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...letely landlocked by [[Rome]] in [[Italy]]. It was preceded by the [[Papal States]] which were crushed by 1870, leaving the Vatican to be the last territory

...hes that broke away from the [[Roman Catholic Church]] over the issue of [[papal infallibility]] after the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1870. ...in 1853 to describe the members of the See of Utrecht, who were not under Papal authority.

subtopics = [[Ultramontanism]], [[Papal Infallibility]], [[Pius IX]] ...hurch]] held in 1869-1870 and become famous (or infamous) for confirming [[Papal Infallibility]] as official doctrine of the Roman Church.

...ffirmed all that the Council of Trent had affirmed, as well as affirming [[papal infallibility]].

...terms of the [[Donation of Constantine]], but more familiar as the [[Papal States]]. The office of the Pope is informally called the [[Papacy]] and formally ...Bridge-maker", but usually translated "Supreme Pontiff"). The signature of Papal bulls is customarily ''NN. Episcopus Ecclesia Catholicae'' ("NN. Bishop of

...s were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and va ...of [[Pope Leo X]] (1513-1522) (whose campaign to raise funds in the German states to rebuild [[St. Peter's Basilica]] by supporting sale of indulgences was a

...ism of the Catholic Church defines purgatory as a "final purification". It states: The Catholic Encyclopedia states:

...ers, a hereditary patriarch in Alqosh (in modern-day northern Iraq), and a Papal-appointed patriarch in Diyarbakir (in modern-day eastern Turkey). This situ ...ers (along with four other houses of worship) in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

...spoken in tongues. This movement rapidly spread throughout both the United States and the developing world, spawning hundreds of Pentecostal denominations, t ...tury various teachings have become official Roman Catholic dogma including papal infallibility and the immaculate conception and sinlessness of Mary extendi

* The book matter-of-factly states that Leonardo da Vinci was a "flamboyant homosexual". While there are clues ...l fails to present any Leonardo sketch of such a device. Brown's text also states that the name combines the words cryptology and codex; "an apt title for th

...ns, without any works of penance geared toward eventual justification. The papal system Luther was part of taught that God’s grace could be attained by fa ...been able to understand Luther’s “sin boldly” statement. Unfortunately, he states,

...publishing the Greek New Testament and Cardinal Cajetan, remembered as the papal legate that questioned Luther in Augsburg in 1518. Both expressed similar d