<updated>2016-01-09T13:12:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: /* Commentary */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{Quote|text=&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;{{Bible verse|John|21|15|lang=WEB}}&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
 topic_name = John 21:15 |&lt;br /&gt;
 subtopics =  |&lt;br /&gt;
 opinion_pieces = [[Bible:John 21:15 (discussion)|John 21:15 (discussion)]] &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;'' (For short comments and opinions)''&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt; |&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
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== Commentary ==&lt;br /&gt;
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John 21:15 records the resurrected [[Jesus]] asking his disciple [[Simon Peter]] if he loved Jesus more than these. This question connects to Peter's boast of never forsaking Jesus followed by his denial of Jesus three times shortly before his death. Implied in the question, Jesus seems to want to give Peter a chance to feel remorse for his denial whilst also letting him know he is forgiven, accepted and still trusted.&lt;br /&gt;
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An interesting, unclear part of the question is the word &amp;quot;these&amp;quot; - Jesus asked Peter if he loved him more than &amp;quot;these.&amp;quot; Although Peter seems to know exactly what Jesus means by &amp;quot;these&amp;quot; it isn't clear to us. It is possible that Jesus is asking Peter if he loves Jesus more than the fish he just caught and his worldly job of fisherman. Alternatively he might be asking Peter if Peter loves Jesus more than other people such as friends. Or finally, he might be asking Peter if Peter's love for Jesus is greater than the love the other disciples have for Jesus. All of these three options seem possible although regardless of which Jesus actually meant, the deeper message of importance is that Jesus was calling on Peter to love him completely and utterly and be ready to follow him wherever that led.&lt;br /&gt;
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{{clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Bible versions|John|21|15}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Quotes==&lt;br /&gt;
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==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
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{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Bible]] -&amp;gt; [[John]] -&amp;gt; [[John 21]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Greek:%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82&amp;diff=1114916</id>
		<title>Greek:Τυφλος</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.wikichristian.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Greek:%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82&amp;diff=1114916"/>
		<updated>2015-11-22T21:09:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Graham grove: Formatting&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox_Contents |&lt;br /&gt;
topic_name = Tuphlos |&lt;br /&gt;
subtopics = |&lt;br /&gt;
opinion_pieces = |&lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
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Τυφλος/η/ον is the [[Koine Greek]] word meaning: Blind&lt;br /&gt;
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It is an adjective.&lt;br /&gt;
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{{returnto}} [[Christianity]] -&amp;gt; [[Bible]] -&amp;gt; [[New Testament]] -&amp;gt; [[Koine Greek]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Koine Greek]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Graham grove</name></author>
		
	</entry>
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